J "i^-mitAkiviv
CATALOGUE
OF THE
UNGULATE MAMMALS
m THE
BEITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY).
Vol. IV.
AKTLODACTYLA,
FAMILIES CEEVIDiE (Deer),
TEAGULIDiE (Chevrotains),
CAMELIDiE (Camels and Llamas),
SUIDvE (Pigs and Peccaries), and
HIPP0P0TAMID7E (Hii^popotamuses).
By R. LYDEKKER, F.R.S.
LONDON :
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE
BRITISH MUSEUM.
SOLD BY
Longmans, Green & Co., 39, Paternoster Row, London, E.G.
B. QuARiTCH, 11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, London, W.
DuLAU & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, London, W.
The Midland Educational Co., Ltd., Corporation Street, Birmingham,
and at the
British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, S.W.
1915.
[All rights reserved.)
i.omuj.n:
I'HINTKD by Wll.MAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
DIKE STREET, STAMFOKD SIUEKT, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMll.l, ^TRI:KT, «.
/
U<^foo
PREFACE
The preparation of the fourth Volume of Ungulate Mammals
was Rearing completion when its author was struck down
by the illness that proved fatal. With his eharacteristiL-
devotion to work, he hardly allowed this to make any
difference, under circumstances when most men would have
considered themselves luifit for mental effort. It would
perhaps have been better if the patient had allowed himself
to rest, but the correction of the proofs went on until the
task was completed, only two or three days before the end
came, on April 16th.
Mr. Lydekker, although not a member of the permanent
staff, had Ijeen officially connected with the Museum
since 1884. < )nly those Avho have seen the work from the
inside will be aljle to realise the extent and the value of his
services to the Museum, where his colleagues liave tlie
remembrance of a long and highl}' successful ])eriod of help
unremittingly and ungrudgingly given.
The present Volume includes the families Cervida',
Tragulida', Oamelidas, Suidre and Hippopotamida^ thus
completing the Artiodactyla. Like its predecessors, it has
Ijeen prepared l)y Mv. Lydekker.
It was hoped that the Catalogue would l)e completed
shortly Ijy the publication of a fifth Volume, including the
Perissodactyla, the Ilyracoidea, and the Proboscidea, together
with addenda to the earlier volumes. It is not possible at
present tn state whether this intention can be carried out.
SIDNEY L. HAEMEK,
Keeper of Zoology.
British Muskum (Natukal HiSTOitv;,
London, S.W.
April mh, 1915.
INTRODUCTION
In the preparation of this volume I have not had the valuable
assistance of Mr. Blaine, who, for the first portion of the
period, was away on a hunting-trip in Africa, and during tlie
remainder was serving his King and country in the war.
As in the case of the previous volumes, I am greatly
indebted to Mr. 0. Thomas for reading the proofs, and using
his unrivalled knowledge of individual specimens and their
localities to correct errors which had crept into the text. In
the present volume my debt to him is still greater, for being
myself incapacitated by illness from coming to London
during the time the proofs were passing through the press,
the drudgery of filling up omissions in the references to
literature fell to his share.
It may be added that I cannot but regret the appearance
in the text of such ugly, ungrammatical, or absurd terms as
"tunjuc," " Odocoileus,"- * and " Hippocamelus," f — terms
which would never have been admitted by the past generation
of naturalists, from whose instruction and writings I derived
the basis of my zoological knowledge. According, however,
to modern views on nomenclature — views largely attribut-
able to the decline in the study of the classics characteristic
of the present age — such usage is practically compulsory.
In one case, however, namely, that of the Kashmir stag, I
could not bring myself to replace a classically-formed name
by one of these ill-sounding barbarisms.
E. LYDEKKEE.
March 10th, 191.5.
* Applied to a subfossil deer's tooth, which, in the then state of
knowledge, should have been described as Ccrviis.
t Given on the supposition that the Chilian guemal was inter-
mediate between a horse and a llama.
IXTROPUCTIOX
CONTENTS
Order UNGULATA.
SuBORDEii I. — Artiodactyla {confinued).
Section A. — Pecora {continued).
Family IV. — Cervid.i: .....
Subfamily i.— Moschin.i; ....
I. Genus Moschus .....
MOSC'HUS MOSCHIFERUS ....
A. — Moschus nioschifeius uioschiferus
B. — Moschus moschiferus sifanicus' .
C. — Mosclius moschiferus parvipes .
Subfamily ii. — Cervin.e ....
II. Genus Muntiacus ....
I. Muntiacus muntjak
A. — Muntiacus muntjak
B. — Muntiacus nauntjak
C. — Muntiacus muntjak
D. — Muntiacus muntjak
E, — Muntiacus muntjak
F. — Muntiacus muntjak
G. — Muntiacus muntjak
H. — Muntiacus muntjak
I. — Muntiacus muntjak
,T. — Muntiacus muntjak
K. — Muntiacus muntjak
L. — Muntiacus muntjak
M. — Muntiacus muntjak.
muntjak
iiioschatus .
bancanus .
pleiharicus .
rubidus
robinsoni
peninsiThie .
curvostyHs .
grandicornis
^aginalis
aureus
malabaricus
, subsp.
II. Muntiacus lacrymans .
A. — Muntiacus laci'ymans lacrymans
B. — Muntiacus lacrymans sclateri
C, — Muntiacus lacrvmans teesdalei .
10
11
11
15
15
10
16
18
18
19
-20
•21
24
24
25
'25
26
26
27
vin
CONTENTS
III. MUNTIACDS REEVESI
A. — Muntiacus reevesi reevesi .
B. — Muntiacus reevesi pingshiangicus
C. — Muntiacus reevesi micrurus
IV. Muntiacus sinensis
V. Muntiacus fe^ ....
VI. Muntiacus crinifrons
III. Genus Elaphodus ....
Elaphodus cephalophus
A. — Elaphodus cephalophus cephalophus
B. — Elaphodus cephalophus inichianus
C. — Elaphodus cephalophus fociensis
D. — Elaphodus cephalophus ichangensis
IV. Genus Dama
I. Dama dama .
II. Dama mesopotamica
V. Genus Cervus .
1. Subgenus Axis
I. Cervus (Axis) axis
A. — Cervus axis axis
B. — Cervus axis ceylonensis
2. Subgenus Hyelaphus
II. Cervus (Hyelaphus) porcinus
A. — Cervus porcinus porcinus .
B. — Cervus porcinus annamiticus
III. Cervus (Hyelaphus) calamianensis
3. Subgenus Eusa ....
IV. Cervus (Rusa[?]) kuhli
V. Cervus (Rusa) alfredi
VI. Cervus (Rusa) timoriensis .
A. — Cervus timoriensis timoriensis .
B. — Cervus tunoriensis moluccensis .
C. — Cervus timoriensis tunjuc
VII. Cervus (Rusa) tavistocki
VIII. Cervus (Rusa) unicolor
A. — Cervus unicolor unicolor
B.- — Cervus unicolor equinus
C. — Cervus unicolor brookei
D. — Cervus unicolor swinhoei
E. — Cervus unicolor dejeani
CONTENTS
IX
F. — Cervus unicolor mariannus
G. — Cervus unicolor philippinus
H. — Cervus unicolor basilanensis
I. — Cervus unicolor barandanus
J. — Cervus unicolor francianus
K. — Cervus unicolor nigricans .
L. — Cervus unicolor nigellus
M. — Cervus unicolor boninensis
Other Names applied to Eusine Deer
4. Subgenus Eucerv'us,
IX. Cervus (Eucervus) duvauceli
X. Cervus (Eucervus) schombuegki
XI. Cervus (Eucervus) eldi
X. — Cervus eldi eldi
B. — Cervus eldi frontalis
C. — Cervus eldi siamensis
5. Subgenus Sika ....
XII. Cervus (Sika) Nippon .
A. — Cervus nippon nippon
B. — Cervus nippon mantchuricus
XIII. Cervus (Sika) taiouanus
XIV. Cervus (Sika) hortulorum .
A. — Cervus hortulorum hortulorum .
B. — Cervus hortulorum kopschi
Incertfe Sedis .....
6. Subgenus Cervus ....
XV. Cervus elaphus ....
A. — Cervus elaphus barbarus .
B.— Cervus elaphus corsicanus,
C. — Cervus elaphus hispanicus
D. — Cervus elaphus elaphus
E. — Cervus elaphus atlanticus .
F. — Cervus elaphus scoticus
G. — Cervus elaphus hippelaphus
H. — Cervus elaphus, subsp.
I. — Cervus elaphus maral
XVI. Cervus canadensis
A.— Cervus canadensis canadensis
B. — Cervus canadensis occidentals .
C. — Cervus canadensis merriami
D. — Cervus canadensis nannodes
E. — Cervus canadensis xanthopygus.
F. — Cervus canadensis baicalensis .
PACK
83
84
8.5
85
85
86
87
88
88
92
93
97
100
102
104
104
105
107
108
110
110
112
114
115
116
116
117
120
121
121
122
122
123
124
125
126
129
131
132
182
133
133
134
CONTENTS
l'\GK.
G. — Cei'vus canadensis songaricus . . . 136
H. — Cervus canadensis biedeimanui . . .137
I. — Cervus canadensis wacliei . . . . 137
J. — Cervus canadensis bactrianus . . . 138
K. — Cervus canadensis wardi . . . 138
XVII, Cervus yarkandensis .... 139
XVIII. Cervus wallichi ..... 141
A. — Cervus wallichi walliclii .... 142
B. — Cervus walliclii affinis .... 142
XIX. Cervus macneilli . . . . 145
A. — Cervus macneilli inacneilli . . • 145
B. — Cervus macneilli kansuensis . . . 146
XX. Cervus c.\shiiiriensis ..... 146
XXI. Cervus albirostrts ..... 149
Incertse Sedis ....... 150
VI. Genus Elaphurus ...... 151
Elaphurus davidianus ...... 152
\U. Genus Odocoileus . . . . .153
I. Odocoileus virgimanls .... 155
A. — Odocoileus virginianus \irginianus . . 159
B. — Odocoilevis virginianus borealis . . . 160
C. — Odocoileus virginianus macrovirus . .161
D. — Odocoileus virginianus leucurus . . . 162
E.^ — OdocoileiTS virginianvis louisianse . . 162
F. — Odocoileus virginianus osceola . . . 162
G. — Odocoileus Airgiuianus texanus . . . 168
H. — Odocoileus virginianus couesi . . . 164
I. — Odocoileus virginianus battyi . . . 164
J. — Odocoileus virginianus mexicanus . .165
K. — Odocoileus virginianus sinalote . . . 166
L.^ — Odocoileus virginianus toltecus . . . 167
M. — Odocoileus virginianus acapulcensis . . 167
N. — Odocoileus virginianus nelsoni . . . 168
O. — Odocoileus virginianus thomasi . . . 168
P. — Odocoileus virginianus truei . . . 169
Q. — Odocoileus virginianus costaricensis . . 170
R. — Odocoileus virginianus nemoralis . . 170
S. — Odocoileus virginianus rothschildi . . 171
T. — Odocoileus virginianus chiriquensis . . 172
U.— Odocoileus virginianus columbicus . . 172
V. — Odocoileus virginianus lasiotis . . .172
W. — Odocoileus virginianus gymnotis . . 17o
X. — Odocoileus virginianus margaritse . .174
Y.— Odocoileus virginianus spinosus . . . 174
Z. — Odocoileus virginianus peruvianus . . 175
00:N TENTS
XI
PAGK
11. Odocoileus hemionus ..... 176
A. — Odocoileus hemionus liemiouus . . . 17IS
B. — Odocoileus hemionus virgultus . . . 179
C. — Odocoileus hemionus californicus . . 179
D. — Odocoileus hemionus' cerroseusis . . 180
E. — Odocoileus hemionus eremicus . . . 180
F. — Odocoileus hemionus peninsulap. . . 181
G. — Odocoileus hemionus canus . . . 181
III. Odocoileus columbianus .... 182
A. — Odocoileus columbianus columbi:uius . 18;>
B. — Odocoileus columbianus sitkensis . . 184
C. — Odocoileus columbianus scaphiotiis . . 184
D. — Odocoileus columbianus cvooki . . . 185
Incertsp Sedis ....... 185
\lll. Genus Bl.\stocerus ..... 180
I. Blastocerus dichotomus .... 1S6
II. Blastocerus bezoarticus .... 188
IX. Genus Hippocamelus. ..... 192
I. Hippocamelus bisulcus .... 198
II. Hippocamelus antisensis .... 196
X. Genus Mazama ....... 198
I. Mazama Americana ..... 199
A. — Mazama amevicana americana . . . 200
B. — Mazama amevicana jucunda . . 202
II. Mazama superciliaris .... 20o
TII. Mazama zetta ...... 204
IV. Mazama sheila ...... 205
V. Mazama tema ...... 205
A. — iNlazama tema tema ..... 206
B.-^Mazama tema reperticia .... 207
C. — Mazama tema cerasina . . . 207
VI. Mazama bricenii ..... 207
VII. Mazama rufina ...... 208
VIII. Mazama simplicicornis .... 208
A. — Mazama simplicicornis simplicicornis . 210
B. — Mazama simplicicornis mexianae . 211
C. — Mazama simplicicornis citus . . .212
IX. Mazama tschudii ..... 212
X. Mazama pandora ..... 213
XI. Mazama n.\na 213
Incertas Sedis ....... 214
Xll
CONTENTS
XI. Genus Pudu
1. Subgenus Pudu ....
I. Pudu pudu .....
2. Subgenus Pudella ....
II. Pudu (Pudella) mephistophiles .
XII. Genus Capreolus ....
I. Capreolus capreolus .
A. — Capreolus capreolus capreolus ,
B. — Capreolus capreolus transsvylvanicus
C. — Capreolus capreolus canus
D. — Capreolus capreolus thotti
II. Capreolus bedfordi .
A. — Capreolus betlfordi bedfordi
B. — Capreolus bedfordi inelanotis
III. Capreolus pygargus .
A. — Capreolus pygargus firghanicus .
B. — Capreolus pygargus pygargus
C. — Capreolus pygargus tianschanicus
XIII. Genus Alces .
Alces alces
A. — Alces alces alces
B. — Alces alces bedfordise
C. — Alces alces americanus
D. — Alces alces columbae.
E. — Alces alces gigas
XIV. Genus Rangifer
Eangifer tarandus .
A. — Rangifer tarandus
B. — Rangifer tarandus
C. — Rangifer tarandus
D. — Eangifer tarandus
E. — Rangifer tarandus
F. — Rangifer tarandus
G. — Rangifer tarandus
H. — Rangifer tarandus
I. • — R angifer tarandus
J. — Rangifer tarandus
K. — Rangifer tarandus
L. — Rangifer tarandus
M. — Rangifer tarandus
N. — Rangifer tarandus
O. — Rangifer tarandus
tarandus
fennicus
platyrhynclius
sibiricus
pearsoni
phylarchus
caribou .
sylvestris
terraenovse
niontanus
dawsoni
stonei .
fortidens
osborni
granti .
CONTENTS
XI 11
XV,
P. — Rangifer tarandus excelsifrons
Q. — Rangifer tarandus arcticus
R.^ — Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus
S. — Rangifer tarandus pearyi .
Genus Hydropotes .
Hydropotes inermis .
Section B. — Tragulina
Family Tragulid^e
I. Genus Tragulus .
I. Tragulus meminna
II. Tragulus stanleyanus
A. — Tragulus stanleyanus
B. — Tragulus stanleyanus
C. — Tragulus stanleyanus
D. — Tragulus Stanley anu
III. Tragulus javanicus
A. — Tragulus javanicus
B. — Tragulus javanicus
C. — Tragulus javanicus
D. — Tragulus javanicus
E. — Tragulus javanicus
F. — Tragulus javanicus
G. — Tragulus javanicus
H. — Tragulus javanicus
I. — Ti'agulus javanicus
J. — Tragulus javanicus
K.— Tragulus javanicus
L. — Tragulus javanicus
M. — Tragulus javanicus
N. — Tragulus javanicus
O. — Tragulus javanicus
P. — Trrgulus javanicus
Q. — Tragulus javanicus
R. — Tragulus javanicus
S. — Tragulus javanicus
T. — Tragulus javanicus
tJ. — Tragulus javanicus
V. — Tragulus javanicus
W. — Tragulus javanicus
stanleyanus
perflavus
rufulus
formosus
javanicus
napu .
canescens
borneauus
nigricans
terutus
i;nibrinus
pretiosus
pretiellus
parallelus
lutescens
flavicollis
bancanus
nigricoUis
nigrocinctvis
sebucus
billitonus
anioenus
jugularis
annae .
bunguranensis
batuanus
versicolor
IV. Tragulus kanchil.
A. — Tragulus kanchil kanchil .
B. — Tragulus kanchil longij)es.
C. — Tragulus kanchil luteicollis
PAGK
253
254
256
256
257
257
260
260
261
262
265
265
266
267
267
268
268
269
270
270
272
272
273
273
274
274
275
275
275
276
276
277
277
278
278
279
279
279
280
280
282
282
282
CONTENTS
TT.
D.— Tra<^iilus
E.— Tragulus
F.- — Tragulns
G. — Tragulus
H. — Tragulus
I. — Tragulus
J. — Tragulus
K. — Tragulus
L. — Tragulns
M. — Tragulus
N. — Tragulus
O.— Tragulus
P.— Tragulus
Q. — Tragulus
K. — Tragulus
S. — Tragulus
T.— Tragulus
Genus Dorcath
kauchil
kanchil
kanclnl
kanchil
kanchil
kanchil
kanchil
kanchil
kanchil
kanchil
kauchil
kanchil
kauchil
kanchil
kanchil
kanchil
kanchil
ERIUM
subrufus
rubeus .
fulvicollis
cariniatas
brevipes .
pallidus .
fulviventer
affinis
ravulus ,
lancavensis
lauipensis
russeus .
russulus .
hosei
everetti .
pierrei .
pelandoc
DORCATHERIUM AQUATICUM ,
A. — Dorcatherium aquaticum aijuatii
B. — Dorcatherium aquaticvnu batesi
C. — Dorcatherirmi aquaticum cotton
Section C. — Tylopoda
Family CAjiELiDiE ....
I. Genus Camelus .
Camelus bactrianls .
II. Genus Lama
I. L.\MA GLAMA .
A.— Lama glama huanacus
B. — Lama glama cacsilensis
II. Lama vicugna
Section I). — Suina ....
Family I. — Suid^ ....
Subfamily i. — Suin^. .
I. Genus Sus ....
1. Subgenus Sus .
I. Sus SCROFA .
A. — Sus scrofa scrofa
B. — Sus scrofa meridionalis
C. — Sus scrofa castilianus
I). — Sus scrofa bceticus .
E. — Sus scrofa barbarus .
F. — Sus scrofa sennaarensis
/
CONTENTS
G. — Sus scrofa lybicus
H. — Sus scrofa attila
I. —Sus scrofa nigripes .
J. —Sus scrofa moupinensis .
IL Sus CRISTATUS
A. — Sus cristatus cristatus
B. — Sus cristatus jubatus
C. — Sus cristatus jubatulus
III. Sus LEUCOMYSTAX .
A.— Sus leucomj'stax leucomystax
B. — Sus leuconivstax taivanus .
IV
Sus VITTATUS
A, — Sus vittatus
B. — Sus vittatus
C. — Sus vittatus
D. — Sus vittatus
E. — Sus vittatus
F. — Sus vittatus
G. — Sus vittatus
H. — Sus vittatus
I. — Sus vittatus
J. — Sus vittatus
K.— Sus vittatus
L.- — Sus vittatus
M. — Sus vittatus
vittatus.
niilleri .
floresianus
andamanensis
nicobaricus .
peninsularis .
i-hionis .
andersoni
uiadensis.
babi
natuneusis
niimus .
timoriensis
V. Sus CELEBENSIS
A. — Sus celebensis celebensis .
B. — Svis celebensis nehringi
C.—Sus celebensis philippensis
J), — Sus celebensis minutus
E. — Sus celebensis uiindauensis
F, — Sus celebensis aniboinensis
G.— Sus celebensis ceramicus .
H. — Sus celebensis borneensis .
IncertfE Sedis . . • •
YI. Sus VERRUCOSUS .
YII. Sus BARBATUS
A. — Sus barbatus barbatus
]i.— Sus barbatus gargantua .
C. — Sus barbatus oi
p. — Sus barbatus ahaenobarbus
E. — Sus barbatus balabacensis .
F.—Sus barbatus calamianensis
2. Subgenus Porcula .
VIII. Sus (Porcula) salvanius
XV
PAGE
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316
317
317
818
319
320
320
.321
322
322
323
325
325
325
326
327
327
327
328
328
328
329
329
329
, 331
, 332
. 333
. 333
. 334
. 334
. 335
. 335
. 336
. 336
. 336
. 338
. 340
. 341
. 341
. 342
. 342
. 343
. 343
. 343
IV.
XVI
CONTENTS
PAGE
II. Genus Babirussa 344
Babirussa babyrussa. ..... 345
A. — BabinTs.sa babyrussa babja'ussa . . . 345
B. — Babirussa babyrussa celebensis . . . 346
III. Genus PotamochO'^rus ..... 348
I. POTAMOCHfERUS LARVATUS .... 349
A. — Potaniochcerus larvatus larvatus . . 350
B. — PotamochoE'rus larvatus hova . . . 350
II. POTAMOCHCERUS CHCEROPOTAMUS . . . 350
A. — Potaniochcerus choeropotanius choeropotamus 352
B. — Potaraocboerus choeropotamus maschona . 353
C. — Potamochoerus choeropotamus dfenionis . 354
D. — Potamochoerus choeropotamiis nyasse . . 354
E. — Potamochoerus choeropotamus johnstoni . 355
F. — Potamochoerus choeropotamiis kenifp . . 356
III. POTAMOCH(ERUS HASSAMA .... 357
IV. POTAMOCH(EROS PORCUS .... 357
A. — Potamochoerus porcus porcus . . . 358
B. — Potamochoerus porcus pictus . . . 359
C — Potamochoerus porcus ubangensis . . 360
D. — Potamochoerus porcus albifrons . . . 361
E. — Potamochftrus porcus congicus . . . 361
V. Potamochoerus intermedius . . . 361
lY. Genus Hylochosrus ...... 362
Hylochcerus meinertzuagen'i .... 363
A. — Hj'lochoerus meinertzhageni meinertzhageni 364
B. — Hylochcerus memertzhageni rimatov . . 364
Y. Genus Phacochcerus ...... 365
Phacoch(erus .?ethiopicus ..... 366
A.— Phacochoerus tethiopicus rethiopieus . . 367
B. — Phacochoerus sethiopicus sundevalli . . 368
C. — Phacochcerus rethiopicus massaicus . . 370
D. — Phacochcerus aethiopicus delamerei . .371
E. — Phacochoerus aethiopicus ffiliani . . . 371
F. — Phacochoerus aethiopicus fossor . . . 372
G. — Phacochcerus aethiopicus bufo . . . 372
H. — Phacochoerus aethiopicus africanus . . 373
Subfamily ii. — Dicotylin.t; ...... 374
VI. Genus Dicotyles ...... 374
1. Subgenus Dicotyles ..... 375
I. Dicotyles pecari ..... 375
A. — Dicotyles pecari pecari .... 376
B. — Dicotyles pecari ringens .... 378
C. — Dicotyles pecari spiradeus . . . 378
CONTENTS
xvn
2. Subgenus Pecaki
II. DiCOTYLES (PeOARI) TAJACU
A. — Dicotyles tajacu tajacu
" B. — Dicotyles tajacu torvus
C. — Dicotyles tajacu niger
III. Dicotyles (Pecari) angulatus
A. — Dicotyles angulatus angulatus .
B. — Dicotyles angulatus sonoriensis .
C. — Dicotyles angulatus humeralis .
D. — Dicotyles angulatus crassus
E. — Dicotyles angulatus yucatanensis
F. — Dicot3'les angulatus crusnigrum .
G. — Dicotyles angulatus nanus
Family II.— Hippopotamid.e ....
I. Genus Hippopotamus ....
Hippopotamus amphibius .
A. — Hippopotamus ampliibius auiphibius
B. — Hippopotamus ampliibius tschaclensis
C. — Hippopotamus amphibius kiboko
D. — Hippopotamus amphibias constvictus
E. — Hippopotamus amphibius australis
II. Genus Ch(eropsis ....
Chceropsis liberiensis
INDEX
PAGE
379
379
380
382
382
383
383
384
384
385
385
385
386
386
386
387
389
390
391
391
392
392
393
395
LIST OF ILLUSTEATIONS
PAGE
Fig. 1. — Lower Front Teeth of Elk [Alces alces). (Froiu Miller,
Cat, Mamin. Western Euro])e) . . . . , 2
,, 2. — Skull of Musk-Deer {Moschus moschiferus) . . 6
., 3. — Head of ludiau Muntjac {Muntiacus muntjak vagin-
alis). (From a photograph lent by the Bombay
Natural Historj' Society') ..... 13
., -1. — Skull and Antlers of Muntjac {Muntiacus muntjak) . 14
,, 5. — Skull and Antlers of Pieeves's Muntjac {Muntiacus
rcevesi) and Bridgeman's Muntjac {M. sinensis).
(From Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910) ... 29
6. — Head of Ningpo Tufted Deer {Elaplioclus cej^halophus
michianus). (From Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876) 'So
7. — Side View of Skull of Ningpo Tufted Deer {Elaphodtts
cephalophus miclilanns). (Fro:u Lydekker, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1904) 37
,, 8. — Front View of Skulls of Ningpo and Ichang Tufted
Deer. (From Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904) . 38
,, 9. — Side View of Skull of Ichang Tufted Deer {Elapliodus
ccj^halophus icltangensis), (From Lydekker, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1904) . 39
,, 10. ^Palatal Aspect of Skull of Fallow Deer {Dama datna).
(From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe) . . 41
„ 11. — Lower Front Teeth of Fallow Deer {Dama dama).
(From Miller, Cat. Mantm. Western Europe) . . 41
,. 12. — Head of Persian Fallow Deer {Dama mesopotamica) . 46.
,, 13. — Lower Front Teeth of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus).
(From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Eiirope) . . 47
,, 14.— Skvall and x\ntlers of Chital {Cervus [Axis] axis) . 50
,, 15. — Skull and Antlers of Hog-Deer {Cervus {Hyelax)hus]
jwrcinus) ........ 55
,, 16. — Frontlet and Antlers of Javan Eusa {Cervus [Busa]
timoriensis tunjuc). (From a specimen in the
collection of Sir E. G. Loder, Bart.) ... 68
,, 17. — Skull and Antlers of Sambar {Cervus [Busa] unicolor) 72
,, 18. — Head of Swamp -Deer {Cervus [Bucervus] duvauccli).
(From Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899) ... 95
XX LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
I'AGK
Fig. 19. — Skull and Autiers of bchoiabiirgk's Deer {Cerviis
[Rucervus] schomhurgJci). (From a photograph
lent by Messrs. Rowland Ward, Ltd.) ... 98
,, 20. — Head of Thamin {Cervus [Eiicervus] eldi) . . 101
,, 21. — Head of Dybowski's Dear (Cervus [Sika] hortulorum).
(From a photograph bj- the Duchess of Bedford) . llo
,, 22. — Palatal Aspect of Skull of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus).
(Frona Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe) . .119
,, ' 23. — Antlers of Eastern Red Deer, or Maral (Cervus elajphus
viaral) ..... ... 127
,, 24. — Head of Wapiti (Cervus canadensis) .... 130
,, 25. — Skull and Antlers of Yarkand Stag (Cervus yarJiaiul-
ensis) . . . . . . . .140
,, 26. — Skull and Antlers of Sikhiiu Shou (Cervus wallichi
affinis) . . . . . . .'- . 14o
,, 27. — Head of Hangul (Cerciis cashmiriensis) . . . 148
.. 28. — Head and Neck of Thorold's Deer (Cervus albirostris) 150
,, 29. — Head of White-tailed Deer (Odocvileus virginianus).
(From a photograph lent by Mr. E. S. Cameron) . 157
, 30. — Pampas Deer (Blastocerus hezoartieus) . . . 190
, 31. — Head of Chihan Giiemal (Hippocamelus bisidcus).
(From Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1899) . . 195
, 32.— Skull of Pudu (Pudu pudu) 216
, 33. — Palatal Aspect of Skull of Roe (Capreolus capreolus).
(From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Etirope). . 220
, 34. — Lower Front Teeth of Roe (Capreolus capreolus).
(From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe) . . 220
, 35. — Palatal Aspect of Skull of Elk (Alces alces). (From
Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe) . . . 231
, 36.— Side View of Head of American Elk, or Moose {Alces
alces amcricanus). (From a specimen in the posses-
sion of Mr. J. K. Paislej', of Ottawa) . . . 235
, 37. — Muzzle of American Elk (Alces alces americamis) . 236
, 38. — Muzzle of Ontario Elk (Alces alces coluinba-). (From
the type specimen, in the collection of Capt. E. C.
Hamilton) 237
, 39. — Front View of Head of Alaskan Elk, or Moose (Alces
alces gig as) ........ 238
, 40. — Lower Front Teeth of Reindeer (liangifer tarajidus).
(From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Eurojye) . . 240
,. 41. — Side View of Skull and Antlers of Novaya Zemlyan
Reindeer (Bangifer tarandus pearsoni) . . . 245
,, 42. — Front View of Head of Woodland Caribou (Bangifer
tarandus caribou), with the antlers in " velvet" . 247
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xxi
PAGE
Fig. 43. — Side View of Skull and Antlers of Mountain Caribou
{Rangifey tarandus montanus). (From 1th Heport
of New Yorh Zoological Society) .... 2.'')0
„ 44. — Side View of Skull and Antlers of Barren-Ground
Caribou (Bangifer tarandits arcticus). (From 7///
Be]}ort of Neiv Yorl- Zoological Society) . . 2.05
.. 45. — Skull of Chinese Water-Deer (Hi/f^ropofes Mierwrn) . 259
,, 46. — Skull of Indian Chevrotain (Tragulus vieminna) . 263
,, 47. — Right Upper and Lower Cheek-Teeth of AVild Boar
{Sns scrofa). (From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western
Euroj^e) 309
,, 48.— Transverse Sections of Lower Canines of Sns scrofa
and S. vcrvHcostis. (From Stehlin) . . . 310
.. 49. — Side View of Skull, with the lower jaw detached, of
Wild Boar {Sns scrofa). (From Miller, Cat. Ma in ni .
Western Enropc) . . . . . . .311
.. 50. — Frontal and Palatal Aspects of Skull of Wild Boar
(Sns scrofa). (From Miller, Cat. Ma mm. Western
Europe) ........ 312
., 51. — Skull of Babirusa {Bahirnssa booyrnssa cehbensis).
(From Gray, Haiid-List of Tliick-sJcinned Mam-
mals) ......... 347
,. 52. — Skull of Southern Busli-I'ig {FotamocJioerns chrero-
potamus). (From Gray, Hand-List of Tliicl-
sl-inned Mammals) ...... 3.52
,, 53.— Skull of Camerun Bush-Pig, or Red River-Hog
{Potamochcerus forciispictus). (From Gray, Hand-
List of Th id: -shinned Mammals) .... 359
,, 54. — Head of Wart-Hog (Phacocliocrus cetJiiopicus) . . 367
,, 55. — Palatal Aspect of Skull and Lower .Taw of Hippo-
potamus {Hippop)ofa mas anipliihius) . . . 3HK
.. 56. — Fore-feet of Pigmy Hippopotamus {Clioeropsis liheri-
ensis) and Ordinary Hippopotamus {Hippopofamns
ampJiihins). (From Pocock, TJie Field, 1918) • . 394
CATALOGUE
OF
UNGULATE S
VOL. lY.
SUBOEDER ARTIODACTYLA {continued).
Section A. — PECORA (continued).
Family IV.— CERVID^.
Pecora, iu which the cranial appendages — generally
restricted to the males, and in a few cases absent even in
that sex — take the form of (usually) branched, bony, solid,
deciduous antlers, supported on permanent skin-covered
pedicles arising from the frontal bones; upper canines
generally present, very long in those genera which lack
antlers in both sexes ; lower canines with simple, uncleft
crowns (fig. 1) ; cheek-teeth generally low-crowned (brachyo-
dont) ; lateral toes generally present, with the constituent
bones fully developed ; lateral metacarpals wanting either
upper or lower ends ; * gall-bladder nearly always wanting ;
placenta with few cotyledons.
In all cases, with the possible exception of Moschus,
there are two pairs of teats, and inguinal glands are invari-
ably wanting. Face-glands are nearly always present
(absent in Cajyreolus) ; tarsal, metatarsal, and interdigital
* The term plesiometacarpalian is applied to those genera in
which the upper ends of the lateral metacarpals persist, and telemeta-
carpalian to those in which the reverse condition obtains.
IV. B
2 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
glands ill the hind-feet may he present, and in the Virginian
deer there are also interdigital glands in the fore-feet.
In the Old World the range extends from the neighbour-
hood of the Arctic Circle southwards to the Mediterranean
islands, the extreme north-west of Africa, the Malay Archi-
pelago, and the Philippines : in the New World it includes
the entire mainland of North and South America. The precise
eastern limits of the family in the Austro-Malay area cannot
Fig. 1. — Lower Front Teeth of Elic {Alecs alces).
From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Wegteni Europe.
be defined, owing to the transportation by the Malays of
species from one island to another.
The family is divisible into the two following subfamily
groups : —
A. Liver with a gall-bladder ; a caudal gland in male ; no
face-glands, foot-glands, or antlers Moscliinw.
B. Liver without a gall-bladder ; no caudal gland ; face-
glands,* foot-glands, t at least in hind-limbs, and
antlers % usually present .*..... Cervince.
* Wanting in Capreolics.
t Wanting in Pudu.
i Wanting in Hydropotes,
CEKVID.E
Subfamily i.— MOSCHINiC.
Liver with a gall-bladder ; in skull the canal situated
within margin of eye-sockets, and leading into nose-chamber,
with only a single orifice ; no face-glands or lachrymal pits
below eyes ; hemispheres of brain comparatively smooth,
with few convolutions ; antlers wanting ; no foot-glands,
but a large caudal and a preputial gland in males.
The distribution extends from Gilgit over a large area in
Central and North-eastern Asia, including Cochin China,
Amurland, and Korea. Following Fitzinger, Pocock regards
this group as of family rank (Moschidce), a view which has
much to be said in its favour, as the single genus is in
several respects intermediate between the Bovidcc and the
typical Cervidce.
I. Genus MOSCHUS.
Moschus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 66, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i,
p. 91, 1766 ; Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 159 ; Garrod, ibid.
1877, p. 287 ; Riltimeyer, Ahli. scliweiz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 19,
1881 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 551, 1891 ;
Lydehher, Deer of All Lands, p. oil, 1898; PococJc, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1910, p. 937.
Odontodorcas, Gistel, Natiirgcsch. Thierreichs, p. 82, 1848.
Build stout and heavy, with the limbs, especially the
hind-pair, long and thick, and the rump elevated ; hair
coarse, thick, brittle, minutely waved, and in structure
resembling pith ; ears large ; upper canines greatly developed
in males, and projecting far below the level of the lips, in
females much smaller ; no tarsal or metatarsal glands or
tufts ; lateral metacarpals represented by their lower
extremities ; main' hoofs narrow and pointed, lateral hoofs
large and functional ; tail very short in males, terminating
in a tuft and glandular, in the females evenly haired
throughout ; naked portion of muzzle large and completely
surrounding nostrils.
Distribution co-extensive with that of subfamily.
B 2
CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
MOSCHUS MOSCHIFERUS.
Moschus moschiferus, Linn. Syst. Nat. cd. 10, vol. i, p. 66, 1758,
ed. 12, vol. i, p. 91, 1766; Pallas, Spicil. Zool. fasc. xiii, p. 29,
pi. iv, 1780, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. p. 108, 1811; H. Smith,
Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 61, vol. v, p. 307, 1827;
Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 63, List Mamm. Brit. Mas.
p. 172. 1843, Cat. Ungnlata Brit. Mus. p. 244, 1852, Cat. Btimi-
nants Brit. Mns. p. 96, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus.
p. 166, 1873; Hittton, Joiirn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. vi, p. 935,
1837 ; Hodgson, ibid. vol. xvi, p. 693, 1847, vol. xvii, pt. 2, p. 486,
1848 ; Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 328 ; Schrenk, Reis. u.
Forsch. Amurland, Siiugcth. p. 161, 1859 ; Raddc, Reis. Sild-
Ost. Siher., Sdugeth. p. 274, 1862 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm.
Brit. Mns. p. 269, 1862 ; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, p. 157, 1863 ; Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool.
ser. 4, vol. ii. p. 119, 1874, Rech. Mamm. p. 176, 1874 ; Jerdon,
Mamm. India, p. 266, 1867 ; Kinloch, Large Game Shooting,
p. 41, 1869 ; David, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vii. Bull. p. 75, 1871 ;
Broohe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 522 ; Floiver, ibid. 1875, p. 159 ;
Przewalsli, Reise Mongolia, pp. 1Y4 and 240, 1875 ; Garrod,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 287 ; Lydckker, Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, vol. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 286, 1877, Horns and Hoofs, p. 330,
1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 311, 1898, Great and Small Game of
India, etc. p. 247, 1900, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc.
p. 268, 1901, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 266, 1907, Cat.
Hume Bequest Brit. Mns. p. 40, 1913 ; Scully, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1881, p. 209; Forbes, ibid. 1882, p. 636; Flower and Garson,
Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 283, 1884 ; Sterndale,
Mamm. India, p. 494, 1884 ; Biiehner, Melanges Biol. vol. xiii,
p. 163, 1890 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 172,
1891 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 552, 1891 ;
Flower and. Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 314,1891 ; Pousar-
gues, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi, p. 189, 1898 ; Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xix, p. 129, 1903 ; Elliot, Cat. Mamm.
Field Mus. {Zool. Pub. Field Mus. vol. viii) p. 38, 1907 ; Ward,
Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 114, 1910, ed. 7, p. 112. 1914;
Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 937 ; Siilima, Nasa ochota,
St. Pettrsb. vol. xlviii, p. 40, 1910 ; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1911, p. 150 ; Cabrera, Cat. Met. Mam. Mus. Madrid, p. 129,
1912 ; Aoki, Annot. Zool. Japon. vol. viii, p. 344, 1913 ; Dods-
worth, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxii, p. 748, 1914.
Musk-Deer ; Kastura.
Typical locality " Tatary, approaching China."
Typically height at shoulder about 20 inches, at rump
2 inches more. General colour some shade of rich dark
brown, more or less mottled and speckled with light grey,
the individual hairs being white for about three-quarters of
their length, then with a white band, followed by a blackish
tip ; under-parts and inner side of limbs paler ; chin, inner
•CERVID^ 5
border of ears, and inside of thighs whitish ; in some
instances a white spot on each side of the throat.
The following three forms have been recognised as
distinct : —
A. Size larger ; feet and hoofs large.
a. Ears coloured like back M. m. moschiferus .
b. Ears largely or wholly black externally M. m. sif aniens.
B. Size smaller ; feet and hoofs small M. m. parvipes.
A.— Moschus moschifepus moschiferus.
Moschus sibiricus, Pallas, 8'picil. Zool. fasc. xiii, p. 29, 1780 ; Gray,
Cat. TJngulata Brit. Mzis. p. 243, 1852 ; Gerrard. Cat. Bones
Mamm. Brit. Mits. p. 269, 1862.
Moschus altaicus, Eschsclwltz, Isis, 1830, p. 606.
Moschus moschiferus altaicus, Brandt, Medicin. Zool. vol. ii, p. 347,
1833.
Moschus chrysogaster, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. viii,
p. 203, 1839 ; Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 245, 1852, Cat.
Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 97, 1872 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm.
Brit. Mus. p. 269, 1862.
Moschus leucogaster, Hodgso)i, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. viii,
p. 203, 1839; Gi-ay, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 245, 1852,
Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 96, 1872.
Moschus saturatus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. viii,
p. 203, 1839.
Odontodorcas moschiferus, Gistel, Naturgesch. Thierreichs, p. 82,
1848.
Moschus moschiferus isificisitus, Milne-Edivards, Ann, Set. Nat., Zool.
ser. 5, vol. ii, p. 119, 1864 ; Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus.
p. 96, 1872.
Moschus moschiferus maculatus, Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool.
ser. 5, vol. ii, p. 120, 1864 ; Gray, Cat. Riiminants Brit. Mus.
p. 96, 1872.
Moschus moschiferus gotlco\ox, Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool.
ser. 5, vol. ii, p. 121, 1864 ; Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus.
p. 96, 1872.
Typical locality " Tatary, approaching China."
General characters those of the species ; ears relatively
short, coloured externally like back. Even in the Himalayan
area considerable individual or local variations in colour are
noticeable ; some examples being paler than ordinary, while
others tend to the development of a yellowish tinge, especially
on the under-parts, and yet otliers to l;)lackish.
The name M. m. chrysogaster is available for the Himalayan
form, if, as is probable, this proves to be a distinct race.
Allen suggested that the Siberian form might be known as
6
CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
M. sibiriem, presumably on the supposition that the
Himalaya is the typical locality.
42. 4. 29. 75 (677, a). Skin, mounted, and skull
(42. 4. 29. 77). Siberia.
Presented hy the St. Petersburg Aeademy, 1842.
42. 4. 29. 75 (677, &)• Skin, mounted, and skull
(42. 4. 27. 78). Siberia. Same history.
43. 1. 12. 93. Skull and- skin. Nepal. Type of
M. clirysogastcr. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1843.
43.1.12.94(678,6). Skull. Nepal. Same history.
678, c(. Skull. Nepal. Same history.
Fig. 2. — Skull op Musk-Deer (Moschus moschifcnis) .
43. 1. 12. 95.
M. lencogaster.
43. 1. 12. 97 (676, i).
" M. cacharensis."
43. 1. 12. 98 (676, y)
M. saturatus.
45. 1. 8. 327
Skull and skin.
Skull.
Skull.
Nepal. Type of
S((me history.
Kachar. Type of
Sa me history.
Nepal. Type of
Same history.
Skin, immature, mounted. Nepal,
Same donor, 1845.
45. 1. 8. 356 (676, a). Skull. Nepal. Same history.
45. 1. 8. 357 (676, &). Skull. Nepal. Same history.
45. 1. 12. 458 (676, f/). Skeleton. Nepal. Same history.
45. 1. 12. 449 (676, c). Skeleton. Nepal. Same history.
45. 1. 12. 555 (676, e). Skeleton. Nepal. Same history.
CEllVIDiE 7
48. 6. 11. 26 (676,/). Skull. Sikliim.
Presented hij B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1848.
55. 1. 20. 9. Skin, mounted. Nepal.
Presented ly H.H. Maharaja Dhuleeii Singlt , 1855.
56. 5. 6. 68 (676, h). Skull, immature. Kashmir ; col-
lected by W. Theobald, Esq.
Presented by Dr. T. Oldham, 1856.
56. 10. 1. 3 (676,^). Skull. Himalaya.
Purchased {Baker), 1856.
676, 7t. Skull, female. Himalaya (?). No history.
79. 11. 21. 254-5. Two skins. Locality unknown.
Transferred from the India Museum, 1879.
81. 3. 1. 4. Skin, young. Basal Gak, Gilgit ; collected
by Lieut.-Col. J. Biddulph, July, 1879.
Presented ly Dr. J. Scully, 1881.
91. 8. 7. 221-2. Two skulls. Kashmir.
Presented by A. 0. Hume, Esq., Cf.B., 1891.
91. 8. 7. 223. Skull. Garhwal. Same history.
91. 10. 7. 124. Skull. Sikhim; collected by L. Man-
delli, Esq. Presented by Dr. W. T. Blanford, 1891.
91. 10. 7. 125. Skull, female. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
96. 9. 9. 1. Skin, mounted. Amurland ; collected by
Herr D5ries. Purchased ( Ward), 1896.
97. 4. 3. 4. Skin, female, mounted. From an animal
formerly living in the park at Woburn Aljbey.
Presented by the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1907.
8. 2. 29. 4. Skull and skin. Kishi Nala, Garhwal.
Presented by Dr. F. G. Lonystaff, 1908.
12. 10. 31. 97. Skull, Garhwal. In this specimen,
which stands 7th in Ward's 1910 list, the length of the
exposed portion of the upper canine is 3 inches ; the
maximum recorded length being 4 inches.
Bequeathed by A. 0. Hume, Esq., G.B., 1912.
12. 10. 31. 98. Skull. Himalaya. Same history.
B.— Moschus moschiferus sif aniens.
Moschus sifanicus, Biichner, Melanges Biol. vol. xii, p. 162, 1890 ;
Lydehker, Deer of All Lands, p. 315, 1898, Great and Small
Game of Europe, etc., p. 269, 1901 ; Pousargues, Mem. Sac. Zool.
8 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
France, vol. viii, p. 192, 1898 ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll.
vol. xl, p. 205, 1912 ; Wallace, Big Game of Central and Western
China, p. 146, 1913.
Typical locality Southern Kan-su, Western China.
Ears longer than in typical race, and, instead of being
similar to the back in colour, more or less completely black,
or black at the bases, with broad yellowish tips, and the
margins of the upper half with a blackish or brownish
band ; internally the margins covered with yellowish hair
showing a more or less decided rufous tinge. Skull more
massive, and longer in its auterior half; the nasals being
narrower, longer, and articulating with only a small portion
of the frontals.
I. 3. 2. 6. Skull and skin, female. Ichang, Central
China. May represent a distinct race.
Presented ly F. W. Styan, Esq., 1901.
3. 5. 15. 6. Skull and skin, immature. Sze-chuan,
Western China. Same donor, 1903.
II. 2. 1. 265. Skull and skin, female. KW. of Tan-
chou, Kan-su ; collected by M. P. Anderson, Esq. Practically
a topo-type. Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, ^.G^., 1911.
11. 9. 8. 144. Skull and skin. Wen-chwan-hsien, Si-ho
valley, western Sze-chuan ; same collector. Same history.
C— Moschus moschiferus parvipes.
Moschus parvipes, Hollisfrr, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiv,
p. 1, 1911.
Typical locality Korea.
Smaller than preceding races, with more slender limbs
and smaller hoofs; general colour rich and dark, and winter
coat relatively short.
97.10.3.58^ Body-skin. Korea; collected by Mr.
J. Kalinowski. Purchased, 1897.
Subfamily ii.— CERVIN^E.
Liver without gall-bladder; in skull the canal situated
within margin of eye-sockets, and leading into nose -chamber,
with two orifices ; face-glands and lachrymal pits usually
CERVID^ 9
present ; * hemispheres of brain with numerous convo-
lutions ; antlers present, except in Hydropotcs ; foot-glands
usually present ; t no caudal or preputial glands.
The following is a "key," mainly based on external
characters, to genera here recognised : —
A. Antlers absent in females ; muzzle with at least
a small bare muffle.
a. Upper canines tusk-like in males.
rt'. Antlers wanting ; naviculo-cuboid and cunei-
form bones of tarsus separate Hydroj^ofea.
hK Antlers present, surmounting long pedicles
and relatively small ; naviculo-cuboid and
cuneiform bones of tarsus united.
a^. Antler-pedicles continued downwards as
prominent converging frontal ridges Mnntiacufi.
h". Antler-pedicles divergent, not continued
downwards as prominent frontal ridges FJapliodiis.
b. Upper canines, when present, not tusk-like.
&\ Lateral metacarpals represented by their upper
extremities.^
b-. Antlers with a simple basal or sub-basal
brow-tine, and at least two other tines ;
tail short or medium.
b^. Antlers markedly palmate ; upper canines
wanting ; hoofs of hind-feet united only
at " heels " § by a close fold of skin Da ma.
c^. Antlers not markedly palmate ; upper
canines generally present || ; hind-hoofs
united nearly throughout their basal
depth by a deep interungual web Cervus.
c^. Antlers not forking till some distance above
base, and the front tine again forked ; tail
long Elaph urns.
c' . Lateral metacarpals represented by their lower
extremities,
c^. Vomer not dividing posterior aperture of
nostrils into two chambers,
c*. Antlers diverging at an angle of about 40°
to mid frontal suture, 3-tined ; face-glands
wanting ; muzzle normal ; tail rudi-
mentary Cajn-eolus.
cP. Antlers diverging nearly at right angles
to mid frontal suture ; many tined and
often palmate ; face-glands present ;
muzzle pendulous, with very small bare
muffle ; tail short Alces.
* Wanting in Capreolus and one species of Pud a.
t Wanting in Pudu.
X Occasionally wanting.
§ See vol. i, p. 172.
II Wanting in subgenus Hyelaphus, and occasionally Axis.
10 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
cV Vomer dividing posterior aperture of nostrils
into two distinct chambers.
(T\ Naviculo-cuboid of tarsus free from cunei-
form,
(1\ Metatarsal glands normally present,
tarsal glands always developed,
ff'. Antlers normally complex, with sub-
basal snag, and front-prong of main
fork developed at expense of hind
one Odocoilcus.
e*. Metatarsal glands wanting.
€■', Antlers dichotomously forking, with-
out subbasal snag and with more
than two tines Blastocerus.
e". Antlers simply forked Hijyj^ocamelui
e'. Antlers simple spikes Mazama.
c-\ Naviculo-cuboid of tarsus fused with
cuneiform. Antlers minute ; no meta-
tarsal, tarsal, or pedal glands Piulit.
1!. Antlers present in females ; muzzle completely
hairj'.
Lateral metacarpals and vomer as in Odocoilcus. . . . Rangifer.
II. Genus MUNTIACUS.
Mimtiacus, Bafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, p. 56, 1815.
Cervulus, Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 77 ; Broolr, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 898 ; Eiitinieyer, Ahh. scliweiz. pal. Ges.
vol. viii, p. 23, 1881; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm.
p. 531, 1891; LydeJi-ker. Deer of all Lands, p. 203, 1898;
PococJi-, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 952.
Muntjaccus, Gray, Thomson's Ann. Philos. vol. xxvi, p. 342, 1825.
Stylocerus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 319,
1827.
Prox, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 135.
Muntjacus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 173, 1843.
Small, higli-rumped deer, with the lateral metacarpals
represented by their upper extremities (plesiometacarpaliau
type), tusk-like upper canines, and small simple antlers,
consisting of a basal brow-tine and a beam, and surmounting
long bony pedicles, continued downwards as prominent
convergent ridges on the frontal region of the skull ; in
females the pedicles represented by tufts of bristly hair and
small bony prominences. Suborbital face -glands large, a pair
of frontal glands of variable size on the inner sides of the
frontal ridges, and glands forming deep clefts on front of
hind-pasterns, but no tarsal or metatarsal glands or tufts ;
face long, with a large bare muffle extending up between the
CERVIDvE 11
nostrils, where its upper border is slightly convex ; ears
rather small ; tail, long, thin, and pointed ; lateral hoofs
small, rudimentary, or wanting, and no bones of the lateral
digits retained ; coat uniformly coloured in adult, spotted
with white in young, at least in the more typical forms. In
the skull the lachrymal pits very large and deep, and the
unossified vacuities of moderate extent ; naviculo-culwid of
tarsus fused with cuneiform.
The group is distributed all over the Indo-Malay
countries, as far east as Sumatra and Borneo, and the greater
part of China proper ; occurring also in Formosa, Ijut not
in Japan.
The species are distinguishable as follows : —
A. Upper surface of tail chestnut or fulvous ; frontal
glands present.
a. Generally no nuchal stripe ; frontal glands larger ;
lachrymal pits smaller; backs of ears dusky or
yellow.
a'. Size larger ; colour redder, backs of ears dusky M. muntjal:.
h' . Size smaller; colour more fulvous; backs of
ears yellow, like forehead M. lacrymans.
h. Generally' a nuchal stripe ; frontal glands smaller ;
lachrymal pits larger ; backs of ears blackish.
a". Size smaller ; colour redder ; lachrymal pits
slightlj' smaller than orbits M. rcevcsi.
b". Size larger; colour browner and darker;
lachrymal pits as large as or ratlier larger
than orbits M. sinensis.
B. Upper surface of tail black or blackish ; no frontal
glands.
a. Head not tufted ; tail shorter; size smaller M. fex.
h. Head tufted ; tail longer ; size larger M. crinifrons.
I. MUNTIACUS MUNTJAK.
Cervus muntjak, Zimmermann, Geogr. Qescliichte, vol. ii, p. 131,
1780 ; Boddaert, Elenclms Anim. vol. i, p. 136, 1785; H. Smith,
Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 144, 1827 ; F. Cuvier,
Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. iv, pis. 418, 419, 1839.
Cervus muntjac, Gmelin, Linn.'s Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 180, 1788; Kerr,
Linn.'s Anim. Kingdom, p. 307, 1793 ; Horsfield, Zool. Besearch.
Java, pt. vi, pi. xxxiii, 1823; -/. B. Fischer, Synojj. Mamm.
p. 454, 1829; Syhes, Proc. Zool. Sac. 18Sl,:p.l04:; Ogilby, Boyle's
Illustr. Bot. Himalaya, p. 72, 1839 ; Elliot, Madras Joiirn. vol. x,
p. 221, 1839 ; Miiller and Schlegel, Verh. Nederland. Ges. vol. i,
p. 225, 1840 ; Wagner, Schreber's Sdugthiere, Stipj^l. vol. v,
p. 388, 1855.
12 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Muntiacus muntjak, Bafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, p. 56, 1815.
(?) Cervulus subcornutus, Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 77.
Cervus (Stylocerus) muntjak, H. Smith, GrifitWs Ani)iwl Kingdom,
vol. V, p. 319, 1827.
(?) Cervus (Stylocerus) subcornutus, H. Smith., op. cit. p. 320,
1827.
Stylocerus muntjak, Jardine, Naturalist's Lihr., Mamm. vol. iii,
p. 185, 1835.'
(?) Stylocerus subcornutus, Jardine, loc. cit. 1835.
Prox moschatus, Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 136.
Prox muntjac, Sundevall, K. SvensTca Vet.-Ah. Handl. 1844, p. 85 ;
Fitzinger, Sitzher. k. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 362,
1872, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 41, 1879.
Cervulus muntjac, Broohc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 38, 1878, p. 899 ;
Anderson, Zool. Results Yunnan Exped. p. 387, 1878 ; Stcrndale,
Mamm. India, p. 500, 1884; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol.
Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 286, 1884; W. L. Sclater, Cat.
Mamm. hid. Mus. pt. ii, p. 173, 1891 ; Blanford, Fauna. Brit.
India, Mamm. p. 552, 1891 ; Floiver and Lydehher, Study of
Mammals, p. 317, 1891 ; Lydehher, Horns and Hoofs, p. 314,
1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 203, 1898, Great and Small Game of
India, etc. p. 238, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 257, 1907,
Cat. Hume Bequest, Brit. Mus. p. 40, 1913 ; Percy, Big Game
Shootiyig {Badminton Lihr .) , \o\. n, p. 268, 1894; Jentinh and
Biittihofer, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xix, p. 63, 1897 ; Holding,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 295; Finn, ibid. 1903, vol. ii, p. 2;
Manners- Smith, Jotirn. Bombay Asiat. Soc. vol. xvii, p. 237,
1906 ; Comber, ibid. vol. xviii, p. 490, 1908 ; Ward, Becords of
Big Game, ed. 6, p. 80, 1910, ed. 7, p. 80, 1914 ; Pococh, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 952.
Muntiacus muntjac, Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field AIus. {Field Mus. Zool.
Pub. vol. viii) p. 38, 1907 ; Thomas and Wroughton, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1909, p. 392; Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nation. Mus. vol. xl, p. 73,
1911.
Typical locality Java.
The type species.
Size relatively large, the shoulder-height ranging from
about 20 to 22 inches ; ears narrow and pointed ; crown not
tufted ; frontal glands large ; tail relatively short (about
7 inches) ; colour ranging from chestnut-red (deep rufous)
to orange-tawny, with a brown or black streak down the
front of each antler-pedicle, and in a corresponding position
in females, a pale crown-patch, and a grizzled nuchal area ;
insides of ears, chin, upper part of throat, buttocks, inner
sides of thighs, inner surfaces of fore-legs to knees, and
under side of tail white ; lateral hoofs very small ; lachrymal
pits occupying only lower half of lachrymal bone.
CEKVID^ 13
The range includes India, Burma, Lhe ]\Ialay Peninsula,
Siam, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, etc.
Fig. 3. — Head op Indian Muntjac {Muntiacus muntjak vaginalis).
From a photograph leut by the Bombay Natural History Society.
Our knowledge of several of the races is too imperfect to
admit of the drawing up of a satisfactory and trustworthy "key."
14
CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
A.— Muntiacus muntjak muntjak.
Muntjacus vaginalis, Horsfield, Zool. Bcscarch. Java, figs, a and 6,
1824 ; nee Cervus vaginalis, Boddaert.
Cervulus vaginalis. Gray, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1850, p. 234, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hisf. ser. 2, vol. v, p. 425, 1850, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus.
p. 217, 1852; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 263,
1862 ; 7iec Cervus vaginalis, Boddaert.
Cervulus muntjac tvpicus. Ward, Records of Big Game, eel. 6, p. 80,
1910, ed. 7, p. 80, 1914.
Muntjac ; Kakar ; Barking Deer ; Rib-faced Deer.
Pig. 4. — Skull and Antlers of Muntjac (Muntiacus ymintjal;).
Typical locality Java.
Size large (length of hind-foot 11^ inches); general
colour very dark rufous, without light rings to the hairs,
so that there is no speckling; antlers larger than in any
other race, the maximum recorded length heing lOf inches.
Basal length of skull 8| inches, of female 7| inches.
CERVID.E 15
9. 1. 5. 854. Skill. raugandaiaii, Dirk do Vries Bay,
Java ; collected by G. C. Shortridge, Esq.
Presented hj W. E. Bahton, Esq., 1909.
9, 1. 5. 855. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
9. 1. 5. 1124. Frontlet and antlers, the latter very large.
Same locality and collector. Sdine history.
9. 1. 5. 1125. A similar specimen, l)ui with smaller
antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history.
10. 4. 6. 71. Frontlet and antlers. Kangean Island, east
of Java; same collector. Presented by 0. Tho7nas, Esq., 1910.
10. 4. 6. 72. A similar specimen. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
10. 4. 6. 73. Another similar specimen. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
B.— Muntiacus muntjak moschatus.
Cervulus uioschatns, Blainville, Bull. Soc. Pliilom. 1816, p. 77.
Muntiacus moschatus, Lyon, Proc. U.S. N'd. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 582,
1907.
Typical locality Sumatra.
Type in Museum of Eoyal College of Surgeons.
A very large race, based on an immature skull, still
retaining the last two pairs of milk-molars (No. 1469, Mus.
E. Coll. Surg.). The external ridge of the jugal arcade is
stated to be thicker and more prominent than in M. m.
vaginalis ; colour apparently much the same as in next race.
No specimen in collection.
C— Muntiacus muntjak bancanus.
Cervulus muntjac, Jentinlc, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xiii, p. 209, 1891 ;
Willinli, Natuurh. Tijdsclir. Nederlandscti'Tndie, vol. xlv, p. 189,
1905.
Muntiacus bancanus, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 582,
1907, vol. xl, p. 72, 1911.
Typical locality Banka Island ; also occurs on Billiton
Island.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Closely allied to M. m. moschatus, but smaller ; skull
similar to that of M. m. ruhidios (infra, p. 16), but the
16 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
iuteipteiygoid space uarrower, and the laclirynio-maxillary
suture longer. General colour rich rufous (between hazel
and ferruginous), darker on middle line of liack and paler on
flanks ; on neck and shoulders the ferruginous-hazel washed
with blackish ; crown bright ferruginous hazel.
In his second mention of this muntjac Lyon refers to it
as a smaller race of ]\l. m. ruhidus.
No specimen in collection.
D.— Muntiacus muntjak pleiharicus.
Cervulus pleiharicus, KoJilbrugge, NatuurJc. Tijdschr. Nederlandsch-
Indie, vol. Iv, pt. 2, p. 192, pi. ii, fig. 1, 1896.
Muntiacus pleiharicus, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 583,
1906, vol. xxxiii, p. 550, 1907, vol. xl, p. 71, 1911.
Typical locality Pleihari, South-eastern Borneo.
A relatively small yellowish or ochre-coloured form, with
an indistinct dark brown dorsal stripe; antler-pedicles
short ; basal length of skull from about 6f to 7i^g inches
(171-178 mm.).
No specimen in collection definitely referable to this
race.
E.— Muntiacus muntjak rubidus.
Muntiacus rubidus, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol, xl, p. 73, 1911.
Typical locality Pamukang Bay, S.E. Borneo.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Larger than the preceding race, with the general colour
deep shining rufous (hazel of Lyon), darkening on middle
line of back and everywhere suftused with blackish ; whole
frontal area between antler-pedicles (which are of normal
length) showing a tendency to become black ; antlers
relatively short ; females paler, with less darkening on
middle line of back ; basal length of skull about 7^ inches
(185 to 186 mm.).
The skull, which is very similar in this respect to the
somewhat smaller one of M. m. hancanus, differs from that
of 3f. 1)1. pleiharicus by its superior size, longer and stouter
antler-pedicles, and the presence of a distinct concavity in
the profile at the base of the nasals. This muntjac is
inferior in size to the Sumatran M. m, moschahis..
CEKVID.E 17
According to Kolilbrugge, its disliiicLiie.ss I'runi J/, m.
pleilw.ricus is recognised by the natives of Borneo.
79. 5. 3. 21. Frontlet and antlers. Borneo; collected by
A. H. Everett, Esq. Purchased, 1879.
S7. 2. 10. o. Skull and antlers. Eejang Valley, North
Borneo ; collected by H. B. Low, Esq. FurcJiascd, 1887.
89. 1. 8. 8. Skull and skin, female. Baram, North
Borneo ; collected by Dr. C. Hose.
FurcJiascd (Ckrrard), 1889.
92. 2. 7. 19. Skull and skin, female. Mount Dulit,
North Borneo; same collector. FurcJiascd (Gerrard), 1892.
93. o. 4. 10. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Spitang,
North Borneo ; collected by A. H. Everett, Esq. The frontal
area between tlie pedicles of the antlers is rufous.
Furchased {Gerrard), 1893.
94. 6. 12. 11. Skull, with antler-pedicles, and skin.
Mount Mulu, Baram Valley, E. Sarawak, N. Borneo ;
collected by Dr. Hose. Whole area between antler-pedicles
black ; the black continuing down nape of neck.
FurcJiascd {Gerrard), 1894.
95. 5. 7. 5. Skull and skin, with antlers in latter,
immature. Miri Valley, Sarawak, N. Borneo ; collected
by Dr. Hose. Forehead and neck coloured as in last
specimen. FurcJiascd {Gerrard), 1895.
95. 5. 7. 6. Skeleton. Mount Skiwa, Sarawak ; same
collector. Same Jiistonj.
95. 12. 8. 1. Skull and skin, immature. Baram; same
collector. Same Jiistonj.
99. 12. 9. 83. Skull, with very small antlers, and skin.
Mount Dulit ; same collector. The whole frontal area
between the black pedicle-streaks is dusky, with a tinge of
rufous. FurcJiascd {Gerrard), 1899,
6. 2. 2. 11. Skull, imperfect, with milk-molars, and
skin. Mount Dulit ; same collector.
FurcJiascd {Gerrard), 1900
8. 7. 17. 24. Skull, with cheek-teeth much worn, and
skin, to which the minute antlers are attached. North
Borneo. This specimen indicates that the antlers in this
race are generally small.
F resented hy tJic BritisJi j\'ortJi Borneo Coiiipany, 1908.
IV. c
18 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
* * * *. Skin, young in spotted coat. Miii, Sarawak ;
collected by Dr. Hose. Purchased.
F.— Muntiacus muntjak robinsoni, subsp. n.
Typical locality Ehio Linga Archipelago.
Of the approximate size of M. m. eurvostylis {Infra), but
with very long and slender antler-pedicles ; basal skull-length
7 inches, in female 6| inches ; length of upper tooth-row
2 j'g inches, in female 2^q ; upper part of forehead and bases
of ears in female dull dusky chestnut.
9. 4. 1. 505. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Bintang
Island, Ehio Linga Archipelago, Malaya ; collected by H. C.
Eobinson, Esq. Basal length of skull 7 inches, length of
upper series of cheek-teeth 2-j^ inches.
Presented hy the Government of the Federated Malay
States, 1909.
9. -4. 1. 506. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and
collector. Type. Basal length of skull 6^ inches, length of
upper series of cheek-teeth 2^^ inches. Samr, history.
G. — Muntiacus muntjak peninsulae, subsp. n.
Typical locality Pulu Pangkor, off ]\Ialay Peninsula.
A very large race, with moderately stout antler-pedicles
and antlers ; basal skull-length in type (female) 7^ inclies ;
length of upper series of cheek-teeth about 2^ inclies ; *
upper part of forehead and bases of ears (in female) Ijright
chestnut.
79. 11. 21. 256. Skull and skin, immature ; the former
still retaining milk-teeth. Wellesley l*roviuce, Malay
Peninsula ; collected by Dr. J. Cantor.
Transferred from India Museum, 1879.
3. 2. 6. 78. Skull, with antlers. Biserat, Malay
Peninsula. The cheek-teeth are but little worn, and of
approximately the same size as in the next specimen.
Presented hy Messrs. H. C. Bohinson and
N. Annandale, 1903.
10. 10. 1. 106. Skull and skin, female. Pulu Pangkor,
* This dimension varies considerably with age in all the races.
GERYID.E 19
off Malay Peninsula ; collected by H. C. Eobinson, Esq.
Type. Basal skull-length 7^ inches, length of upper tooth-
row 2^ inches. The contrast between this specimen, in which
the teeth are much worn, and the type of M. ni. rohinsoni
(9. 4. 1. 506) in the matter of size is very striking.
Presented hy the Government of the Federated Malay
States, 1910.
0. 8. 4. 12. Prontlet and antlers, the latter very large.
Singapore. This specimen, which represents an aged animal,
would apparently agree well in size with the preceding.
Presented by Dr. C. Hose, 1900.
H,— Muntiacus muntjak curvostylis.
Cervulus curvostylis, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 94, 1872,
Hand-List Biiminants Brit. Mus. p. 165, 1873.
Cervulus muntjac curvostylis, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 81, 1910, ed. 7, p. 80, 1914.
Typical locality Siam.
Founded on a deformed skull, in which the antler-
pedicles are abnormally bent downwards, backwards, and
outwards. Size medium (length of upper row of cheek-teeth
in type 2^g inches) ; general colour orange-tawny, fading
to huffish on neck and under-parts.
61. 6. 1. 8 (1619, rt). Skull, with antler-pedicles
(deformed) and bases of antlers. Pachebone, Siam ; collected
by Monsieur Mouhot. Type. Purchased, 18G1.
78. 6. 17. 17. Skull and skin, immature. Siam or
Cambodia. Presented hy Monsieur Pierre, 1878.
98. 10. 21. 7. Skin, immature female. Chantabori,
Siam. Presented hy Capt. S. S. Flower, 1898.
14. 6. 18. 36. Frontal portion of skull, with antlers.
Mi-tau Forest, Eaheng, Siam ; collected by Karens.
Presented hy C. S. Barton, Esq., 1914.
14. 8. 22. 23. Body-skin. S. W. Siam.
Presented, hy K. G. Gairdner, Esq., 1914.
20 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
I. — Muntiacus muntjak grandicornis.
Cervulus umntjac grandicornis, Lydc'k'ker, Field, vol. civ, p. 780, 1904,
Game AtiimaJs of India, etc. p. 261, 1907; Ward, Records of
Big Game, ed. 6, p. 80, 1910, ed. 7, p. 80, 1914.
Muntiacus grandicornis, Lyon, Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi,
p. 583, 1907 ; Wroughton, M.S. 1914.
Typical locality Amhcist district, Burma.
A large race (basal length of skull about Ti iuches, length
of upper row of chcek-teetli about 2^^ inches), with very
large and massive antlers (length in type Gj inches, basal
girth 4|^ iuches) ; general colour tiiwny ochery, with tlie
grizzled nuchal area not extending l)e]iind tlie shoulders ;
hairs dull pale brown at the liase, and the basal portion not
paler than that above. The size is approximately as in the
typical Javan race, and larger than in Indian muntjacs ;
while the colour is much duller and browner than in the
Bornean and Malay races, with more brown on the fronts of
the legs than is usually present in the latter..
4. 9. 2.3. 1. Skull, imperfect at hind part of base, with
antlers. Thouagyen Forest, Amherst district, Burma. Type.
PrcscRicd hy D. H. Allen, Esq., 1904.
79. 11. 21. 190. Skull, with antlers, which are small.
The cheek-teeth are less worn than in the preceding specimen,
but the length of the whole row is approximately the same,
although the basi-cranial length is less (7 inches).
Transferred from India Mnseum, 1879.
94. 12. 19. 6-7. Two skulls, with antlers, provisionally
identified with this race. Lower Chindwin Valley, Upper
Burma. In the second specimen (7) the antlers are small,
the pedicles very slender, and the molars but slightly worn.
Presented lij C. F. Gilbert, Esq., 1894.
96. 5. 6. 1. Fragmentary skull and skin, young. Thibau,
western Shan States. Presented hy E. W. Oates, Esq., 1896.
98. 2. 13. 1. Skin, mounted. Burma.
Purchased (Gerrard), 1898.
14. 12. 8. 239. Skull and skin. Tliaget, Little Tenasserim
Eiver ; collected by G. C. Shortridge, Esq.
Presented hy the Bomhay Natnrcd History Society, 1914.
14. 12. 8. 240. Skull and skin. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
CERVID.^ 21
14. 12. 8. 241. Skull and skin, female. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
14. 12. 8. 242. Skull and skin, female. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
J. — Muntiacus muntjak vag-inalis.
Cei'vus vaginalis, Boddaerf, Elenchus Anini. vol. i, p. 136, 1785.
Cervus moschatus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv,
p. 147, 1827 ; nee Cervulus moschatus, Blainville.
Cervus (Stylocerus) moschatus, H. Smith, Gri-ffith'' s Animal Kingdom ,
vol. V, p. 319, 1827.
Cervus ratwa, Hodgson, Asiat. Researches, vol. xviii, pt. 2, p. 139, 1833,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 99; Ogilbij, BoijWs lUustr. Bot.
Himalaya, p. Ixxiii, 1839; Schinz, Synop. Mamm. vol. ii,
p. 549, 1844.
Cervus melas, Ogilby, Boyle's Illustr. Bot. Himalaya, p. Ixxiii, 1839.
Stylocerus ratwa, Hodgson, Jonrn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x,
p. 914, 1841.
Muntjacus vaginalis. Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 173, 1843,
Cat. Hodgson Collect, p. 31, 1846.
(?) Cervus stylocerus, Schinz, Synoj]. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 549, 1844.
Prox rafcva, Sundevall, K. Svenslca Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 85, 1846 ;
Fitzinger, Sitzher. h. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii. pt. 1, p. 362,
1873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 41, 1879.
Prox albipes, Sundevall, lac. cit. 1846 ; Fitzinger, oj). cit. vol. Ixviii,
p. 362, 1873, vol. Ixxix, p. 42, 1879.
Prox stylocerus, Sundevall, loc. cit. 1846 ; Fitzitiger, loc. cit. 1873
and 1879.
Prox melas, Sundevall, loc. cit. 1846.
Stylocerus nauntjacus, Kelaart, Podromus Faunce Zeylan. p. 85, 1852 ;
nee Cervus muntjak, Zimmermann.
Cervulus vaginalis, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 536; Blyth,
Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 154, 1863 ; Swinhoe,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 652, 1870, p. 644.
Styloceros muntjac, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv,
p. 269, 1846; nee Cervus muntjak, Zimmermann.
Cervulus moschatus. Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, p. 65, 1850, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 234, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 218, 1852,
Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 93, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants
Brit. Mus. p. 163, 1873 ; Horsfield, Cat. Mamm. E. India Mus.
p. 190, 1851 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 263, 1862 ;
nee Blainville.
Cervulus aureus, Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 264, 1867; Blyth, Cat.
Mamm. and Birds Btirma, p. 46, 1875 ; Sterndale, Mamm.
India, p. 500, 1884 ; Percy, Big Game Shooting {Badminton
Lihr.), vol. ii, p. 288, 1894 ; partim.
Cervulus muntjac tamulicus, Ward, Records of Big Game, eil. 6,
p. 81, 1910.
2^ CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Muntiacus vaginalis, Wroughton, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
voL xxi, p. 825, 1912; Byley (Miss), ibid. vol. xxii, p. 512, 1913;
Dodsrvorth, ibid. vol. xxii, p. 747, 1914.
Cervulus muntjac vaginalis, LydckJccr, Ward's Eecords of Big Game,
eel. 7, p. 80, 1914.
Typical locality Bengal.
No specimens from the typical locality are available, so
that the identification of the sub-Himalayan ratwa (from
which the definition is taken) with this race is provisional.
Somewhat smaller than M. m. graiidicomis, with slighter
antlers, and the general colour bright chestnut (cinnamon
rufous), scarcely paler on flanks, but distinctly so on under-
parts ; hairs pale at base ; length of upper series of cheek-
teeth about 2\ inches ; basicranial length about 7j inches.
Some of the specimens of which the locality is unknown
may belong to one or other of the next two races.
* * * *. Skin, female, mounted. India. No history.
25, a. Skin, India.
Bequeathed hy Gen. T. Hardioieke, 1835.
* * * *. Skull, Mnth antlers, and skin. Nepal.
Presented hy B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
43. 1. 12. 123. Skin. Nepal.
Presented hy B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1843.
43. 1. 26. 13. Skull, with antlers. Nepal. Type of
Cervulus ratwa. Same history.
45. 1. 8. 189 (701, h). Skull, with minute antlers. Nepal.
Same donor, 1845.
45. 1. 8. 190 (701, g). Skull, with small antlers. Nepal.
Same history.
45. 1. 8. 191 (701, i). Skull, young. Nepal.
Same history.
45. 1. 8. 192 (701, h). Frontlet and antlers. Nepal.
Senne history.
45. 1. 8. 193 (701, y). Frontlet and antlers. Nepal.
Same liistory.
45. 1. 8. 336. Skin and skull (47. 4. 10. 6), immature
female, skull imperfect. Nepal. Same history.
701, d, r, s. Three skulls. Nepal. Same history.
48. 6. 11. 24. Skull, immature. Sikliim.
Same donor, 1848.
CERVID.E 23
48. 6. 11. 25. Skull, young. Sikhini. Same liistory.
56. 5. 6. 6o. Skull, female. Darjiling ; collected by W.
Theobald, Esq. Presented hy Dr. T. Oldham, 1856.
56.5.6.64. Skull, immature female. Same locality and
collector. Same Idstory.
58. 6. 24. 11-13. Three skins, immature. Sikliim.
Presented hy B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1858.
58. 6. 24. 14. Skin. Sikliim. Same history.
58. 6. 25. 15. Skull and skin, young. Sikhim.
Same history.
58. 6. 24. 182-184. Three skin-covered frontlets, with
antlers. Sikhim. Same history.
■ 79. 11. 21. 191. Skull, with antlers, and head-skin.
Dehra Dun ; collected by Capt. J. Hutton.
Transferred from India Museum, 1879.
79. 11. 21. 192. Skull, imperfect, and head-skin, female.
Same locality and collector. Same history.
79. 11. 21. 193. Skin, young in spotted coat. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
91. 8, 7. 45. Skull, imperfect, with large antlers. Berar.
Length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2;^ inches ; the antlers
are smaller and their pedicles rather longer than in the type
of M. m. grandicornis (4. 9. 23. 1).
Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891.
91. 8. 7. 46. Skull, with antlers. Mussurie.
Same history.
91. 8. 7. 47. Skull, with antlers. Craro Hills ; collected
by G. P. Sanderson, Esq. Same history.
91. 8. 7. 48. Skull, with antlers. Same locality and
collector. Sanne history.
0. 7. 4. 1. Skin, mounted, melanistic phase. Darjiling.
Presented hy M. G. Jukes, Esq., 1900.
12. 10. 31. 14. Skull, with antlers, which measure Qh inches
in length, with a girth of 3, and a tip-to-tip interval of
3| inches. Bequeatlied hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912.
14. 11. 31. 3. Skull and skin. Twinywa, near Pyawbwe ;
collected by F. E. W. Venning, Esq.
Presented hy the Bomhay Natural History Society, 1914.
The place of origin of the two following specimens is
unknown, so that they cannot be definitely classed : —
24 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
701, cm. Skull, with large antlers. From an old skin.
No history.
701,/. Skull, female. No historj/.
K.— Muntiacus muntjak aureus.
Cervus aureus, H. Smith, Griffitli's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv,
p. 148, 1827.
Cervus (Stylocerus) aureus, H. Smith, op. cif. vol. v, p. 320, 1827
(locality wrong).
Stylocerus aureus, Jardinc. Naturalist's Lihr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 185,
1835.
Cervus albipes, Wagner, Sclireher's Sciugthiere, Suppl. vol. iv, p. 294,
1844 ; Schinz, Synop. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 549, 1844.
Cervulus aureus, Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 264, 1867, partim.
Cervulus tamulicus, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 94, 1872,
Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 165, 1873.
Muntiacus aureus, Wroughton, M.S. 1914.
Typical locality not definitely known, l)ut some part of
Southern India.
Size medium ; general colour ocliery buff (clay-colour
tinged with ochery), darker on middle of back, with the
nuchal grizzled area extending behind the shoulders on
to the back; under- parts paler; hairs greyish white at
base.
Typical locality of C. tamulicus Dekhan ; C. albipes was
stated by its describer to be from " Bombay and Poena."
701, h. Skull, with antlers in velvet. Dekhan. ^ Type of
0. famvlicus. Presented hy Col. IV. H. Syhcs, abont 1842.
L.— Muntiacus muntjak malabaricus, subsp. u.
Muntiacus malabaricus, Wroughton, M.S. 1914.
This race is to be attributed to Mr. Wroughton, by whose
courtesy the publication of his description has been permitted
here.
Typical locality Nagarhol, Coorg, Southern India ; the
range includes the Kanara and Malabar coast.
" Generally similar to M. m. aureus, but the size larger
than in either that race or M. m. vaginalis and the prevalent
colour deep chestnut (l»etwoen raw sienna and tawny), witii
CERVID.E 25
the grizzling exteudiug all over the back and part of the
flanks ; under-parts drah ; hairs white at base." — E. C. W.
13. S. 22. 133. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Nagarhol,
Coorg ; collected by G. C. Shortridge, Esq., Feb., 1913. Type.
Pirsenfrjl hj the Bomhay Natural History Soclefi/, 1913.
M. — Muntiacus muntjak, subsp.
Typical locality Island of Hainan, China.
The two following specimens indicate a large rufous
muntjak apparently allied to the Bornean and Malay races
of the present species : —
70. 2. 10. 25-26. Two skins. Hainan; collected by
Ti. Swinhoe, Esq. Purchased, 1870.
ir. MUNTIACUS LACRYMANS.
Cervulus lacrymans, Milne-Edwards, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vii,
p. 93, 1871, Bech. Mamm. p. 348, pis. Ixiii and Ixiv, 1874;
Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 40, 1878, p. 899; Andersoji,
Zool. Results Yunnan Exped. p. 838, 1878; Lydeliker, Horns
and Hoofs, p. 316, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 208, 1898,* Game
Animals of India, etc. p. 263, 1907 ; HilzJieimer, Abh. Mus.
Naturk. Magdeburg, vol. i, p. 66, 1906 ; Ward, Records of Big
Game, ed. 6, p. 81, 1910, ed. 7, p. 81, 1914.
Muntiacus lacrymans, Allen, Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. xl,
p. 204, 1912.
Typical locality Sze-chuan, Western China.
Type in Paris Museum.
Smaller (shoulder-height about 19 inches) and yellower
than the preceding species, with the whole forehead (exclu-
sive of the black pedicle-streaks), occiput, and backs of ears
yellowish brown or yellow ; lower part of face varying from
rufous to blackish ; no dark neck-stripe ; general body-colour
bright speckled rufous brown, with a tinge of bluish ; lachry-
mal pits of skull smaller than orbits, from which they are
separated by a narrow bar, and not occupying entire surface
of lachrymal bone; basal length of skull typically about
7 inches,t length of upper series of cheek-teeth not recorded
in typical race. Antlers always small.
* C. lachrymans.
t Teste Brooke.
26 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
The following three races are apparently distinguish-
able : —
A. Head and neck less yellow ; size apparently larger M. 1. lacryiuans.
B. Head and neck more yellow ; size, at least fre-
quently, smaller.
a. Lower part of face mostly rufous ; general
colour lighter ; size larger M. I. sclatcri.
h. Lower part of face blackish ; general colour
darker ; size smaller M. I. tecsdalei.
A.— Muntiacus lacrymans lacrymans.
Typical locality Sze-chuau.
Type in Paris Museum,
Head and neck apparently less yellow than in next race
and size larger.
No specimen in collection,
B.— Muntiacus lacrymans sclateri.
Cervulus sclateri, Swinlioe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 814 ; Brooke,
ibid. 1874, p. 40; Gray, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus.
p. 165, 1873; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii,
p, 173. 1891 ; Li/del-ker, Field, vol. ex, p. 677, 1907, Proc. Zool
Soc. 1910, p. 989.
Typical locality mountains near Ningpo, Southern China ;
abundant in the hills of the An-hwei district.
Apparently distinguished from the typical race by its
smaller size and by the more strongly marked contrast
between the yellow of the forehead and the rufous or olive
of the neck ; lower part of face typically rufous ; basal
length of skull probably about 61 inches ; length of upper
series of cheek-teeth 2 inches.
72. 9. 3. 1. Slvull, imperfect, and skin (formerly mounted).
Ningpo, Southern China ; collected by E. Swinhoe, Esq.
Type. Length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2 inches.
Purchased, 1872.
72. 9. 3. 3. Skin, formerly mounted, and skeleton,
young. Same locality and collector. Same histonj.
7. 9. 19. 1. Head, mounted, subadult. An-hwei (Ngan-
hwei) district; Central China.
Presented hj J. II. Tecsdale, Esq., 1907.
CERVIDiE 27
9. 6. 9. 1. Skin, mounted, immature. Same locality.
The lower part of the face is darker than in the preceding
specimen, perhaps a character of immaturity.
Same donor, 1909,
1. 3. 2. 8. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Ningpo.
Presented ly F. W. Sfijan, Esq., 1901.
1. o. 2. 9. Skin, with imperfect skull in scalp. Foochow,
Fokien, South-eastern China. Same Jdstory.
2. 6. 10. 61. Skull, with antlers, and skin, immature.
Chung-yung, southern Hupei. The lower portion of the face
is more dusky than in the type and the upper portion of the
ears brown— features which may he due to immaturity ; the
last two milk-molars are still in use. Collected January,
1902. Same donor, 1902.
2. 6. 10. (31. Skull, with antlers, and skin of a somewhat
older individual. Same locality. The ears are mainly
yellow. Sainc history.
5. 10. 27. 1. Skull, imperfect, with antlers. Wan-shan-
Chang, China. Presented by H. Brelich, Esq., 1905.
5. 10. 27. 2. Skull, female. Same locality.
Same history.
C— Muntiacus lacrymans teesdalei, subsp. n.
Typical locality Tatung, Yang-tsi Valley. A small dark-
coloured form, retaining the wholly yellow ears, but with the
entire lower part of the face blackish brown, nearly like
the back ; basal length of skull 5 1 inches ; length of upper
series of cheek-teeth 1| inches.
May represent a distinct species.
10. 6. 16. 1. Skull, with antlers, and skin, of a fully
adult auimah Tatung, Yang-tsi Valley. Type.
Presented by J. H. Teesdcde, Esq., 1910.
10. 6. 16. 2. Skull, with antlers, of a somewhat younger
individual. Same locality. Same history.
in. MUNTIACUS EEEVESI.
Cervus reevesii, Ogilhy, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 105.
Prox reevesii, SimdevaU, K. Svensl-a Vet.-Al'. Handl. 1844, p. 185,
1846; Fitziuger, Sitzber. k. AJi. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1,
p. 362, 1872, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 60, 1879.
28 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Cei'vulus reevesii,* Gray, Knowsleij Menagerie, p. 65, 1850, Cat.
TJngulata Brit, Mus. p. 220, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Has.
p. 94, 1872, Hand-List Baminants Brit. Mus. p. 165, 1873;
Swinlwe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 361; Brool-e, ibid. 1878,
p. 899 ; Andei'son, Zool. Besults Yunnan Exjied. p. 388, 1878 ;
W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 174, 1891;
Lydekher, Horns and Hoofs, p. 316, 1893, Deer of All Lands,
p. 208, 1898, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 989 ; PococJc, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1910, p. 954 ; Aohi, Annot. Zool. Jaiwn. vol. viii, p. 343,
1913.
Typical locality Canton, Eastern China.
Smaller than the typical form of M. lacrymans, the
shoulder-height being about 16 inches, the basal skull-length
5f inches, and the length of the upper series of cheek-teeth
1| to \\^ inches; skull shorter and widei^, with more divergent
antlers, and larger lachrymal pits, which occupy the whole
surface of the bone, and are larger than the orbits, with which
they are in complete contact, not extending in advance of
first line of anterior premolars ; nasals expanded laterally
at junction with maxilla? ; nape usually with a distinct
black stripe ; upper part of forehead cinnamon (pale rufous),
and upper part of ears dusky ; general colour reddish
chestnut, more or less full speckled with yellowish grey ;
limbs blackish brown ; in females most of the backs of the
ears and the greater part of the forehead blackish or black.
The range includes Southern China and Formosa.
A.~Muntiacus reevesi reevesi.
Typical locality Canton, Eastern China.
General characters those of the species ; forehead between
black pedicle-streaks distinctly rufous; chin and throat
white.
50. 11. 22. 12. Skull, imperfect, and skin, female. China.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1850.
53. 8. 29. 44. Skull and skin, female. Canton.
Presented hi/ J. R. Reeves, Es(i., 1853.
55. 12. 24. 283. Skull, imperfect, and skin. Canton.
Type. Length of upper series of cheek-teeth 2 inches.
Same history.
* Or reevesi.
CERVID/E
29
Gl. 1. 7. 1. Skull and skin, young. Anioy, China;
collected by li. Swiulioe, Esq. The first molar is not yet
in use. Purchased, 1861.
72. 9. 3. 2. Skull and skin, female, in spotted coat.
Ningpo ; same collector. Furchascd, 1872.
A B
Fig. 5. — Skull and Antlers of Reeves's Muntjac {Muntiacusreevesi), A,
and Bridgeman's Muntjac (M. sinensis), B.
From Lytlekker, Proc. Zool. Sue. 1910.
72. 9. 3
collector.
1524, a. Skeleton.
0. 7. 6. 2. Skull
South-eastern China.
8. Skeleton, subadult. Same locality and
tSame liidory.
Menagerie specimen.
Purchased {Zoological Socictij).
and skin, female. Foochow, Fokien,
Presented hy C, B. Rickett, Esq, 1900.
30 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
0. 7. 6. 3. Skull, with milk-molars and first molar in
use, young female. Same locality. Same history.
1. 3. 2. 7. Skin, female. Foochow.
Presented hj F. W. Styan, Esq., 1901.
1. 3. 2. 10. Skull, imperfect, with much worn cheek-
teeth, and skin, female. Ningpo. Same history.
1. 3. 2. 11. Skull, imperfect, and skin of a younger
female. Same locality. Same history.
1. 3. 2. 12. Skull, imperfect, with milk -molars, and skin,
female. Same locality. Same history.
4. 5, 7. 1. Skin, subadult, mounted. China.
Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1904,
B.— Muntiacus reevesi pingcshiangicus.
Cervnlus reevesi pingshiangicus, Hilzheimer, Abh. Mus. Naturk.
Magdeburg, vol. i, p. 169, 1906.
Cervulus reevesi, var. LydekJcer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 991.
Typical locality Pingshiang, Central China.
General colour similar to that of typical race, but the
forehead between the black lines uniformly leather-brown
without a rufous tinge ; backs of ears streaked with blackish,
in females wholly blackish ; chin, throat, and under side of
neck yellowish white ; under-parts brownish grey.
10. 10. 22. 3. Skull and skin, female, provisionally
referred to this race. Feng Luang Shan, An-hwei, Central
China. Presented hy Commander the Hon. B. 0. B.
Bridgeman, B.N., 1910.
C— Muntiacus reevesi mierurus.
Cervulus mierurus, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 421, 1876,
p. 696.
Typical, and only, locality Formosa.
Distinctly richer and darker in colour than either of the
races from the Chinese mainland. The supposed shortness
of the tail, which constituted the grounds for separating the
island from the mainland form, turned out to be the result
of an individual injury.
62. 12. 24. 3. Skull and skin, subadult, female. Formosa ;
collected by E. Swinhoe, Esq. Purchased, 1862,
GEKVID.E 31
70. 2. 10. 82, So, and 85. Three frontlets, with antlers.
Formosa ; same collector. Purchased, 1870.
93. 12. 5. 7. Skull and skm. Formosa; collected by-
Mr. P. A. Hoist. A menagerie specimen.
Presented hj H. SeeboJim, Esq., 1893.
93. 12. 5. 8. Skull and skin, young. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
94. 11. 22. 7. Skull and skin, female. Tougapo, southern
Formosa; same collector. Piir chased, 1^^ 4:.
8. 4. 1. 55. Skull, imperfect, and skin. Central Formosa ;
collected by Mr. A. Owston. Pnrchaseel.
8. 4. 1. 57. Skull, imperfect posteriorly, with antlers,
and skin. Banhora, central Formosa ; same collector.
Same history.
IV. MUNTIACUS SINENSIS.
Cervulus sinensis, Hilzheimer, Zool. Anz. vol. xxix, p. 297, 1905,
Ahh. Mus. NaturJc. Magdeburg, vol. i, p. 165, pi. ii, fig. 1, 1906,
Cervulus bridgemani, Lydehher, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 989, Abstr.
p. 38 ; Ward, Bccords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 82, 1910, ed. 7, p. 82,
1914.
Typical locality, probably the Hwai Mountains (Hwei-
Yas Shan), An-hwei (Ngau-hwei) district of Central China ;
the type specimen was a captive individual at Kiu-kiang,
near Hankau, to the south of the Yang-tsi.
Type in Magdeburg Museum.
Allied to the preceding species, but larger and darker ; the
shoulder- height being about 19 inches, and the general colour
blackish brown mingled with yellow, owing to the presence
of yellow subterminal rings to the otherwise dark hairs
of the middle of the back and rump ; in females the annu-
lated area includes the flanks ; whole forehead, occiput, and
basal two-thirds of backs of ears leather-yellow in males,
blackish in females ; black frontal streaks uniting into a
patch behind ears and continued posteriorly as the nuchal
stripe. Antler-pedicles, at least frequently, more divergent
than in 31. rccvesi, and nasals without lateral expansion at
first contact with maxilhe ; lachrymal pits as large as or
rather larger than orljits, with which they are in contact
only for a very small space, extending anteriorly some
32 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
distance in advance of the line of the anterior upper molar ;
basal lengtli of skull about 5^ inches (157 mm.), longer
diameter of orbit 1| (32 mm.), of lachrymal pit 1^^ (30 mm.),
lengtli of upper tooth-row 1 1 inches (48 • 5 mm.).
This species (at all events as represented by M. hridgcmani)
lives at high elevations, descending to lower levels only at
periods of extreme cold in mid-winter.
10. 5. 26. 2. Skull, with antlers, head-skin mounted, and
body-skin. Hwai Mountains, An-hwei district.
rrcsrntaJ hj Commander the Hon li. (>. J>.
Bridf/rman, UN., lOlU.
lU. 5. 26. 3. .Skin, mounted. S;ime locality. Type of
C. hridgcmani. Same histori/,
10. 10. 22. 2. Skull, female. Tai Kung Shan, An-hwei.
Same history.
V. MUNTIACUS YY.A:.
Cervulus fese, Thomas and Doria, Ann. Miis. Gcnova, ser. 2, vol. A'ii,
p. 92, 1889 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 534, 1891 ;
Thomas, Atin. Miis. Geneva, vol. x, p. 945, pi. x, 1892 ; Lydekker,
Horns and Hoofs, p. 315, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 209,
pi. xvi, fig. 1, 1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 263, 1907;
Gairdncr, J. Siam Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. i, p. 115, 1914.
Typical locality mountains south-east of Muleyit, Tenas-
seriin.
Type in Genoa Museum.
Differs from all the preceding species by the al)sence of
frontal glands, the black middle line of upper surface of the
tail, and the sepia-brown general colour; the tail being
relatively short, the face-markings distinct, and the lower
part of fronts of hind-legs with a white line. In both this
and the next species the young are probably unspotted.
Size approximately the same as in the Indian race of the
type species. The following is an abbreviation of the
original description : —
General colour uniformly dark brown, with centre of
crown, pedicles of antlers, occiput, and region round bases
of the ears bright yellow ; a black line running up the inner
side of each pedicle ; neck uniformly brown ; fore-legs brown
superiorly, darkening to l)lack on the metacarpals, with the
CEKYID^ 33
terminal inch next the hoof white all round, and a line of
scattered white hairs running up fronts to knees ; hind-legs
similarly coloured, but with a distinct white line on fronts ;
tail short, black above, white below and at sides, the two
colours sharply contrasted ; under-parts brown, mixed with
whitish on chin and inner surfaces of limbs.
14. 8. 22. 32. Skin of rump and tail. Tenasserim border
of Siam. The sole remnant of an animal killed by a leopard
and eaten by coolies.
Presented by K. G. Gairdner, Esq., 1914.
VI. MUNTIACUS CRINIFEONS.
Cervulus crinifrons, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 1, pi. i ; Styan,
ibid. 1886, p. 267 ; LydeTclcer, Horns and Hoofs, p. 317, 1893,
Deer of All Lands, p. 210, pi. xvi, fig. 2, 1898; Wanl,Becords of
Big Game, eel. 6, p. 82, 1910, ed. 7, p. 82, 1914.
Typical locality near Ningpo, Eastern China.
Distinguished from all other membfa-s of the group by its
large size (shoulder-height from 24^ to, probably, 25 inches),
and the tuft of long hairs on the forehead and crown of the
head, which conceals the antler-pedicles and obsciu:es the
markings of this area ; hair longer and coarser, ears shorter,
more rounded, and more thickly haired on backs, tail much
longer (9 inches), and lateral hoofs better developed than in
any of the chestnut-coloured species. General colour dark
sepia-brown, with a purple tinge, and the back finely
speckled with rufous ; head-crest, ears, forehead, and cheeks
bright orange-chestnut ; inner sides of thighs and sides and
lower surface of tail white ; upper surface of tail and a
stripe extending thence on to rump black.
91. 3. 4. 1. Skin, mounted, and skeleton. Ningpo,
Southern China ; collected by A. Michie, Esq., who presented
the animal, when alive, to the Zoological Society. Type.
Purchased., 1891.
IV.
34 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
III. Genus ELAPHODUS.
Elaphodus, Milne-Edwards, Arch. Mas. Paris, vol. vii, p. 93, 1871,
Eech. Mamm. p. 353, 1874; Gar rod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876,
p. 757; Brool-c,ibid. 1878, p. 899; Riltimeyer, Ahh. schiveiz.pal.
Ges. vol. viii, p. 28, 1881 ; Lijdekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 212.
1898 ; Pococlc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 955.
Lophotragus, Stvinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 452.
Nearly allied to Munfiacus, but the antlers so small that
they scarcely project from the long tuft of hair on the crown
of the head, and their long supporting pedicles diverging
inferiorly, and not sending down long rib-like ridges on to
frontals ; no frontal glands ; upper canines not everted at
tips ; hair coarse and pithy ; ears broad, rounded, and thickly
haired ; tail moderately long ; lateral hoofs present. The
young are spotted along the middle line of the back. Tarsal
bones as in Muntiacus.
The genus, which is evidently less specialised than
MnnHacAis, is restricted to China.
ELAPHODUS CEPHALOPHUS.
Elaphodus cephalophus, Milne-Edwards, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vii,
p. 93, 1871, Eech. Mamm. p. 353, pis. Ixv-lxvii, 1874; Garrod,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 757; Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 899;
Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 313, 1893, Deer of All Lands,
p. 213, 1898, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. ii, p. 166 ; Pocock, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 955 ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. xl,
p. 203, 1912.
The type and only species.
Typical locality Sze-chuan, Western China.
Type in Paris Museum.
Size approximately the same as in the Indian Muntjac,
the shoulder-height being from about 22 to 23 inches.
General colour typically deep chocolate-brown, the hairs on
head and neck having a narrow white ring near the tip
whicli is wanting in those of the body behind the shoulder,
hair of crest forming a nearly black horse-shoe on forehead,
bordered by a grey line above each eye ; ears vvliitish
internally, with a larger or smaller amount of pure white on
CEltVlD/K
35
both suri'aces of the tips ; under surface and sides of tail,
and inner sides of buttocks and thighs white.
The races are distinguishable as follows : —
A. Skull longer and naiTOwer.
a. White area on ear-tips smaller.
a'. Size larger; much white on tail E. c. cephalophms.
h' . Size smaller ; less white on tail E. c. micliianus.
1). White area on ear-tips larger E. c. fociensis.
B. Skull shorter and broader, with difterently
shaped lachrymal pits E. r. iclMiu/eiisis.
.V/H/-Jf,"-!*.t«.f4'"
Fig. G. — Head of Ningpo Tlfteu Deek
(Elaphodiis cephalophus michianns).
From Oaninl, I'roc. Xool. Soc. 1870.
A.— Elaphodus cephalophus cephalophus.
Typical locality Sze-chuan.
Size large ; general colour chocolate-brown, with the tail
mainly white al)Ove ; skull elongated, with long nasals, and
the long axis of the lachrymal pits (which form irregular
ovals) nearly coincident with that of orbits. Basicranial
length in subadult male 7 inches, in adult female 7j inches ;
I) 2
o6 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
length of nasals in former 2^^ , in latter 2-'^^ inches ; length
of upper tooth-row in former 2^, in latter '2\ inches.
92, 7. 31. 1. Skull and skin, female. Eastern Tibet,
near Sze-chuan border, at an elevation of 15,000 feet;
collected by Dr. W. G. Thorold. The cheek-teeth are well
worn ; the infraorbital bar of the skull is deep, as in fig. 7.
Purchased, 1892.
11. 9. 8. 44. Skull, with antlers, and skin, subadult.
Wen-chwan-hsien, Si-ho Valley, western Sze-chuan; collected
by M. P. Anderson, Esq. The milk-molars are still in
use, and the last molar is not fully protruded. The
infraorbital bar of the skidl is relatively narrow, thereby
indicating that the relative depth of this element is of no
taxonomic importance.
Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, ICG., 1911.
B. -Elaphodus cephalophus michianus.
Lophofcragus michiauus, SwinJioc, Froc Zool. Sac. 1874. p. 452 ;
Gar rod, ihid. 1876, p. 757, pi. Ixxvi.
Elapliodus michianus, Brool-r. Froc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p, 900; Styaii,
ibid. 1886. 268; LijdeUer. Horns and Hoofs, p, 813, 1893, Deer
of All Lands, p, 214, pi. xvii, fig. 1, 1898, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1904,
vol. ii, p. 166=
Elapliodus cephalophus; michiauus, Fococh, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1910,
p. 956,
Type of Lojjhotragus.
Typical locality near Ningpo, Che-kiang, Eastern China.
Smaller than the last, and rather lighter in colour, with
less white on the tail, of which nearly the whole upper
surface is frequently dark ; skull (fig. 7) of the same general
type, with somewhat shorter nasals, and the lachrymal pits
forming narrower but large irregular ovals, in which the
longer axis is not far removed from that of the orbits. Basal
length of skull about 6^ inches ; length of nasals 2^ ; length
of upper series of cheek-teeth 2| inches.
This race inluibits reed-brakes in the water-courses of the
Ningpo district,
78. 11. 14. 3 (1699, a). Skeleton, mounted, Ningpo ;
collected by A. H, Everett, Esq. Skull shown in fig, 7.
Purchased {Gerrard), 1878,
CERVID^^,
37
78. 11. 14. 4 (1699, b). «kull and skin (fonnerly
mounted), immature. Same locality and collector.
Sa7ne hisfor//.
78. 11. 14. 5 (1699, 6'). Skeleton, mounted, and skin,
female. Same locality and collector. Same history.
86. 10. 28. 7. Skin, mounted. 100 miles S.W. of
Ningpo ; collected by F. W. Styan. Esq. Purchased, 1886.
86. 10. 28. 8. Skin, female, mounted. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
86. 10. 28. 9. Skin, young, mounted. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
Fig. 7. — Side View op Skull op Ningpo Tufted Deer
[Elaphodiis cephalophus michianus) ; 'pr. v. lachrymal pit.
Fioin Lydekker, Proc. Zcol. Soc. 1904.
1.3.2.13. Skull and skin, immature. Ningpo. Milk-
molars still in use. Presented by F. W. Styan, Esq., 1901.
1. 3. 2. 14. Skull and skin, female. Same locality.
Same history.
1. 3. 2. 15. Skull, imperfect, and skin, immature female.
Same locality. Same history.
1. 3. 2. 16. Skull and skin, young. Same locality.
Same history.
2. 6. 10. 60. Skull and skin, immature. Che-kiang,
China. The milk-molars are still in use, and the last upper
molar is not yet protruded. Sahw donor, 1902.
CATAIiOGtfE OF UNGULATES
Fig. 8.— Front View of Skulls op Nixgpo (A), and Ichang Tuftkd
Deer (B) {Elaphodus cej^halopJuis michianvs and E. c. ichangensis).
/V. frontal ; ««. nasals.
From Lydekker, /'roc. Zool. Soc. 1904.
C— Elaphodus cephalophus fociensis.
Elaphodus michianus fociensis, Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904,
vol. iv, p. 169.
Typical locality Fiug-ling, Fo-kien, South-east China.
Eather larger than ^. c. micJiianus and apparently a little
darker, with much more white on both sides of upper part of
ears ; tail unknown ; skull (female) with less elevation of
hind frontal region, and a greater expansion and flattening
of the platform formed by the base of the lachrymal and the
anterior zygomatic root. Basal skull-length 6f inches ;
CERVIDiE
39
length of nasals 2^, length of upper series of cheek-teeth
2-^g inches.
98. 3. 7. 18. Skull and skin, female. Fing-ling, Fo-kien.
Type. Presented hy C. B. Rickeit, Esq., 1898.
D.— Elaphodus cephalophus ichang-ensis.
Elaphodus ichangensis, LijdeJcker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. ii, p. 169
Ahstr, P.Z.S. 1904, p. 10.
Typical locality Ichang, Hu-pe, Central China.
Apparently of the same approximate size as U. c.
micM((nns, but with a shorter and broader type of skull, in
Pig. 9. — Side View op Skull of Ichang Tufted Deeb {Elaphodus
cephalopJms ichangensis) , pr . mx. premaxilla; pr. v. lachrymal pit.
From Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904.
which the basal length is only 6| inches, against 7^ inches
in the typical race ; nasals (fig. 8, b) relatively short, and the
lachrymal pits (fig. 9) forming more regular, smaller, and
deeper ovals, of which the longer axis is more oblique to that
of the orbits than in any of the other races ; * general colour
dark brown, passing into blackish on the limbs ; tail wholly
white at tip, .with only the basal two-thirds of the upper
surface dark. Length of nasals 2^ inches ; length of upper
series of cheek-teeth 2-^g- inches.
* Certain other cranial characters given in the original description
appear to be dependent on age.
40 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Although this form appears to he the most distinct of all
the local forms from the typical E. cephalopJms, it is perhaps
best regarded as a race rather than a species. Unlike E. e.
michianus, it is a mountain animal.
1. 3. 2. 17. Skull (fig. 8, b, and fig. 9), and skin. Ichang.
Type. The molars are rather more worn than in E. c.
ccp/ialophus, No. 11. 9. 8. 44,
Presented hy F. W. Sh/an, Esq., 1901.
IV. Genus DA MA.
Dama, H. Smith, Orifflth's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 84, vol. v,
p. 306, 1827 ; UjdeTcker, Deer of All Lands, p. 125, 1898 ; Fococl,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p, 950; 'Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Enrojje,
p. 970, 1912.
Platyceros, Wagner, Schrebcr''s Sdugfhiere, Sujypl. vol. iv, p. 347,
1844.
Dactyloceros, Wagner, op. cit. vol. v, p. 352, 1855.
Machlis, Zittcl (ex Kaup'>), Handbuch Palaont. vol. iv, p. 402, 1893.
Palmatus (= " Palmati," Giebel, Sdugethiere, ed. 2, p. 351, 1859).
in LydcTiliefs Beer of All Lands, p. 125, 1828 ; Elliot, Cat.
Mamm. Field Mus. (Zool. Pnb. Field Mns. vol. viii) p. 44, 1907.
In this and the two following genera the structure of
the remnant of the lateral metacarpals is the same as in
3hintiacus and Elaphodus (plesiometacarpalian type), hut
the antlers, which diverge from the middle line of the skull
at angles of about 45 degrees, are large, with a true basal
tine, and are supported on relatively short pedicles, which do
not form ridges on the frontals, the upper canines of the
stags, "svhen present, are not tusk-like, the lachrymal vacuities
of the skull are larger than in the preceding group, the
phalanges of the lateral digits are retained (instead of being
aborted), and the outer cuneiform bone of the tarsus is not
fused with the naviculo-cuboid, as it is in Muntiacus and
Elaplwdus. Face-glands are present ; in the skull the vomer
is low behind, and does not divide the posterior nostrils ; and
there is a large muffle. Dama includes : Medium-sized
deer, in which the antlers are normally without a second
(bez) tine, but with a third (trez) tine, above which the beam
is distinctly, although narrowly, palmated, with snags on the
hind-border ; coat spotted in summer, uniformly coloured in
winter, with a black-bordered white area on the buttocks, in
CEKVID^
41
the region of the rather long tail ; head short and broad, with
somewhat small but deep face-glands, and the bare part of
the muzzle much as in Cervus (infra) ; head short and
broad ; hind-hoofs united only at the " heels " * by a close
fold of skin, with the foot-gland forming a long and deep
hair-lined interdigital cleft (as in Muntiaciis), and a
moderately deep cleft on front of fore-pasterns ; upper
canines wanting (fig. 10), cheek-teeth very short-crowned
Fig. 10. — Palatal, Aspect of
Skull of Fallow Deer (Dama
dama). J nat size.
From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western
Euvo2)e.
Fig. 11. — Lower Front Teeth op
Fallow Deer {Dama dama).
nat. size.
From ^liller, Cat. Mamm. Western
E^irope.
and broad, and a marked difference in the size of the crowns
of the three pairs of lower incisors (fig. 11) ; orbits relatively
large ; young spotted. Other characters as in Cervus,
infra, p. 40.
The original distributional area appears to have Ijeen
restricted to the Mediterranean countries and Persia ; but
the typical species has been introduced into Western and
Central Europe, where it exists in a semi-domesticated
For explanation of this term see vol. ii, p. 172.
42 OATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
condition as far north as the British Islands and the south of
Sweden.
Fallow deer were regarded by Garrod as near akin to the
Sika group of Cennis ; but Pocock points out that they differ
from all other deer, with the exception of the muntjak group,
by the deep clefts between the hoofs, and are therefore
entitled to form a generic group by themselves.
I. DAMA DAMA.
Cervus dama, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 67, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i,
p. 93, 1766; Kerr, Linn.'s Anim. Kingdom, p. 298, 1793;
F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. i, pis. 104-106, 1811; Cuvier,
Ossemens Fossiles, ed. 2, vol. iv, p. 29, 1823; H. Smith, Griffith's
Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 84, 1827; Fischer, Synop. Mamm.
p. 448, 1829; Jenyns, Brit. Vert. Anim. p. 38, 1835; Bell, Brit.
Quadrupeds, p. 402, 1837, ed. 2, p. 358, 1874 ; Keyserling and
Blasius, Wirbelth. Euroi). p. 26, 1840; Lesson, Nouv. Tabl.
Regne Anim., Mamm. p. 169, 1842; Oiven, Brit. Foss. Mamm.
and Birds, p. 483, 1846 ; Blasius. Saugeth. Deutschl. p. 453,
1857 ; Giehel, Sdugethiere, ed. 2, p. 351, 1859 ; Sclater, Nature,
vol. xi, p. 71, 1874; Brooke, ibid. vol. xi,p. 210, 1875, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1878, p. 913 ; Dawhins, Nature, vol. xi, pp. 112 and 226,
1875; Busk, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. x, p. 114, 1877; Danfordand
Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 276, 1880, p, 54 ; Flower and
Garson, Cat. Osteol. M^ts. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 299, 1884 ;
Woodward and Sherborn, Cat. Brit. Foss. Vert. p. 330, 1890 ;
Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 323, 1891 ; Lydek-
her. Horns and Hoofs, p. 311, 1893, British Mammals, p. 246,
1895, Deer of All Lands, p. 127, 1898, Great and Small Game of
Europe, etc. p. 241, 1901; Fowler, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 485 ;
Millais, Mamm. Gt. Britain, vol. iii, p. 137, 1906 ; Elliot, Cat.
Mamm. Field Mtis. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 44, 1907 ;
Winge, Danmarks Fauna, Pattedyr, p. 173, 1908 ; Joleaud, Rev.
Africaine, vol. iv, p. 16, 1913.
Cervus platyceros, Cuvier, Tabl. Mem. Hist. Nat. p. 160, 1798.
Cervus mauricus, F. Cuvier, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 72 ; Blain-
ville, Journ. Phys. vol. xciv, p. 261, 1822.
Cervus daima, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. i, pis. 104-107, 1819.
Cervus (Dama) dama, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v,
p. 306, 1827; Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, p. 386, 1908;
Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 54, 1910 ; Joleaud, Rev.
Africaine, vol. iv, p. 3, 1913.
Cervus dama, ;3. leucaethiops, J. B. Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 448,
1829.
Cervus dama, y. maura, Fischer, loc. cit. 1829.
Dama platyceros, Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk. Osterreichs, vol. i, p. 317,
1832, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixvii, pt. 1, p. 350, 1873,
vol. Ixix, pt. 1, -\). 547, 1874 ; Reichenbach, Sdugethiere, vol. iii,
p. 16, 1845.
CERVID.K 43
Dama vulgaris, Jafdinc, Naturalist's Libr., Maiuin. vol. iii, p. 152,
pis. vii, 1835 ; Gray, List Manim. Brit. Miis. p. 181, 1843, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 229, Cat. Ungidata Brit. Mies. p. 200, 1852,
Cat. Buminants Brit. Miis. p. 74, 1872, Hand-List Buminants
Brit. Mus. p, 142, 1873 ; Oerrard, Cat. Bones Mamrn. Brit. Mus.
p. 264, 1862 ; Loche, Exped. Algerie, Mamm. p. 64, 1867 ; Garrod,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 18; Sclater, List Aiiim. Zool. Gardens,
p. 181, 1886; LydeMer, Ward's Bccords of Big Game. ed. 7,
p. 74, 1914.
Cervus (Platyceros) dama, Wagner, Sclirehers Sdiigthicrc. Siippl.
vol. iv, p. 347, 1844.
Cervus (Dactyloceros) dama, Wagner, op. cit. vol. v, p. 352, 1855.
Dama platyceros, niger, Fitzinger, Sitzber. h. Ak. Wiss. Wien,
vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 553, 1874. "
Dama platyceros, varius, Fitzinger, oj). cit. p. 555. 1874.
Dama platyceros, albus, Fitzinger, loc. cit. 1874.
Dama dama, Lataste, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. xxxix, p. 288,
1885; Trouessart, Faune Mamni. Eurojye, p. 229, 1910; Pocock,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 950; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Euro2^e,
p. 970, 1912 ; Cabrera, Cat. Met. Mam. Mus. Madrid, p. 130, 1912.
Fallow Deer ; Daim.
The type species.
Typical locality Sweden (iutroduced).
The locality" of C. mauricus, = maura, Fischer, = niger,
Fitzinger, is unknown. The names leuccethiops, = albus, and
rarius pertain to the introduced German breeds of the species.
Height at shoulder from about 3 feet to 3 feet 2 inches ;
antlers well palmated and directed largely upwards, with
the brow- arid trez-tines simple, and the front edge normally
devoid of snags, which are, however, numerous on the
summit and hind margin of the palmated portion ; general
colour in summer brilliant fawn, with large whitish spots
irregularly distributed over the back, upper part of the
sides, and haunches, this spotted region being bounded
inferiorly on the sides and posteriorly on the haunches by
undefined white lines; a blackish line running down the
middle of the back and tail ; a white area, bordered above
by black on the buttocks below the tail, and the under side
of the tail, under-parts, inner surfaces of upper portions of
limbs, and inner sides of ears white or whitish ; in winter
the colour of the upper parts uniformly greyish fawn.
Owing to long domestication, the fallow deer of the
British parks frequently display great variation from this
original type of coloration, and a uniformly dark brown
44 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
breed has been long established, while white or whitish
varieties are far from uncommon.
Good antlers measure from 25 to 37 inches along the
front outer curve, witli a basal girth of from 4 to 5j inches,
and a tip-to-tip interval of from 12 to 30^ inclies. A bez-tine
may occasionally be developed on the antlers, and another
abnormality is the presence of an additional tine on the front
edge immediately above the third tine. The antlers make
their first appearance in the second year, when they are in
the form of simple snags, the stags being then known as
prickets. In the third year the brow- and Itez-tines show
themselves, while th(^ extremity of the ]:)eam l)ecomes
palmated. In the succeeding year the palmatiou increases,
with strongly marked serrations on the hind border ; and in
the fifth season the antlers have attained nearly their full
dimensions, although the palmation and its posterior snags
are not completely developed till the succeeding season.
The antlers are. shed somewhat earlier in spring than tliose of
red deer.
The distributional area of the species is co-extensive with
that of the genus, exclusive of Persia. Wild fallow deer
inhabit a small area at the south-west end of the Sea of
Marmora and the whole south coast of Asia Minor as far as
Adana, inclusive of the Taurus range. In western-nortli
Africa they are very rare and local.
693, a, h, fl. Three frontlets, with antlers. England.
No history.
693, h. Skull, female. England. No histori/.
43. 12. 29. 4. Skin, mounted. Italy.
Fvrchased (Lefhbre), 1843.
46. 10. 23. 11. Skin, mounted. England.
Purchased (Baker), 1846.
50. 2. 5. 1-46. Forty-six antlers. New Forest, Hamp-
shire. Presented hy Mrs. 8mijth, 185U.
50. 1 1. l:'). 15. Skin, with antlers. England.
Purchased, 1850.
* * * *. Skin, mounted. England.
Pttrchased (Leadheater).
67. 4. 12. 234-235. Two skulls, with antlers. Conti-
nental. Lidth de Jeude Collection, purchased, 1867.
GEKVID.E 45
67. 4. 12. 236 and 241. Two skulls, female. Continental.
Same history.
88. 6. 12. 3. Frontlet and antlers. Nannan Park,
Merionethshire. Presented hy J. E. Harting, Esq., 1888.
96. 9. 24. 1. Skin, mounted. Woburn Abbey, Bedford-
shire. Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1896.
98. 10. 18. 1. Skin, mounted. Tring Park, Hertford-
shire. Presented hj the Hon. Walter Rothschild, 1898.
11. I) AM A MESOPOTAMICA.
Cervus (Dama) mesopotamieus, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 265,
1876, p. 298; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 56, 1910.
Dama mesopotamica, Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 18; Sclater,
List Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 171, 1883; LydeM-er, Ward's
Becords of Big Game, ed. 7, p. 76, 1914.
Cervus mesopotamieus, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 914 ;
Fitzingcr, Sitzher. };. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 62,
1879; Lydekkcr, Horns and Hoofs, p. 311, 1893, Deer of All
Lands, p. 132, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc.
p. 244, 1901.
Cervus dama mesopotamiae, Trouessart, Cans. Sci. Soc. Zool. France,
vol. i, p. 405, 1905 ; Joleaiid, Bev. Africaine, vol. iv, p. 16, 1913.
Persian Fallow Deer.
Typical locality Luristan Province of Persia.
Larger than D. dama; the colour much brighter (as
bright as in the Indian chital), with the row of elongated
whitish spots running on each side of the dark median line
of the back in the former coalescing into a continuous band,
and the black on the upper surface of the tail narrower and
confined to the root ; antlers (fig. 12) of a totally different
type, being somewhat expanded at the origin of the trez-
tine, which is large and situated close to the very short
brow-tine, but at the summit only somewhat flattened, and
breaking up at the crown and summit of the hind border
into four, five, or more snags.
93. 10. 17. 5. Head, mounted (fig. 12), and body-skin.
Luristan. Presented hy Mr. Heinicher, 1893.
95. 4. 7. 1. Single antler. Shustu, Luristan. From
Sir Victor Brooke's collection. Co-type.
Presented hy Sir Douylas Brooke, Bart., 1895.
46
CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
97. 11. 11. 1-2. Skull and single antler. Khuzistan,
Persia. Same collection. Co-type. Same donor, 1897.
Fig. 12. — Hf.ah ov Vkksian i'Ai.i.'
Dkkk [Ddina viesoimlamica).
97.
lector.
11. 11.
Single antler. Same
locality and col-
Saine history.
V. Genus CERVUS.
Cervus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 66, 1758. ed. 12, vol. i,
p. 92, 1766 ; BrooTie, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 911 ; Blanford,
Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 534, 1891; Lydellcr, Deer of All
Lands, p. 61, 1898; Pococl; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 940;
Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 963, 1912.
The range of this, the typical, genus includes the north
temperate zones of both hemispheres, extending westward in
the Old World to the Atlantic coast of Norway, the British
Islands, and north-western Africa.
CEKVID.E 47
Large or medium-sized, or small deer, with subcyliudrical
or somewhat fattened antlers, furnished with a true brow-
tine above the burr, and at least two other tines ; muzzle
with a large bare muffle ; tail medium or short ; coat more
or less uniformly coloured or spotted ; main hoofs long and
pointed, the hind pair united almost throughout their l)asal
length by a deep interungual membrane ; no specialised
gland or deep interdigital cleft on front of fore-pasterns
nor on hind-pasterns except in the subgenera Hyelaphus and
Axis; skull, at least typically, longer and narrower than in
Dama, with smaller orljits ; cheek-teeth moderately short-
crowned and wide ; crowns of lower incisors varying some-
PiG. 13. — Lower Front Teeth op Red Deer (Cervus elaphus).
From Miller, Cat. Mamtn. Western Europe.
what in size, at least in typical groups (tig. 13) ; upper
canines usually present, young generally spotted. For other
characters, common to the allied genera, see Dama (p. 40).
Considerable diversity of view obtains with regard to the
limits of the genus ; Brooke and Blanford included in it
the sikine, rucervine, rusiiie, and axine groups, together with
Dama, while Miller restricts it to the typical elaphine group.
Pocock, on the other hand, includes the sikine and rucervine,
but excludes the rusine and axine groups, as well as Dama.
In the present volume all these groups, except Dama, are
included. The genus, in this sense, has a range in the Old
World nearly co-extensive with that of the family ; but in
the New World does not descend south of Mexico.
48 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
It may be divided into the following subgenera : —
A. A specialised gland, forming a moderately deep cleft
on front of hind -pasterns ; upper canines often
wanting. Antlei's 3-tined ; tail long.
a. Build taller and size larger; gland-cleft on hind-
pasterns without long hairs ; upper canines present
or absent; coat spotted at all seasons Axis.
h. Build lower and size smaller ; gland-cleft on hind-
pasterns lined with long hairs ; upper canines
wanting; coat spotted only in summer, or uniform Hijclaj)lms.
B. Typically no specialised gland or deep cleft on front of
hind-pasterns ; up^ier canines usually present.
a. Muffle extending some distance below nostrils ;
antlers normally 3-tined ; tail relatively long and
bushy ; coat usually uniform (spotted in C.
alfredi) Busa.
h. Muffle extending but slightly below nostrils.
a'. Tail longer; coat fully spotted, at least in
winter; antlers usually 4-tined, without a bez Siha.
h' . Tail short; coat wholly or mainly unspotted.
a!' . Antlers lacking bez and third tines, typically
forked dichotomously, with at least 4 tines ;
no light rump-patch Bucervus.
h" . Antlers usually .'j-tined, including a bez; a
light rump-patch or area on back of hams... Cervus.
1. Subgenus AXIS.
Axis, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 312, 1827 ;
Gray, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 79, 1872; Biitivieycr, Ahh.
schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 44, 1881 ; Pococh, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1910, pp. 948 and 971.
Melanaxis, Heudc, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emji. Chinois, vol. ii, p. 47, 1888.
Eepresented by a medium-sized species, with long,
o-tined antlers, in which the brow-tine forms a right angle
with the beam, and a gland on the front of the hind-pasterns
contained in a moderately deep cleft, which is not lined with
long hairs ; metatarsal gland bare and overlapped by a row
of marginal hairs ; coat short and spotted at all seasons, not
forming a mane on neck ; ears and face-glands moderate ;
muffle extending some distance below nostrils ; tail long and
slender ; upper canines generally wanting ; auditory bullae
moderate.
In the presence of a gland-bearing cleft on the front of
the hind-pasterns (to say nothing of the spotted coat and the
general absence of upper canines) this subgenus resembles
CEltVID.E 49
Dama, from which, however, it differs in the characters oi the
antlers, the absence of clefts on the front-pasterns, and the
fuller union of the liind-hoofs l)y means of an interuugual
web.
The range is restricted to I'eninsular India and Ceylon.
I. CERVUS (AXIS) AXIS.
Cervus axis, Erxlehen, Syst. Begn. Aiiim. p. 312, 1777; F. Cuvier,
Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol, i, pis. 102 and 103, 1819 ; H. Smith,
Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 117, 1827 ; J. B. Fischer,
Synop. Mamm. p. 451, 1829; Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Begne Anim.,
Mamm. p. 172, 1842 ; Gar rod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17 ; Broohc,
ibid. 1878, p. 906 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Miis.
B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 203, 1884; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm.
Ind. Mils. pt. ii, p. 181, 1891 ; Blanford, Fauna, Brit. India,
Mamm. p. 546, 1891 ; Lydelker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 289, 1893,
Deer of All Lands, p. 179, pi. xiii, 1898, Great and Small Game
of hidia, etc. p. 220, 1900, Game Animals of hidia, etc. p. 233,
1907; Nitsche, Studien ilher Hirsche, p. 94, 1898; Benth.am,
Asiat, Horns and Antlers Ind. Mus. p. 80, 1908 ; Ward, Becords
of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 68, 1910.
Cervus (Axis) axis, H. Smith, Griffitli's Animal Kingdom, vol. v,
p. 312, 1827 ; Lydekker, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 38,
1913, Ward's Becords of Big Game, ed. 7, p. 70, 1914.
Cervus nudipalpebra, Ogilhy, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, p. 136.
Axis maculatus,* Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, pp. vi
and 167, t pi. xiii, 1835; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 178,
1843, List Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 66, 1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850,
p. 233, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 212, 1852, Cat. Buminants
Brit. Mus. p. 80, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 152,
1873 (maculata) ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus.
p. 262, 1862; Jer don, Mamm. India, p. 260, 1867; Fit zing er,
Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixx, pt. i, p. 264, 1874;
Stei-ndale, Mamm. India, p. 506, 1884 ; Percy, Big Game
Shooting {Badminton Libr.), vol. ii, p. 264, 1894.
Axis major and minor, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x,
p. 941, 1841.
Cervus (Hippelaphus) axis, Sundevall, K. Svenska Vef.-Ak. Handl.
1844, p. 180, 1846.
Hyelaphus maculatus, Fifzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wieu,
vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 259, 1874.
Axis nudipalpebra, Fitzinger, op. cit. p. 270, 1874.
Axis (Axis) axis, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 948.
Axis axis, Wroughton, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxi,
p. 1193, 1912; Cabrera, Cat. Met. Mam. Mus. Madrid, p. 130,
1912 ; Dodsioortli, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxii,
p. 748, 1914.
* Or maculata.
t Misprinted aculatus in text.
IV. E
50 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Chital or Chitra ; Spotted Deer.
Typical locality the plains of Peninsular India, to which
country and Ceylon the species is restricted.
Size medium, the shoulder-height ranging from ahout
36 to 38 inches ; build light and slender, with the legs long ;
Fig. 14.— Skull and Antlers op Chital (Cervus [Axis] axis).
general colour bright rufous fawn, spotted all over the body
with white at all seasons ; a dark stripe from the nape to the
extremity of the tail, bordered along the back by one or two
rows of white spots ; the spots low down on the flanks some-
times blending into a line; chin, upper portion of throat,
CERVID.E 51
iusides of ears, under-parts, inner surfaces of limbs, and under
side of the tail white ; head uniformly brownish, darker on
the face ; antlers (fig. 14) supported on short pedicles, long,
slender, and moderately rugose ; the brow-tine long and
making nearly a right angle with the beam ; the front, or
outer, tine of the terminal fork much longer than the hind, or
inner, one, and forming the continuation of the beam, from the
inner side of which the hind-tine arises ; space enclosed by
the two antlers more or less distinctly lyrate; irregular snags
near the base of the l)row-tine frequently developed; ears
moderate ; tail long, pointed, and evenly haired throughout ;
face-glands not excessively large ; neck and throat smooth.
A dark phase {C. nudipalpchra) is occasionally met with,
and shows scarcely any indications of spotting, but it has no
claim to rank as a subspecies. The largest individuals occur
in northern and central India, where the height of the stags
commonly reaches to between 36 and 38 inches ; in southern
India the height is less, usually varying from 30 to 34 inches,
although 36 has been recorded. It was to this small south
Indian form that the name of Axis minor was applied. Fine
antlers measure from 35 to 39 inches along the outer curve,
with a basal girth of from 3^ to 4f inches, and a tip-to-tip
interval of from 12f to 25^ inches.
The following two races are recognised : —
A. Antlers stouter; spots larger; forehead usually
with dark chevron and a few white spots C. a. axis,
B. Antlers lighter ; spots smaller ; forehead uniformly
brown C, a. ceylonensis.
A.— Cepvus axis axis.
Typical locality Peninsular India.
Characters as above.
677, a. Skin, female, formerly mounted. India.
No liistory.
693, i. Head, melanistic, mounted. Ganges Khadir.
From an animal formerly in the Tower Menagerie, and pre-
sented by H.M. King William IV. to the Zoological Society.
Type of Cervus nudipalpehra. Purchased (Zoological Society).
697, a, h, c, j, k. Five frontlets, with antlers. Probably
India. ^o Iddory.
E 2
52 CA'L'ALOGUE OF UNGULATES
* * * *. I'air of antlers, yoimg. Probably India.
No histuri/.
45. 1. 8. 119 (697, f/). Skull and antlers. Nepal.
rrescntcd hy B. 11. Hodgson, Esq., 1845.
45. 1. 8. 120-121 (697, c and /). Two frontlets, with
antlers. Nepal. ^cime histonj.
45. 1. 8. 195. Skull, female. Nepal. Same histonj.
48. 8. 14. 17. Skin, two-year-old buck. Sub-Himalayan
Tarai near Mussurie. Purchased {Stevens), 1848.
50. 1. 11. 20 (697, 0- Frontlet and antlers. Probably
ludia. Purchased {Argent), 1850.
51. 2. 17. 4. Skin, young, mounted. Probably from an
animal bred in London. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1851.
51. 11. 10. 7 (697, q). Skeleton. Menagerie specimen.
Same history.
55. 12. 26. 158. Skull, female. Proljably India.
Transferred from the Zoological Society's Mitseuni, 1855.
57. 2. 24. 11. Skeleton. Menagerie specimen.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1857.
Skull and antlers. Sikhim.
Presented ly B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1858.
Skin, young. Sikhim. Same history.
Skin, young, mounted.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1859.
59. 9. 6. 104 (697, 0- Skull, immature. Probably India ;
Dr. A. Giinther's collection. Purchased, 1859.
67. 4. 12. 240 (697, y). Skull and antlers. Probably
India. Lidth dc Jeude Collection, imrchascd, 1867.
79. 11. 21. 242. Skin, young. Kumaon; collected by
Gen. Sir P. Strachey, K.C.B.
Transferred from India Mtiseum, 1879.
79. 11. 21. 488 (697, u). Skull, with diseased antlers.
Probably India. Same history.
89. il. 20. 7-8 (697, w, x). Two frontlets, with antlers.
Khatcote Jungle, Central Provinces.
Presented by Col. J. Evans, 1889.
91. 8. 7. 31-32. Two skulls and antlers. Dehra Dun.
Presented by A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891.
91. 8. 7. 33-36. Four pairs of antlers. Same locality.
Same history.
58.
0.
24.
16,
58.
6.
24.
18.
59.
2.
3. '
7.
CEKVID.E 53
91. 8. 7. o7. Skull aud antlers. Bengal Sanderbaus.
^ame histonj.
91. 8. 7. 38-39. Two skulls, with antlers. Eohilkhand ;
collected by Eoss Scott, Esq. Same history.
98. 8. 8. 1. Skin, mounted. India.
Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1898.
2. 9. 15. 1. Skin, albino female, mounted. Brinja, Oudh.
Presented hy Mrs. Belleiv, 1902.
3. 1. 10. 1. Skin, female. Near Klandapur, S. Kanara.
Presented hy H. A. Latham, Esq., 1903.
12. 10. 31. 11. Skull and antlers (fig. 13). Dehra Dun.
Length of one antler 383-, of other 36f inches.
Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Eseq., C.B., 1912.
12. 10. 31. 12. Skull and antlers. Basim district, Berar.
Length of antlers 37^ inches, basal girth 4^, tip-to-tip
interval 24| inches. Same history.
12. 10. 31. 13. Frontlet aud antlers. Bulundshahr,
Ganges Khadir, Eohilkhand ; collected by Mr. Hume. This
specimen stands No. 14 in Ward's 1910 list; length of
antlers 19^, girth 3|^, tip-to-tip 9 J inches. Sctmc history.
B. -Cervus axis ceylonensis.
Axis maculata ceylonensis, Fitzinger, Sitzher. Tx, Alt. Wiss. Wien,
vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 269, lb74.*
Cervus (Eusa) axis zeylanicus, LydekJcer, Field, vol. iv, p. 947, 1905,
Ward's Bccords of Big Game, eel. 7, p. 70, 1914.
Typical (and only) locality Ceylon ; typified by H. Smith's
" Ceylon variety."*
Antlers lighter and more slender than in typical race ;
ground-colour yellower and purer fawn ; spots smaller, and
absent on the uniformly brown forehead, which has no dark
horseshoe-mark.
5. 5. 18. 1. Head, mounted. Ceylon ; collected by
Lieut.-Col. F. W. Begbie. Co-type of C. zeylanicus.
Presented hy Walter Eeynolds, Escj^., 1905.
5. 5. 19. 1. Body-skin. Ceylon. Co-type of C. zey-
lanicus. Presented hy Lieut.-Col. F. W. Beghie, 1905.
* Cervus axis ceylonensis, H. Smith, in the present writer's
Deer of All Lands, p. 179, is a misquotation.
54 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
2. Subgenus HYELAPHUS.
Hyelaplius, Sumlcvall, K. Svenska Vet.- Ah. Hancll. 1844, p. 181,
1846; Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mtis. p. 215, 1852, Cat.
Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 79, 1872.
Closely allied, at least in its typical form, to the preceding
subgenus (Axis), but the build lower and stouter, the pedicles
of the antlers longer, the face-glands shallower, and the walls
of the glandular clefts on the fronts of the hind-pasterns
clothed with long hairs, which project beyond the margins.
Auditory bullae very large ; coat either spotted in summer or
uniformly coloured at all seasons, darker, at least typically,
on under-parts than on back.
In the long antler-pedicles and large auditory bulke the
group shows near affinity to the rusine C. kuhli.
The range extends from India through Burma and
Tenasserim to Siam, Annam, and the western Philippines.
The species are distinguishable as follows : —
A. Coat typically spotted in summer ; face longer... C. porciniis.
B. Coat uniformly coloured at all seasons; face
shorter C. calaiiiia ncnsis.
II. CERVUS (HYELAPHUS) POECINUS.
Cervus porcinus, Ziniinermann, S])cc. Zool. Geogr. p. 552, 1777 ;
F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. iii, pis. 330-332, 1824;
H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 197, 1827;
J. B. Fischer, Synoj). Mamm. p. 454, 1829; Lesson, Nouv. Tahl.
Begne Anim., Mamm. p. 172, 1842; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1877, p. 17 ; Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 902 ; Flower and Garson, Cat.
Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 290, 1884; Lydekker, Cat.
Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pt. ii, p. 104, 1885, Horns and Hoofs,
p. 301, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 175, 1898, Great and Small
Game of India, etc. p. 217, 1900, Game Animals of hidia, etc.
p. 241, 1907; Flower and Lydekker, Sttidy of Mammals, p. 320,
1901 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 178, 1891 ;
Blanford, Fauna Brit, hidia, Mamm. p. 549, 1891 ; Ward,
Becords of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 10, 1896; Evans, Journ. Bombay
Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xiv, p. 810, 1902; Bentham, Asiatic Horns
and Antlers Ind. Mus. p. 82, 1908.
Cervus pumilio, H. Smith, Griffi,th's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 120,
1827; J. B. Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 621, 1829.
Cervus (Axis) porcinus, H. Smith, op. cit. vol. v, p. 312, 1827.
Cervus (Axis) pumilio, H. Smith, op. cit. p. 313, 1827.
Axis porcinus, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 169,
pi. xiv, 1835 ; Jerilon, Mamm. India, p. 262, 1867 ; Sterndale,
GEKVID.E
55
Maniin. ludin, p. 508, 1884; Percy, Bi(j Game Shooting {Bad-
minton Lib)-.), vol. ii, p. 261, 1894; Dodsworth, Journ. Bombay
Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxii, p. 748, 1914.
Cervus (Hyelaphus) porcinus, SundevaU, K. Svensha Vet. -Ah. Handl.
1844, p. 181, 1846 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 70,
1910, ed. 7, p. 72, 1914; LydeMer, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit.
Mus. p. 38, 1913.
Fig. 15. — Skull and Antlers of Hog-Deer
{Cervus [Hyelai^htts] porcinus).
Hvclaphus porcinus, Gray, List Osteol. Brit. Mas. p. 67, 1847, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 233, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 215, 1852,
Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 72, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants
Brit. Mus. p. 150. 1873 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamvi. Brit. Mus.
p. 262, 1862.
Axis oryzus, Kelaart, Prodromus Fatm. Zcylan. p. 83, 1852.
Hyelaphus porcinus pumilio, Fitzinger, Sitzhcr. k. Ah. Wiss. Wien,
vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 258, 1874.
Cervus minor, Sclater, List Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 169, 1883 ; nee
Axis minor, Hodgson, 1841.
Axis (Hyelaphus) porcinus, Pococh, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 950.
56 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Paka ; Hog-Deer.
Typical locality the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India.
Height at shoulder ranging from about 25 to 29 inches ;
build heavy and low, with the legs short ; face comparatively
short ; hairs on the back not ringed, but with pale tips ;
general colour in winter rufous or yellowish brown, with a,
somewhat speckled appearance owing to the pale tips of the
hairs, under-parts much darker than back ; in summer upper-
parts typically paler and more or less spotted in the early
part of the season with pale brown or white, the spots some-
times limited to one or two rows on each side of a dark
stripe down the middle of the back ; young fully spotted for
about the first six months ; antlers (fig. 15) supported on
long pedicles, with the hind, or inner, tine of the terminal
fork the shorter, and the brow-tine relatively stout and long,
being ccmsiderably longer than the head in fully adult
individuals ; cars ratlier large, well haired externally, white
internally; tail moderately long, well-haired, but not bushy,
whitish Ijeneath ; face-glands small ; metatarsal tuft slightly
lighter than rest of the leg. Skull moderately compressed
in front of orbits, which are not prominent. Fine antlers
measure from 20 to 23j inches in length along the outer
curve, with a basal girth of from 3 to 4^ inches, and a tip-
to-tip interval of from 6| to 22^ inches.
The range extends from- India to Siani and Aunam, tlie
two races here recognised being distinguished as follows : —
A. Size smaller ; coat spotted in summer C. x>. i^orcin us.
B. Size larger ; coat uniformly coloured at all
seasons C. p. annamiticus,
A.— Cepvus porcinus porcinus.
Typical locality the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India.
Size relatively small ; coat spotted in summer.
The distributional area includes India, throughout the
ludo-Gangetic plain from Sind and tlie Punjab to Assam,
thence through Sylhet and Tenassenm to Burma. Although
it has been reported from the highlands of Central India and
Bombay, it is doubtful if the species ranges to any extent
into Peninsular India, although it may be found some
CKKVID.E 07
distance ii}) tlio larger tributaries ui" the Gauges. It has
been reported from Madras, but apparently from the name
hog-deer having been misapplied to the chevrotain and
muntjac. In Ceylon it has l)een introduced into certain
districts.
42. 5. 3. 7. I'air of antlers. Probably India.
Fiiirlwscd {Tucker), 1842.
4."). 1. 8. 124. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal.
Presented Ivj B. H. Huelgson, Esq., 1845.
45. 1. 8. 125. A similar specimen. Same locality.
Same hisfory.
45. 1. 8. 104. Skull, female. Same locality.
t>ame hisfor)/.
* * * *. Two irontlets, with antlers. Probably India.
No historf/.
<)n8, r. I'air of antlers. Prol)ably India. Purchased.
t t t t- T\\-() pairs of antlers. Probably India.
No history.
X X X X- Skin, formerly mounted. Probably India.
No history.
0. 0. 0. 0. Skin. Ceylon. Purchased (Zoolor/ieal /Society).
47. 5. 17. 21. Skin, formerly mounted. Probably India.
Purchased {Bartlett), 1847.
52. 2. 28. 6. Skull, with antlers. Probably India.
Purchased (Baker), 1852.
56. 5. 6. 62. Skull, with antlers. Darjiling, Sikhim ;
collected by W. Theobald, Estj^.
Presented by Dr. T. Oldham, 1856.
58. 5. 4. 19. Skull, with antlers. Probably India.
Transferred from the Zoological Society's Museum, 1858.
58. 6. 24. 113. Skin, female. Sikhim.
Presented hy B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1858.
58. 12. 16. 2. Skeleton, female. Ceylon.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1858.
65. 5. 0. 19. Skin, young, formerly mounted. Locality
unknown. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1865.
67. 5. 20. 7. Skull and antlers. Assam.
Purchased (Cutter), 1867.
79. 11. 21. 188. Skull and antlers. Burma.
Transferred from India Museum, 1879.
58 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
01. 8. 7. 40. Frontlet and antlers. Gauges Khadir, near
Meerut. Presented hij A. 0. Hume, Usrj., C.B., 1891.
91. 8. 7. 41. Frontlet and antlers. Ganges Khadir, near
Bulundshahr, Eoliilkhand. Same history.
91. 8. 7. 42. Skull and antlers. Garo Hills, Assam ;
collected by G. 1*. Sanderson, Es(j[. Same histori/.
91. 8. 7. 43-44. Two skulls, with antlers. Sub-Himalayan
Tarai, near ]\laradabad ; collected by Eoss Scott, Esq.
Savie history.
1. 9. 7. 2. Skull and antlers, with the shed antlers of
the six preceding years (1894-1899). Panichatta, Bengal.
Presented hj E. Ic F. Davys, Usq., 1901.
1. 9. 7. 3. Skull and antlers. Same locality. Length
of antlers 21 1 inches, basal girth 3:^, tip-to-tip interval
6| inches. This specimen (fig. 15) is third in "Ward's 1914
list. Same history.
1. 9. 28 1. Skin, mounted. Burma.
Presented hy Major G. H. Emus, 1901.
1. 9. 28. 2. Skull and antlers. Burma*. Same history.
12. 10. 31. 13. Frontlet and antlers. Ganges Khadir,
near Bulundshahr. Length of antlers 19^ inches, basal
girth o^, tip-to-tip interval 9^ inches.
Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912.
B.— Cervus porcinus annamiticus.
Hyelaphus annamiticus, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat, Emp. Chiuois,
voL ii, p. 50, 1888.
Cervus porcinus hecki, Lyclehher, Field, vol. cxi, p. 583, 1908 ; Ward,
Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 70, 1910, ed. 7, p. 72, 1914.
Typical locality Annam, but the range also including
Si am.
As represented by the Siamese form (typified by a stag
living in the Berlin Zoological Gardens about 1899, and
figured in Heck's Lehende Bilder cms dem Beiche der Ticre,
pi. 69, 1899), this race is rather larger than the typical one,
from which it also differs by the absence of spots in the
summer coat — a feature which may be common to all hog-
deer from the countries east of the Bay of Bengal.
61. 4. 12. 19. Pair of antlers. Cambodia; coUecteil ]>y
Monsieur Mouhot. Purchased, 1861.
CEJIVID.E 59
III. CERVUS (HYELAPHUS) CALAMIANENSIS.
Hyelaphus calamianensis, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois,
vol. ii, p. 49, 1888.
Cer\'us culionensis, Elliot, Fidel Mas. Zool. Pub. vol. i, p. 157, 1897 ;
Lydehher, Deer of All Lands, p. 173, 1898; Ward, Records of
Big Game, ed. 6, p. 70, 1910.
Cervus (Hyelaphus) calamianensis, Lydehker, Field, vol. cv, p. 505,
1905.
Cervi;s calamianensis, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 70, 1910.
Rusa culionensis, Hollister, Pliilippine doarn. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii,
p. 40, 1912.
Rusa calamianensis, Hollister, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. vol. xlvi, p. 339,
1913.
Typical, and only, locality the island of Calaniianes, or
Culion, on tlie western side of the Philippine gronp to the
north of Palawan.
As represented by the under-mentioned specimen, this
species is clearly a Hyela'phus and not a Rusa ; and as the
so-called C. cidioncnsis (which is considered by Hollister to
be inseparable from the present species) has the large
auditory bullae and long antler-pedicles of Hyelaphus, there
is good reason for referring it to that subgenus.
As represented by the under-mentioned specimen, this
deer is distinguished from the type species by the shorter
and more stunted face, shorter and more rounded ears, and
the following details in colouring : — the white on the under
side of the lower jaw, instead of being restricted to the chin,
extends backwards to form a largish patch on the throat ; the
fore part of this throat-patch being separated from the jaw-
patch by a narrow bar of fawn ; there is a white moustache-
mark, and more white on the insides of their ears and at
their roots than in the typical hog-deer ; the legs are a
darker brown, and the back is bright golden brown, passing
into orange on the buttocks.
Elliot described C. culionensis as a small deer with the
hind-quarters elevated, the head slender, the nose rather long
and pointed, the hair somewhat coarse and stiff, especially
on the flanks, where it is longest, the ears relatively long,
slightly rounded, and thickly haired externally, and the tail
rather liushy. As the antlers of the type were in velvet
and not fully developed, their characters could not be given.
60 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
The general colour is uniform cigar-brown, with a tinge of
ochery, hut a black stripe of about an inch in width runs
from the shoulders to the root of the tail, the latter being
brown above and white beneath ; tlic under lip and chin are
yellowish white, the chest, shoulders, and much of the under-
parts purplish brown, with long wliite liairs intermingled,
but the abdomen and inside of the thiglis are white, and the
legs lilackish brown, with a long narrowisli white stripe on
the front of the hind-pair.
The deer to which the under-mentioned head and skin
pertained, wliile living in the Duke of Bedford's park at
Woburn, was regarded as a hog-deer. It resembled the
Indian hog-deer in the general character of the antlers
(somewhat malformed), in the colour and nature of the coat,
in the character of the tail, and in the structure of the skull,
more especially in the comparative shallowness of the pits
for the face-glands and the shape of the upper end of the
nasal bones. Jn all these respects the specimen differs from
the sambar group.
5. 3. 19. 1. Head, mounted, l)()dy-skin, and skull,
immature. Philippines, probably Calamianes. In the skull
the milk-molars are still retained and canines are wanting.
Prescnfnl Inj ihc Dalcr of Bedford, KG., 1905.
3. Subgenus RUSA.
Kusa, H. Smith, Griffith's AnimalKingdom, vol. iv, p. 108, 1827;
G^-ay, Cat. Ung'ulata Brit. Mus. p. 205, 1852 ; BrooTce, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 900; Biltimeyer, Abk. schweiz. jml. Ges.
vol. viii, p. 45, 1881 ; LydeMer, Deer of All Lands, p. 141, 1898 ;
Pococh, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 946.
Hippelaphus, Sundevall,K. Svenska Vet.-Ak.Handl. 1844, p. 176, 1846,
Ussa {Oussa), He tide, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. CHnois, vol. ii, p. 20, 1888.
Sambar, Heudc, op. cit. pp. 20 and 41, 1888.
Large, medium-sized, or small deer, with rounded,
normally three-tined antlers, in which the brow-tine forms
an acute angle with the beam, and typically no glandular
cleft on front of hind-pasterns ; coat generally uniformly
coloured, shaggy, and forming a mane on neck and throat ;
ears large ; face-glands completely evertile ; muffle extending
some distance Ijelow nostrils ; tail relatively long and bushy ;
CEltVID.E 61
upper molars high-crowned, with small additional column on
inner side. Young uniformly coloured or spotted. In old
animals the nasals develop a plate at the upper expanded
portion which tends to grow over the lachrymal vacuity of
the same side; in some of the smaller forms — notably the
Philippine — the vacuity is reduced to a mere slit.
The distributional area includes the greater part of the
Oriental region, extending northwards into Sze-chuan.
The species here recognised may be distinguished as
follows : —
A. Antler-pedicles and auditory bullae normal.
A'. Coat uniformly coloured.
A". Antlers rounded and, normally, 3-tined.
a. Size large to small ; dorsal hairs not
annulated ; antlers stout and rugose,
with the hind terminal tine, when it
and its fellow are unequal, the longer
and forming the continuation of the
beam ; intercornual space V- or
U -shaped C. (7?.) nnicolor.
h. Size large to medium ; dorsal hairs
annulated ; antlers thinner and less
rugose, with the hind terminal tine
the longer, and forming the continua-
tion of the beam ; intercornual space
lyrate C. (i?.) timoriensis.
B" . Antlers flattened and many-tined.
Size medium C. (R.) tavistocld*
B . Coat spotted.
Size medium C. (i?.) alfredi.
B. Antler - pedicles longer and auditory bullie
larger.
Size small C. {B.) lultli.
lY. CERYUS (EUSA[?]) KUHLI.
Cervus kuhlii,t Milller and SclilegeJ, Verli. Nat. Geschied. Nederland.
Zool. p. 223, 1844; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 902;
Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 11, 1896; LydeMer,
Deer of All Lands, p. 174, 1898.
Cervus (Hippelaphus) kuhlii, Sundevall, K. Svensl-a Vct.-Al-. Handl.
1844, p. 179, 1846.
Eusa kuhlii.t Gray, List Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 68, 1847, Cat.
Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 79, 1872, Hand-List Riirninants Brit.
* Provisionally ranked as a species,
t Modified by later writers to huhli.
62 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Mils. p. 150, 1878; Fitzingcr, Sitzhcr. I: Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol.
Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 355, 1873, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 300, 1874; Garrod,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17 ; Lijon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xl,
p. 70, 1911.
Cervus (Hyelaphus) kuhli, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 71,
1910, ed. 7, p. 73, 1914.
Typical (and only) locality the Ba^•ian, or Baweau, Islands,
between Borneo and Java.
Type in Leydeu ]\Iuseum.
A small deer, differing from all the following species by
the longer antler-pedicles and the larger auditory bullre —
characters affiliating it to Hyelaphus, with which it apparently
agrees in the presence of a glandular cleft in the hind-
pasterns.
Height at shoulder about 27 inches ; build light and
tall ; face comparatively short ; coat moderately coarse and
long, with the hairs on the back ringed ; general colour
uniform brown, witliout a dark stripe on the back, and
the under-parts rather darker ; young uniformly coloured ;
antlers not much longer than the head, supported on relatively
long pedicles ; their general form similar to those of the
Malay sambar, Ijut thinner and less rugose, with the brow-
tine very short; ears small and pointed, thickly haired
externally ; tail moderately long and bushy ; face-glands
small ; metatarsal glands only slightly lighter than rest of
legs ; no mane on neck.
* * * *. Skin, mounted, and limb-bones. Bavian
Islands. Co-type. By exchange with the Leyden Museum.
46. 2. 16. 1. Skin, immature, formerly mounted. Java,
probably imported from the Bavian Islands.
Purcliasecl (Franks, hy whom this specimen ivas obtained
from, the Leyden Museum), 1846.
71. '1 3. 4. Skin, female. Bavian Islands.
Purchased (Zooloyiccd Society), 1871.
Y. CEEVUS (KUSA) ALFEEDI.
Cervus alfredi, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 381 ; BrooJce, ibid.
1877, p. 59, 1878, p. 902; Garrod, ibid. 1877, p. 4 ; Meyer, ibid.
1879, p. 666; Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 172, 1898.
Axis alfredi. Gray, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 80, 1872.
TERVID.E 63
Rusa alfredi, Garroil, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17 ; Hollisfer,
Philippine Journ. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii, p. 40, 1912.
IMelanaxis alfredi, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emj). Chinois, vol. ii,
p. 47, 1888.
Typical, and only, locality Philippines ; the type specimen
having been received from Manila. The distributional area
is stated to include the islands of Cebu, Guimaras, Leyte,
Masbate, Negros, Panay, and Samar, on the eastern side of
the group.
Size relatively small, the height at the shoulder being
about 28 inches ; build long and low ; face rather long ; coat
less coarse and shaggy than in any of the following forms ;
general colour dark blackish brown, frequently with a deep
black line along the middle of the back, and marked with
a number of whitish spots, forming a regular row on each
side of the back, but less regularly distributed elsewhere ;
under-parts, chin, lower lip, inner surface of buttocks and
of upper portion of legs, as well as fronts of thighs, white;
young spotted. Antlers supported on short pedicles,
apparently of the general type of those of the Malay sambar,
but relatively smaller, and with a shorter brow-tine ; ears
short and rounded, about one-third the length of the head,
almost naked behind ; face-glands moderately large ; no mane
on neck ; tail rather short and thinly haired, with some
white on lower surface ; liind-pasterns apparently with a
glandular cleft.
76. 2. 30. 1. Skin, mounted, and skeleton (1681, a).
Philippines. Type. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1876.
76. 2. 30. 2. Skin, young. Born in London, Zoological
Gardens; the offspring of Nos. 76. 2. 30. 1 and 79. 3. 20. 1.
Same history.
79. 3. 20. 1. Skin, female, mounted. Philippines.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1879.
VI. CERVUS (RUSA) TIMOPJENSIS.
Cervus timoriensis, BlainviUe, Journ. Pliys. 1822, p. 267 ; F. Cuvier,
Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. iv, pi. 361, 1824; BrooJce, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1878, p. 903.
Cervus peronii, Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles,-edi. 3, vol. iv, p. 46, 1825 ;
H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 114, 1827;
J. B. Fischer, Sijnop. Mamm. p. 453, 1829.
64 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Cervus (Rusa) peronii, H. SiiiilJt, Gritfith's Aniiiud Kiiwdom, vol. v,
p. 311, 1827.
Axis peronii, Jardine, Natm-alist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 165,
pi. xii, 1835.
Cervus rnssa timoriensis, MilUer ami SMegrl, Verli. Nat. GeschirJ.
Nederland. Zool. pp. 212 and 220, 1844.
Cervus (Hippelaphus) peronii, Sundcvall, K. Svcnska Vcf.-Ak.
Handl. 1844, p. 179, 1846.
Rusa peronii, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 165,
pi. xii, 1835 ; Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, p. 63, 1850, Cat.
Ungidata Brit. Mus. p. 211, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mas.
p. 78, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mas. p. 150, 1873;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 261, 1862; Fitzingcr,
Sitzher. h. Ak. Wiss. IVien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 355, 1873,
vol. Ixx, pt, 1, 317, 1874 ; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1877, p. 17.
Hippelaphus timoriensis, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emj), Chinois,
vol. iii, p. 51, 1896.
Cervus hippelaphus timoriensis, Lydekl-cr, Deer of All Lands,
p. 170, 1898.
Rusa.
Typical locality Timor.
Type in Paris Museum.
In its larger phase, a deer with the general form, coat,
and colouring of a sambar, but the ears smaller, the tail thin,
the hairs on the back banded with differently-coloured rings,
and the sides of the upper lip, chin, under-parts, and inner
sides of the thighs and buttocks more or less distinctly
whitish ; size medium ; antlers comparatively slender and
only moderately rugose, with the brow-tine of medium or
short length, and making a large acute angle with the beam ;
the hind, or inner tine of the terminal fork much longer
than the front, or outer, one, and forming the continuation
of the beam, from the front, or front-outer surface of which
the front tine arises as an offshoot ; the two antlers enclosing
a more or less distinctly lyrate space. Young uniformly
coloured ; hind-pasterns apparently with a glandular cleft.
The three recognised races may be distinguislied as
follows :- —
A, Size smaller.
a. Neck distinctly maned C. f. timoriensis.
h. Neck maneless C. t. moluccensis.
B. Size larger C. t. tunjuc.
UEKVID.E 65
A.— Cervus timoriensis timoriensis.
Cervus hippelaphus timoriensis, LydekJcer, Deer of All Lands,
p. 170, 1898; Trouessart, Cat. Mamni. p. 878, 1899; Ward,
Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p, 67, 1910, ed. 7, p. 67, 1914.
Typical locality Timor; the range also including the
islands of Semao and Kambing, which, with Timor, form the
continuation of the Sumatra-Java line.
Type in Paris Museum.
A relatively small deer, of the same approximate size as
the next race, but distinguished by the thicker hair on the
neck, the more distinctly tufted tail, certain differences in
coloration, especially on the face and rump, and the wider
antlers ; forehead grey ; face, neck, upper part of flanks, and
greater portion of the chest dark blackish brown, the brown
of the chest forming a streak between the legs ; middle of
back almost black ; under- parts, inner surfaces of thighs,
and a band above the hoofs brownish or ochery yellow,
passing into dirty white on the hind portion of the abdomen ;
lips and inner surfaces of ears white, as are also the inner
surfaces of the buttocks ; tail-tuft dark blackish brown ; in
the males a whitish streak runs from above each eye across
the cheek to the side of the neck ; antler-measurements are
not recorded.
67. 1. 30. 2. Skin, female, formerly mounted. Timor.
From an animal presented to the Zoological Society by
Capt. L. Brayley. FurcJidsed {Zoological Society), 1867.
B.— Cervus timoriensis moluecensis.
Cervus moluecensis, Qitoy and Gaimard, Voyage Astrolabe, Zool.
vol. i, p. 183, pi. xxiv, 1830 ; Eydoux and Gervals, Mag. Zool.
vol. vi, p. 26, 1836, Voyage Favorite, Mamm. p. 26, 1839 ;
BrooJie, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 904 ; LydeMcer, Horns and
Hoofs, p. 299, 1893; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 2,
p. 12, 1896.
Cervus russa moluecensis, Milller and Schlegel, Verh. Nat. Geschied.
Nederland. Zool. pp. 212 and 220, 1844.
Cervus (Hippelaphus) moluecensis, Sundevall, K. Svenska Vet,-Al\
Handl. 1844, p. 179, 1846.
Rusa moluecensis, Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, p. 62, 1850, Cat.
Ungnlata Brit. Mils. p. 209, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit, Mas.
p. 77, 1872, Ha ml -List Buminants Brit. Mas. p. 149, 1873,
IV. F
66 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
partim ; FUziiiger, Sitzher. li. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1,
p. 354, 1873, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 320, 1874; Garrod, Proc. Zool
Soc. 1877, p. 17.
Hippelaphus moluccensis, Heitde, Men). Hist. Nat. EmjJ. Chinois,
vol. iii, p. 94, 1896.
Cervus hippelaphus moluccensis, LydcJcker, Deer of All Lands,
p. 166, pi. xii, 1898; Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. p. 879, 1899;
Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 67, 1910, ed. 7, p. 67, 1914,
Typical locality the Molucca group (Amboina, Boru, and
Batcliian) ; the range also including Celebes.
Stated to differ from the Javan form of the next race by
its inferior size, and especially the want of a distinct mane on
the neck of the males, and the absence of a distinct terminal
tuft to the tail ; as a rule, the antlers are relatively small,
the build is low and stout, and the head large and thick.
la two exceptionally fine pairs of antlers the dimensions are
as follows: length along outer curve 36|^ and 27^ inches;
basal girth 4-| and 4f inches; tip-to-tip interval 18^ and
14:h inches.
Like the preceding race, the Moluccan rusa may have
been introduced into its present habitat by the Malays.
697, Ic. Frontlet and antlers, provisionally referred to
this race. Locality unknown. No history.
61. 12. 11. 27. Skull (1427, rO, with antlers, and head-
skin (61. 12. 11. 28). Batchian; collected by Dr. A. B.
Wallace, O.M. Purchased, 1861.
65. 12. 8. 30 (1427, c). Skeleton, immature. Probably
from the Moluccas. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1861.
67. 4. 12. 243. Skull, witli antlers, immature. Probably
from the Moluccas.
Ijidth clc Jeude Collection, jjurchased, 1867.
84. 4. 24. 6. Skull, immature, with antlers. Amboina.
Presented hy Dr. H. 0. Forbes, 1884.
84. 4. 24. 7. Skull, young. Boru. Same history.
97. 4. 3. 2. Skin, mounted. Moluccas.
Presented ly the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1897.
C— Cervus timoriensis tunjuc.
Cervus hippelaphus, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. i, pi. 108,
1819; Czivier, Ossemens Fossiles, ed. 2, vol. iv, p. 40, pi. v, figs.
31-34, 1823 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 105,
1827; -/. B. Fischer, Synoj). Mamm. p. 451, 1829; Pucheran,
CEUVIDiE 67
Arch. Mas. Paris, vol. vi, p. 402, 1852 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1878, p. 905 ; Forbes, Naturalist's Wanderings in E. Archipelago,
p. 31, 1885 ; Wallace, Malay Archipelago, ed. 3, p. 300, 1890;
W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 179, 1891;
Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 297, 1893, Deer of All Lands,
p. 162, 1898 ; Bentham, Asiat. Horns and Antlers Ind. Mus.
p. 78, 1908 ; nee Cervus elaphus hippelaphus, Kerr, 1792.
Cervus (Rusa) hippelaphus, H. Smith, Grifith's Animal Kingdom,
vol. V, p. 309, 1827.
Cervus tunjuc, Vigors and Horsficld in Lady Raffles' s Memoir of Sir
Stamford Raffles, p. 645, 1830; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat.
Soc. Bengal, p. 151, 1863.
Rusa hippelaphus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 179, 1843, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 231, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 209, 1852,
Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 77, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants
Brit. Mus. p. 148, 1873 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Afus.
p. 261, 1862, partim ; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17.
Cervus russa, Miiller and Schlegel, Verh. Nat, Geschied. Nedcrland,
Zool. p. 217, pi. xliv, 1844.
Cervus (Hippelaphus) hippelaphus, Sundevall, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak.
Handl. 1844, p. 178, 1846.
Rusa paradoxa, Brehm, Zool. Garten, 1864, p. 11.
Cervus rufus, Blyth, quoted bv Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus.
p. 77, 1872.
Cervus hippelaphus typicus, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 161,
1898; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 67, 1910, ed. 7,
p. 67, 1914.
Cervus (Rusa) hippelaphus. Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 66, 1910, ed. 7, p. 66, 1914.
Sqmatran and Javan Rusa.
Typical locality Sumatra.
Smaller than the Indian sambar, and of the approximate
size of a red deer ; head of moderate length, with the facial
profile nearly straight; throat and neck of males with a
well-developed mane; ears broad, and less than lialf the
length of the head; tail only slightly longer than ears,
thinner than in the Malay sambar, and ending in a tuft of
thick coarse hairs ; general colour in summer dark grizzled,
ochery brown with a tinge of red, darker on the hind-
quarters and thighs than elsewhere ; front of neck, chest,
and under-parts varying from dirty white to brownish grey,
and a dark reddish brown longitudinal streak on front of
chest ; flanks shot with rusty brown, and frequently with a
patch of that colour ; inner sides of legs, shanks, and inner
sides of buttocks dirty whitish ; chin, lips, and under surface
F 2
68 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
of lower jaw whitish, with a brownish spot on the lower li[)
at angle of mouth ; inner surfaces of ears whitisli ; tail
yellowish brown above and dirty white beneath, at or near
the tip uniformly blackish brown. In winter general colour
Fig. IG. — Frontlet and Antlers op Javan Eusa
(Cervtcs [Btisa] timoricnsis tunjuc).
From a specimen iu the collection of Sir E. G. Loder, Bart.
more greyish brown ; under-parts and inner surfaces of the
upper portion of fore-legs, thighs, and buttocks dirty
yellowish white ; tip of lower jaw, border of upper lip, and
neighbourhood of nose white ; a blackish spot beneath the
angle of the mouth, and often a brownish band round the
GERVID.E 69
muzzle. In Icmales the streaks on the chest and the tail
are somewhat lighter-coloured.
Fine antler.s measure from 33 to 37^ inches along the
front curve, with a basal curve of from 4^ to 5|-, and a
tip-to-tip interval of from IH to 25^ inches.
Ccrvi'.s hijjjielaphns, of Cuvier, although generally stated
to be a Javan form, is typified by antlei'S l^rought from
Sumatra l)y Diard, and the types of C. tvnjnc are also
Sumatran ; but U. russa is typically Javan, while Rvm.
iwradoxa and C. rufus are leased on representatives of this
deer introduced, respectively, into IMauritius and liodriguez.
Deer of this type also occur in Borneo, where, however,
according to Brooke, they have been introduced by the
IMalays.
If the Javan form be racially distinct from the 8uniatran
it should be known as C. timoricnsU rusa.^
51. 9. 8. 10-11. Two skins, immature, formerly mounted.
Sumatra. Co-types. Presented hij Sir T. Stamford Ea(ilcx,
some time precious to 1830,
* * * *, Skin, female, formerly mounted. Java.
No history.
697,0. Frontlet and antlers, provisionally referred to
this race. Locality unknown. No histort/.
76. 11. 17. 1. Single antler. Mauritius; introduced;
collected by ]Mr. Le Soeuf.
Frescntcd Inj Dr. J'. L. Sdatrr, 187(i.
5. 3. 26. 1. Frontlet and antlers. Eodriguez Island,
Mascareue group ; introduced.
Presented Inj Col. H. JT. L. Hine, 1905.
10. 4. 5. 158-159. Two frontlets, with antlers. Brontok,
south central Borneo ; collected by G. C. Shortridge, Esq.
Presented hj 0. Thomas, Esq., 1910.
10. 4. 6. 74-75. Two upper halves of skulls, with
antlers. Sapandjang Is., near Kaugean Is., Java Sea ; same
collector. Same histori/.
* Eusaa is an iucorrect rendeviug of the Malay name.
70 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
A^II. CEKVUS (KUSA) TAAaSTOCKI.
Cervus (Eusa) tavistocki, Lydekkcr, Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7,
vol. vi, p. 205, 1900.
Rusa tavistocki, HolUster, Philijijnjte Journ. Set., sect. D, vol. vii,
p. 40, 1912.
Typical locality not definitely known, l»ui probably one
of the islands of the Philippine group.
If this deer be a valid species, or race, and not a " sport "
or hybrid, it may be the same as one of those named l)y
Hende in the list on page 89.
Apparently related to C. (B.) iimoricusis, but with
Ihittened and somewhat palmated antlers, which, when fully
developed, show at least six points on each side ; shoulder-
lieight about 30 inches.
As regards their special characters, the antlers are more
or less flattened throughout and display a marked tendency
to palmation. The brow-tine is much flattened, with a sharp
posterior edge, and on the right side is distinctly bifurcate,
although only imperfectly so on the left ; the outer tine of
the terminal fork is likewise much flattened, sharp-edged
behind, and trifurcate, but the inner tine on the right side is
conical and simple, although showing a tendency to branch
on the left side ; the number of points on each antler is
thus six.
0. 6. 8. 2. Skin, mounted. Type. The stag to which
this skin belonged was living, together with two or three
other similar deer, in the park at Woburn Abbey for about
two years. Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1900.
VIII. CEEVUS (PtUSA) UNICOLOR.
Cervus axis nnicolor, Kerr, Linn.'s Anim,. Kingdom, p. 306, 1792.
Cervus axis major, Kerr, Linn.'s Anim. Kingdom, p. 306, 1792 ; based
on Pennant's " Greater Axis."
Cervus unicolor, Beclistein, Allgemein. Uebersicht vierfilss. TJiiere,
vol. i, p. 112, 1799 ; H. Smith, Griffith's) Animal Kingdom,
vol. iv, p. 108, 1827 ;'Lesson, Notiv. Tabl. Begne Anim., Mamin.
p. 171, 1842 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 543, 1891 ;
Lydel'ker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 293, 1893, Deer of All Lands,
p. 144, pis. X and xi, 1898, Great and Small Game of India, etc.
p. 206, 1900, Game Animals of India., etc. p. 223. 1907 ; Ward,
Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 3, 1896 ; Aoki, Annot. Zool.
Japan, vol. viii, p. 341, 1913,
CERVID.E 71
Cervus albicornis, Bcchstein, Allgemein. Uehcrsicht vicrfiiss. Thiere,
vol. i, p. 112, 1799.
Cervus niger, Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 76, vide Blyth,
Jonrn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xi, p. 449, 1842 ; /. B. Fischer,
Sijnop. Mamui. p. 453, 1829.
Cervus aristotelis, Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, ed. 3, vol. iv, p. 503,
1825 ; H. Smitli, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 110,
1827 ; J. B. Fischer, Sgjioj). Mnmm. p. 452, 1829 ; Lesson, Nouv.
Tabl. Bcgne Anim., Mamm.-p. 171, 1842; Blyth, Joiirn. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, vol. xi, p. 449, 1842; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii,
p. 350, 1871 ; Broohe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 901 ; Flower and
Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mas. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 289, 1884 ;
Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pt. ii, p. 103, 1885 ;
W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mm. pt. ii, p. 176, 1891 ;
Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 320, 1891 ; Bentham,
Asiat. Horns and Antlers Lid. Mus. p. 72, 1908.
Cervus leschenaultii, Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, ed. 3, p. 506, 1825.
Cervus hippelaphus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv,
p. 105, 1827 ; Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 169,
pi. xi, 1835 ; Elliot, Madras Journ. vol. x, p. 220, 1839 ; Blyth,
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xi, p. 449, 1842, vol. xx, p. 174,
1852, partim ; nee C. elaphus hippelaphus, Kerr, nee C. hippe-
laphus, Cuvier.
Cervus (Rusa) hippelaphus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom,
vol. V, p. 809, 1827, partim ; Nitsche, Studicn ilber Hirsche,
p. 32, 1898.
Cervus (Rusa) unicolor, H. Smith, op. cit. p. 310, 1827; Ward,
Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 59, 1910, ed. 7, p. 61, 1914 ;
Lydekker, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 36, 1913.
Cervus (Rusa) aristotelis, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom,
vol. V, p. 310, 1827.
Cervus jarai, Hodgson, Gleanings in Science, vol. iii, p. 321, 1831.
Cervus heterocerus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x,
p. 721, 1841, iiomen nudum.
Cervus jarya, nepalensis, and heterocerus, Hodgson, oj). cit. p. 914,
1841, nomina nuda.
Rusa aristotelis. Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 179, 1843, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 230, Cat. TJngulata Brit. Mus. p. 205, 1852,
Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 76, 1872, Hand-List Buminants
Brit. Mus. p. 145, 1873 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus.
p. 260, 1862 ; Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 256, 1867 ; Fitzinger,
Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 279, 1874; Garrod,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17 ; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 504,
J.884 ; Percy, Big Game Shooting {Badminton Libr.), vol. ii,
p. 257, 1894.
Axis pennantii. Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 180, 1843.
Rusa hippelaphus, Gray, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 148,
1873, partim.
Cervus (Hippelaphus) aristotelis, Sundcvall, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak.
Handl. 1844, p. 178, 1846.
Cervus (Hippelaphus) niger, SundevaU, oj]. cit. p. 183, 1846.
Cervus (Hippelaphus) leschenaulti, SundevaU, loc. cit. 1846.
Cervus (Hippelaphus) unicolor, SundevaU, loc. cit. 1846.
72 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
llusa aristotelis nigra, Filzingcr, Sitzhcr. A'. Ah. "IlV.s.v. U'/tv/. \o\. Ixx,
pt. 1, p. 284, 1874.
liusa aristotelis leschcnaulti, Fitziugcr. op. cit. p. 286, 1874.
liusa aristotelis unicolor, Fitzhigcr, op. rif. p. 287. 1874.
Fig. 17. — Skull and Antlers of Sambau {Ccrvus \_Rusa\ unicolor).
Kusa aristotelis heteroceros, Fitzingcr, op. cil. p. 289, 1874.
Rusa equina pennanfcii, Fitzinger, op. cit. p. 226, 1874.
Eusa unicolor, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 946; Wroitghton,
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxi, p. 1193, 1912 ; Dods-
worth, ibid. vol. xxii, p. 748, 1914.
CEKVID.E 73
Sambar (Marathi and Dekhani) ; Jarao (Nepali) ; Rusa (Malay).
Typical locality Ceylon.
Size typically large ; hair coarse and shaggy, the hairs on
tlie back not distinctly banded with differently coloured
rings ; general colour some shade of dark umber-brown, with
chestnut or whitish on the inner side of the buttocks, and
often on the under-parts ; chin generally white ; young
either more or less uniformly coloured, or faintly spotted on
the hind-quarters ; antlers (fig. 17) large, stout, and rugose,
with the Ijrow-tine generally long and making an acute angle
with the beam, and the front, or outer tine of the terminal
fork forming the continuation of the line of the beam when
there is any inequality in the length of the two tines ; the
space enclosed by the antlers of opposite sides more or less
V- or U-shaped, but the tips of the antlers frequently
inclined inwards ; pedicles of antlers short.
Different views are entertained as to whether the various
modifications of the sambar type indicate distinct species, or
races of one variable species. All tlie forms in which the
front, or outer, tine of the terminal fork of the antlers forms
the continuation of the line of the beam, where there is any
inequality in the length of the two, are here regarded
as races of a single species ; but those in which the back, or
inner, tine is situated in the direct line of the beam arc
considered to represent a second species. Whether all the
local modifications of the first type are truly indigenous, and
therefore entitled to rank as subspecies, is doubtful.
The distributional area includes the undulating, or hilly
wooded districts of a large portion of the Oriental region,
namely India, Ceylon, Assam, Burma, the Malay Peninsula,
Borneo, Siam, Hainan, Formosa, and the Philippines, and
extends northwards to Sze-chuan.
The following is a provisional " key " to the better known
local races of this variable species : —
A. Face longer ; shanks dark.
a. Size very large, shoulder-height -reaching 54
inches ; terminal tines of antlers subequal,
or front one the shorter C. ii. unicolor.
h. Size nearly equal to that of preceding ; hind
terminal tine the shorter C. u. eqiiiniis,
74 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
B. Face shorter ; shanks light.
a. Size nearly as large as in typical race C. u. dejcani.
h. Size smaller ,. C. u. sivinhoei.
c. Size still smaller ; shoulder-height not exceed-
ing about 28 inches.
a'. Size larger (28 inches) ; conspicuous mous-
tache-markings ; chin white C. it. jjJiilipjnnus
(and mariannus).
b'. Size smaller, not exceeding 26 inches.
a". Limbs and under-parts darker.
(vK Shoulder-height 24 to 26 inches ; no
moustache-markings ; skull and teeth
larger C. it. nigricans.
I)''. Shoulder-height about 25 inches ; con-
spicuous moustache-markings ; skull
and teeth smaller. C. it. nigellus.
b". Limbs and under-parts lighter C, it. boninensis.
A.— Cervus unicolor unicolor.
Cervus unicolor typicus, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 146, pi. x,
1898, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 224, 1907 ; Ward, Reeords
of Big Game, ed. 6, p.' 60, 1910, ed. 7, p. 62, 1914.
Cervus unicolor imicolor, LydeJcker, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mas.
p. 37, 1913.
Typical locality Ceylon ; the range including India, and
prol)ably extending eastwards as far as the Assam valley,
where this race may be separated Ijy the Bramaputra from
the next, with wldch, however, it may locally intergrade.
Ceylon sambar are smaller than the mainland form.
Size very large, the height at the shoulder reaching at
least 5 feet 4 inches ; antlers (fig. 17) long, with the two
tines of the terminal fork generally of approximately equal
length, but if unequal, the front one usually the shorter, and
the hind one rising from the posterior surface of the l^eam
and not forming the continuation of the axis of the latter ;
general colour almost uniformly dark umber-brown, tending
to grey or yellowish in some individuals ; under-parts little
paler than the back, but chin, inner portion of buttocks,
lower surface of tail, and inner sides of upper part of limbs
more or less distinctly cliestnut ; females paler ; young
reddish, apparently with a black tail and dorsal band, but
spots wanting ; ears very broad, equal to about half the length
of the head ; the latter relatively long, with a nearly straight
profile ; tail moderately bushy, and longer than ear. Fine
CERVID/E 75
antlers measure from 43 to 50 inches along the outer curve,
with a basal girth of from 5^ to 9|, and a tip-to-tip interval
of from 8 to 49 inches. The presence of an additional
(fourth) tine is very rare.
699, a. Single antler. From a stag in the menagerie at
Exeter Change. No hidorij.
699*. Two single antlers. No history.
697, g. Skull and antlers. Locality unknown.
No hislori/.
697, h. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown.
No Mstorij.
697, VI. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown.
No liistori).
697, u. Frontlet and antlers. Type of Pennant's " Greater
Axis," G. axis major, and 0. alhicomis. Ceylon (?).
No hisior//.
697, y. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown.
No hisfor/f.
699, a. Skin, formerly mounted. Nepal.
FrcsciUcd hy B. H. Hodg.ion, Esq.
699, V. Frontlet and antlers. Outer Himalaya ; collected
by the Eev. R. Everest (after whom Mount Everest is
named). Purchased.
43. 1. 26. 16. Skull and antlers. Nepal.
Presented hj B. H. Hodgson, Bsej^., 1843.
43. 1. 12. 107. Immature skull, female. Nepal.
Same history.
45. 1. 8. 106 (699, P). Skull and antlers. Nepal. Type
of G. heterocerus ; figured by Hodgson, Jovrn. Asieit. Soc.
Bengal, vol. x. Same donor, 1845.
45. 1. 8. 107 (699, -x). Frontlet and antlers. Nepal.
Same history.
45. 1. 8. 109. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal.
Same history.
45. 1. 8. 110. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal.
Same history.
45. 1. 8. 111. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal.
Srcmc history.
45. 1. 8. 114. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal.
Same history.
70 CATALOGUE OF UNtiUI.ATES
45. 1. 8. 113 (GOO, r). Skull and antlers. Nopal.
Sftmc histori/.
4~>. 1. 8. IIG. Frontlet ami antlers. Nepal.
>^amc historji.
45. 1. 8 117. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal.
Same liistorij.
45. 1. 8. 118. Frontlet and antlers. Nepal.
Same his/ori/.
45. 1. 8. 108 (600, /). Skull and antU'rs. Nepal.
Same lustonj.
45. 1. 8. 100 ((iOO, ///). Skull, female. Same hidorjj.
45. 1. 8. 201. Frcuitlet and antlers, N'oung. Nepal.
Same hislorjj.
tiOO, //. Frontlet and antlers. No[)al. Saine donor.
699, /-. Skeleton. Nepal. Sctme donor.
* *. Single antler. Nepal. Same donor.
GOO, )r. Single antler. Himalaya. Same history.
45. 12. 27. 3. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown.
J'vrchased (Ar</enf), 1845.
47. 7. 2;j. ."iO (600, ni'). Skeleton and antlers. India ;
collected by Mr. Bartlett. J'lirchasrd, 1847.
690, Z-. Skeleton and antlers. India.
I'll released {Zoological Society).
52. 10. 5. 5. Skidl ami antlers. Locality unknown.
I'lirchiised {Arijcnl), 1852.
5;'.. 8. 22. I. Skin, mounted, and skull (5;5. 8. 22. 2 =
600, ff). Ceylon. Tupo-type.
Ihircliascd {Zooloyieal Society), 185;!.
58. 6. 24. 10. Skin, immature. Sikliim.
Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esij., 1858.
58. 6. 24. 20. Skull, with antlers, and skin, immature.
Sikhim. Same history.
58. 6. 24. 21. Skull, immature female. Sikhim.
Same history.
58. 6, 24. 174. Frontlet and antlers. Sikhim.
Same history.
58. 6. 24. 175. Frontlet and single antler. Sikhim.
Same history.
609,/. Frontlet and antlers. India (?).
Presented l>y Mrs. Wright.
CEIIVID.K 77
G99,/-. Frontlet and antlers. India (?). No liistory.
699, h. Antlers. India (?). No liistory.
* * * *. Skull and antlers. India (?). No history.
* * * *. Six frontlets, with antlers. India (?).
No history.
* * * *. Tour shed antlers. India (?). No liistory.
03. 5. 13. 6-7. Two pairs of shed antlers. India (?).
Pttrcliased {Zoological Society), 1863.
68. 12. 29. 8 (699, y-). Skeleton and antlers. India (?).
Same liistory, 1868.
79. 11. 21. 184. Skull and antlers. Nepal; collected by
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Transferred from India Museum, 1879.
79. 11. 21. 443. Frontlet and antlers. India, probably
the Saharunpur district; collected by Dr. Hugh Falconer,
sometime Superintendent of the Saharunpur Botanical
Gardens. Length of antlers 45^- inches. Same history.
79. 11. 21. 444. Frontlet and antlers. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
79.11.21.446. Skull and antlers. Nepal; collected
by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Same history.
79. 11. 21. 448. Skull and antlers. India (?).
Same history.
79.11.21.449. Frontlet and antlers. Dekhan ; col-
lected by Col. W. H. Sykes, about 1840. Same history.
79. 11. 21. 451. Fair of antlers. Godaveri Valley.
Same history.
79.11.21.452. Antlers. India (?). Same history.
79.11.21.452*. Antlers. India (0- Same history.
88. ,3' 20. 26. Skull and antlers. India.
Presented hy B. Lydekker, Estj., 1888.
89. 11. 20. 3. Frontlet and antlers. Khatcote Jungle,
near ]\Iho\v. Presented hy Col. J. Evans, 1889,
89. 11. 20. 4-5. Two frontlets, with antlers. Ghats,
west of Simrol. Same history.
89. 11. 20. 6. Frontlet and antlers. Dehra Dun.
Same history.
91. 8. 7. 16. Frontlet and antlers. Dehra Dun.
Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., G.B., 1891.
91. 8. 7. 17-18. Two frontlets, with antlers. Oudh
Tarai. Sumc history.
78 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
71. 8. 7. 19-24. Six shed autlers. Chanda, Central
Provinces, India. Same history.
2. 10. 2. 1. Skin, mounted. India.
Presented hij the Dulcc of Bedford, K.G., 1902.
7. 10. 27. 2. Skull and antlers. Central India. Length
of antlers 44^ inches.
Presented by Mrs. J. G. Anderson, 1907.
7. 10. 27. 3. Skull and antlers. Same locality. Length
of antlers 42i inches. Same history.
12. 10. 31. 9. Skull and antlers (fig. 17). Chanda,
Central Provinces. Length of antlers on outer curve 46^,
girth 6|, tip-to-tip interval 24|, widest inside span 30|
inches. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Haiae, Esq., C.B., 1912.
B.— Cervus unicolor equinus.
Cervus equinus, Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, ed, 2, vol. iv, p. 45, pi. v,
figs. 37 and 38, 1823 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom,
vol. iv, p. 112, 1827 ; S. Miiller, Verh. Nat. Gescliied. Nederland.
pis. xlii and xlv, 1840-44 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 901 ;
Gilnther, ibid. 1880, p. 452 ; Floiver and Gar son, Cat. Osteol.
Mus. B. Coll. Surg. p. ii, p. 290, 1884 ; Floivcr and Lijdehher,
Study of Mammals, p. 320, 1891 ; LydeJcker, Horns and Hoofs,
p. 297, 1893 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 7, 1896.
Cervus raalaccensis, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. i, pi. x, 1824 ;
J. B. Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 451, 1829.
Cervus (Rusa) equinus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v,
p. 311, 1827.
Eusa equina, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 179, 1843, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1850, p. 231, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 210, 1852 (equinus),
Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 77, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants
Brit. Mus. p. 149, 1873 ; Gerrard. Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus.
p. 261, 1862 ; Jcrdon, Mamm. India, p. 260, 1867 ; Fitzinger,
Sitzher. h. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 290, 1874 ; Garrod,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17.
Cervus (Hippelaphus) equinus, Sundevall, K. Svcnsha Vet.-Alc.Handl.
1844, p. 178, 1846.
Cervulus cambojensis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 138.
Rucervus cambojensis. Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 76, 1872,
Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 145, 1873, partim.
Rusa equina malaccensis, Fitzinger, Sitzher. h. Ah. Wiss Wien,
vol. Ixx, pt. i, p. 294, 1874.
Russa equina, Jentink and Bilttihofer, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xix,
p. 63, 1897.
Cervus unicolor equinus, Lydehher, Deer of All Lands, jj. 150, pi. xi,
1898, Great and Small Game of hid ia, etc. p. 215, 1900, Game
CERVID/E 79
Animals of India, etc. p. 232, 1907, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit.
Mas. p. 38, 1913 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 68, 1910,
ed. 7, p. 65, 1914; Gairdner, J. Siam, Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. i,
p. 117, 1914.
Rusa unicolor equinus, Allen, Bull. Ainer. Mns. Nat. Hist. vol. xxii,
p. 467, 1906.
Typical locality Sumatra.
Co-types (figured by Cuvier, oj). cit) apparently not in
Paris Museum.
Nearly as large as Indian representatives of the typical
race, but the antlers generally shorter and thicker, with the
hind, or inner, tine of the terminal fork much shorter than
the front or outer one, and rising as a spur from the inner
hind margin of the beam, of which the hind tine forms the
direct continuation, and the brow-tine in most cases rela-
tively longer ; general colour darker, approaching black or
slaty grey in old stags ; usually a light ring round the eye ;
ears rather smaller, with distinct white margins ; legs
frequently light-coloured ; tail more bushy ; face compara-
tively long and straight ; new-born young, at least frequently,
faintly spotted on hind-quarters, witli the general colour
foxy red, and the tail and a line down the back blackish or
black. Good antlers measure from about 16 to 30 inches
along the outer curve, with a basal girth of from 4:\ to 7
inches, and a tip-to-tip interval of from 5^ to 24^ inches.
The range is provisionally taken to include most of the
large sambar of all the Malay countries, with the exception
of Java, and also to comprise those of Assam and Kachar,
where these deer are known to produce spotted young, and
also of Hainan. It is, however, quite probable that there
may be a number of local races. If this prove to be the
case, the name ritalaccensis is available for the Malay, and
camhojensis for the Cambodian form.
61. 4. 12. 18 (1463, g). Frontlet and antlers, immature.
Cambodia ; collected by Monsieur Mouhot. Type of Cervulus
camhojensis. Purchased, 1861.
62. 8. 18. 22. Pair of antlers. Laos Mountains, Cam-
bodia; same collector. Purchased, 1862.
67. 5. 20. 3-4 (1781, (/-r). Two frontlets, with antlers.
Assam. Purcliascd {Cutter), 1867.
67. 5. 20. 6. Skull and antlers. Assam. Same history.
80 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
67. 7. 8. 24 (1781, /;. Skull, with antlers, and skin.
Locality nnknowu. Purchased {Zoological Sodety), 18G7.
68. 3. 21. T). Skin. Locality unknown.
tSame histori/, 18G8.
70. 2. 10. 30. Skin, imperfect. Hainan; collected by
Pt. Swinhoe, Esq. Purchased, 1870.
70. 2. 10. 31. Skin, female, imperfect. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
81. 6. 30. 6. Pair of shed antlers. Cochin China;
collected by Monsieur Boucard. Purchased, 1881.
81. 6. 30. 7-8. Two frontlets, with antlers. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
84. 4. 14. 3. Skeleton, female. Garo Hills, Assam ;
collected by G. P. Sanderson, Esq. Purchased, 1884.
91. 8. 7. 25-30. Six frontlets, with antlers. Same
locality and collector. Purchased, 1891.
94. 9. 20. 1. Frontlet and antlers. Locality nnknown.
I^resented by Capt. Stewetrt, 1894.
12. 10. 31. 10. Skull and antlers. Garo Hills; collected
1)V G. P. Sanderson, Esq.
Bequeathed by A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912.
C— Cervus unicolor brookei.
Cervus brookei, Hose, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xii, p. 206,
1893.
Eusa brookei, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nnt. Mas. vol. xxxi, p. .'JB4, 1906,
vol. xxxiii, p. 550, 1907, vol. xl, p. 67, 1901.
Typical locality Mount Dulit, Sarawak.
According to Lyon, smaller than INIalay Sambar (appa-
rently regarded as typical C. equinus).
The range is taken to include Billiton, Pagi, and Nias
Islands.
79. 1. 27. 2. Skull, female. Sarawak, North Borneo ;
collected by A. H. Everett, Esq. Purchased, 1879.
79. 5. 3. 18-19. Two skulls, with antlers. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
79. 5. 3. 20. Frontlet and antlers. Same locality and
collector. Same histury.
CEKVID.E 81
So. 0. IG. 1-3. Tliroe I'routlets, with uii tiers. Kejaiig
Valley, North Borneo ; collected by H. B. Low, Esq.
Purcliascd, 1880.
80. 6. 16. 4 (3. Three similar specimens. Same locality
and collector. Same histor//.
80. 6. 16. 7-B. Two similar specimens. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
86. 12. 20. 0. Skull, with antlers. Sandakan, ]iritish
North Borneo ; collected l)y W. B. I'lyer, Esq.
Purvlui.scd, 1886.
87. 2. 10. 9-11. Three irontlets, with antlers. Eajang
Valley, North Borneo ; collected by H. B. Low, Esq.
Piirchased, 1887.
1)2. 9. 4. 3. Skin, young in spotted coat. Mount Dulit,
eastern Sarawak. Type. J'ixsoikd hi/ Dr. C. Hose, 1892.
95. 5. 7. 4. Skin, young in spotted coat. Miri Valley,
Baram, northern Borneo. Noticed in Deer of all Lands, loc.
cit. Same donor, 1895.
1. 7. 29. 1. Abnornuil antlers. Sarawak. There are
many more tines than usual, most of which are much
palmated. Same donor, 1901.
D. — Cervus unicolor swinhoeL
Eusa svvinhoii, Sdatcr, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 152, Trans. Zool.
Soc. vol. viii, p. 331, 1871 ; Stvinlioe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 644;
Gray, Cat. Biiminants Brit. Mus. p. 77, 1872, Hand-List Buvii-
nants Brit. Mas. p. 149, 1873 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. h. Ah. Wiss.
Wien, vol. Ixx, pt. 2, p. 298, 1874 (swinhoei) ; Garrod, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17.
CcTvus swinhoii, Broolcc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 901 ; W. L. Sclatcr,
Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 178, 1891 ; Flower and Lydeliher,
Study of Mammals, p. 820, 1891 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game,
ed. 2, p. 8, 1896 ; Aohi, Annot. Zool. Ja.jpon. vol. viii, p. 341, 1913.
Cervus unicolor swinhoei, LydeMer, Deer of All Lands, p. 154, 1898,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xv, p. 391, 1905 ; Ward, Becords
of Big Game, ed. 5, p. 77, 1907, ed. 6, p. 64, 1910, ed. 7, p. 66,
1914; Bentham, Asiat. Horns and Antlers Ind. Mus. p. 77, 1908.
Cervus (Eusa) swinhoei, Nitsche, Studien iihev Hirschc, p. 32, 1898.
Typical locality Formosa, to which island this race is
restricted.
Closely allied to the preceding race, from which it
appears to be distinguished by its shorter head and concave
profile, relatively longer legs, and the under-mentioned
IV. ci
82 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
dift'erences in colour, aud the somewhat smaller size. In
winter general colour uniform reddish black-brown, with
the head and ears reddish yellow-brown, and the upper
surface of the nose having a V-shaped IJackish brown mark
reaching to the eyes ; under surface nearly as dark as back,
but inner sides of thighs and the entire shanks Itrownish or
wliitish yellow, and the 1)ushy tail black all round. In
summer the general colour light yellowish red-brown, darker
in front than behind, and lightest on under surface. The
antlers are of the type of those of the Malay race, but
smaller; the skull is very similar to that of the Luzon race.
(}ood antlers measure liom 16 to 19| inches in length, witli
a girth of from 3^ to 4^ inches.
* * * *. Skin, immature, mounted. Formosa ; col-
lected by It. Swinhoe, Es(£., about 1860. Type,
Purchased {Zoologiral Sucicfi/).
63. 5. 13. 8. Shed antlers, first year. From an animal
born in London, I'^amc histori/, 1863.
68. 3. 21, 24. Skull, witli antlers (1414, r), and skin,
Formosa; collected by E. Swinhoe, Esq, Same histov}/, 1868.
70. 2, 10. 69 (1414, h). Skull. Same locality and
collector. Pitrchascd, 1870.
1414, c. Skull, young female. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
70. 2. 10. 70 (1414, h). Shed antlers. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
70. 2. 10. 78 (1414, i). Frontlet and antlers. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
70. 2. 10. 79-80 (1414, / and <j). Two frontlets, with
antlers. Same locality and collector. Same history.
76, 2. 4. 1. Skull and antlers, Formosa.
Purehased {Zooloyical Society), 1876.
E.— Cervus unicolop dejeani.
Eusa dejeani, Pousargues, Bull. Mus. Paris, 1896, no. 1, p. 2,
Cevvus dejeani, Ward, Bccords of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 22, 1896.
Cervus unicolor dejeani, Lydehher, Deer of All Lands, p. 156, 1898 ;
Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 65, 1910, ed. 7, p. 67, 1914.
Typical locality Sze-chuan, Western China, about 30°
north latitude.
CEUVID^ 83
Type in Paris Museum.
Stated to be very similar in form and coloration to the
Formosan race, but as large as the Indian sambar, from which
it differs by the more sombre brown colour, and the longer
and more bushy tail. In the type the antlers measure
30^ along the outer curve, and 5^ inches in basal girth.
No specimen in collection.
F.— Cervus unicolor mariannus.
Cervus mariannus, Desmarcst, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 436, 1822 ;
Cuvier, Ossemens Fossilcs, ed. 2, vol. iv, p. 45, pi. v, fig. 30, 1823 ;
H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 115, 1827 ;
J. B. Fischer, Synoj). Mamm. p. 453, 1829; Gray, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1850, p. 232 ; Fraser, ibid. 1864, p. 369 ; Sclater, ibid. 1870,
p. 279 ; Brooke, ibid. 1877, p. 53, 1878, p. 901 ; Ward, Records
of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 1896 (marianus).
Cervus (Rusa) mariannus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom,
vol. V, p. 311, 1827.
Cervus labipes, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. iv, pi. 420, 1832.
Cervus (Hippelaphus) mariannus, Sundevall, K. SvensJca Vet.-Ak.
Handl. 1844, p. 180, 1846.
Busa mariannus, Gray, Cat, Ruminants Brit. Mas. p. 78, 1872,
Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 150, 1873 (marianus), partim ;
Fitzinger, Sitzbcr. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 355,
1873, vol. Ixx, pt. I, p. 304, 1874 (marianna) ; Garrod, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17.
Ussa marianus, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emj). Chinois, vol. ii, p. 40,
1888.
Typical locality Guam Island, Marianne, or Ladrone,
Group.
Type in Paris Museum.
Closely allied to, and perhaps really inseparable from, the
next race. Brooke was of opinion that the Marianne deer
were originally imported from Luzon, but the evidence is
by no means conclusive. The name mariannus antedates
philipjnnus.
655, h. Skull, with antlers. Presumably (like the fol-
lowing specimens) from the Marianne group. Described,
with figure of antlers by Brooke, op. cit. 1877, p. 56. Total
length of skull 11| inches; length of antler along outer
curve 18 inches, basal girth above burr 5 inches. No history,
655, c. Skull and antlers. No history.
G 2
84 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
53. IG. 6. 2 (655, d). Skull and antlt-T.s.
Purchased {Arycnt), 1853.
655, c. Pair uf antlers. No history.
64. 10. 1. 2 (655,/). Pair of antlers.
I'arcluiHal {Cutter), 1864.
G.— Cervus unicolor philippinus.
Cervus philippinus, H. Smith, GriDUlis Animal Kingdom, vol. iv,
p. 147, 1827; J. B. Fischer, Sijnop. Mamm. p. 622, 1829;
Pucheran, Eev. Zool. Paris, 1855, p. 49, 1857, p. 481 ; Broohc,
Proc. Zool Soc. 1877, p. 51, pi. viii, 1878, p. 901.
Cervus (Stylocerus) philippinus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kin'jdont,
vol. V, p. 319, 1827.
Cervus (Hippelaphus) philippinus, Sandcvall, K. Svensl-a Vet.-Ak.
Handl. 1844, p. 179, 1846.
Rusa philippinus. Gray, Knowslcy Mcnayeric, p. 63, 1850, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1850, p. 232, Cat. JJnguluta Brit. Mus. p. 211, 1852;
Fitzinrjer, Sitxhcr. h. Al<. Wiss. Wieu, vol. Ixvii, pt. 1, p. 355,
1873, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 305, 1874 (philippina) ; Cabrera, Cat. Met.
Mam. Mas. Madrid, p. 130, 1912; HoUister, Philipfinc dourn.
Sci. sect. D, vol. vii, p. 40, 1912, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xlvi,
p. 331, 1913.
Cervus mariaunus, Frascr, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 367.
Eusa mariannus, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 78, 1872,
Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 150, 1873 (marianna),
partim.
Cervus (Muntjac) philippinus. Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus.
p. 94, 1872.
Cervus unicolor j)hilippinus, iyiie^-A-e?-, Deer of All Lands, p. 157,
1898 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 64, 1910, ed. 7,
p. 67, 1914.
Typical locality Luzon, riiilippine group.
Type in Paris Museum,
Nearly allied to C. n. swinhoci, luit smaller; height at
shoulder about 28 inches ; general build stout and massive,
with the hind-quarters not specially elevated, and the form
that of a small ]\Ialay sambar ; general colour rich ruddy
brown, darkest on back and .lightest on the neck ; forehead
and cheeks rufous fawn ; a blackish streak strarting from
over each eye to form a median line down the face, which is
separated l)y a pale liand of fawn from a narrow moustache-
like mark on the muzzle ; chin white ; under-parts uniformly
brown ; metatarsal gland forming a rufous spot much lighter
than the rest of the leg ; ears moderate, covered externally
with short close-set hairs; antlers very similar to those of
CERVID.-E • 00
the Malay race, massive, nearly straight, with a long brow-
tine, and the inner tine of the terminal fork markedly
shorter than the outer one. Skull rather elevated in the
nasal region, and the lachrymal vacuities large and triangular.
47. 3. 4. 22 (655, a). Pair of antlers, probably referable
to this race. Philippines.
Presented hi/ Admiral Sir Edward Belcher, K.G.B., 1847.
2. 3. 19. 2. Head of female in winter coat, mounted.
Siiows the white chin very distinctly.
Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1902
H. — Cervus unicolor basilanensis.
jNfelanaxis basilanensis, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emj). CJdnois,
voL ii, p. 49, 1888.
Rusa basilanensis, Hottister, Proc. ZLS. Nat. Mus. vol. xlvi, p. 332,
1913.
Typical (and only) locality Basilan Island, Philippines.
Apparently nearly allied to, Itut (according to HoUister)
distinct from, C. v. iihilippinus.
No specimen in collection.
I.— Cervus unicolor barandanus.
Ussa barandanus, Heudc, Mem. Hist. Nat. Etnp. Ckiiwis, vol. ii,
p. 22, 1888.
Rusa barandanus, Hollister, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. vol. xlvi, p. 331,
1913.
Typical locality Mindoro Island, Philippines.
Insufficiently described, but, according to Hollister,
entitled to rank as a distinct form ; size approximately the
same as in C. u. pMlippinus.
No specimen in collection.
J.— Cervus unicolor francianus.
Ussa francianus, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii,
p. 24, 1888.
Rusa francianus, Hottister, Proc. U.S. Nat. Miis. vol. xlvi, p. 331,
1918.
Typical locality JMindauao Island, Philippines.
Apparently nearly related to C. u. pliUippinvx, but at
86 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
present insufficiently described. Considerable variation
obtains in the size of the cheek-teeth.
No specimen in collection.
K.— Cervus unieolop nigricans.
Cervus nigricans, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 57.
Ussa nigricans, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emj^. Chinois, voL ii, pt. 1,
p. 31, 1888.
Cervus steerii, Elliot, Field Mus. Zool. Puh. vol. i, p. 72, 1896,
p. 157, 1897.
Cervus (Rusa) nigricans, Nitsche, Studien iiher Hirsche, p. 32, 1898.
Cervus unicolor nigricans, Lydelther, Deer of All Lands, p. 158,
1898 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 65, 1910, ed. 7,
p. 65, 1914.
Eusa nigi-icans, Hollister, Philippine Journ. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii,
p. 40, 1912, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xli, p. 889, 1913,
Piusa steerei, Hollister, Philippine Journ. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii, p. 40,
1912.
Typical locality " an unknown island in the Philippines,"
■which is Basilan, the typical locality of Cervus steerii.
Smaller than C. u. jjhilippinus, the height at the shoulder
being about 24 to 26 inches ; general build more slender,
with the hind-quarters much higher than the withers ;
general colour Idackish lirown, slightly tinged with rufous,
becoming almost black on the face, neck, and shoulders ;
no moustache-like markings on muzzle ; chin, under-parts,
and inner surfaces of thighs varying from dirty white to
whitish brown, the white showing most on the front of the
thighs ; metatarsal gland generally indistinct ; ears oval,
relatively small, and almost naked externally ; antlers
moderately stout, somewhat curved forwards, with a short
brow-tine, and the hind tine of the terminal fork not much
shorter than the front one. Skull much depressed in the
nasal region, with the nasal bones in fully adult individuals
so expanded as almost or completely to obliterate the
lachrymal vacuities. Basal length of skull in a Basilan
specimen S^ inches ; length of antlers on outer curve
13^ inches.
This race was named on the evidence of the under-
mentioned skull and skin of a female from an unknown
island in the Philippines, in which the lower portions of the
legs are perhaps rather lighter than in other examples, and
CERVIDyE 87
the metatarsal gland is indistinctly visil>le as a light patch.
In 1890 the Museum received the Easilan specimen,
No. 90. 7. 25. 3, which from the comparatively small size
of the antlers, is probably immature ; and the only noticable
difference between this specimen — which is undoubtedly the
same as C. steerii — and the type is that in the former the
front and outer side of the lower portion of the legs is
slightly darker, and shows no distinct light gland-patch.
As mounted, it measurer, 25^ inches at the shoulder, and
27 inches at the rump. In its relatively high rump it
accords with Brooke's " crouching aguti-like carriage" of the
type ; and from comparison with, the latter, there can be
little or no doubt that both belong to the same race, the
nearly naked ears being a conspicuous feature in common.
85. 4. 22. 1. Skull and skin, female. Philippines,
probably Basilan. Type. The animal was living in the
London Zoological Gardens in 1870 ; and on its death the
present specimens passed into the collection of Sir Victor
Brooke, Bart. Presented by Sir DcmgJas Brooke, Bart., 1885.
85. 4. 22. 3. Skull and antlers. Basilan ; collected by
A. H. Everett, Esq. FurcJiased, 1885.
85. 4. 22. 4. A similar specimen. Same locality and
collector. Same Idstory.
15. 4. 22. 5. Another similar specimen. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
90. 7. 25. 3. Skin, subadult, mounted. Basilan ; col-
lected by E. L. Mosely, Esq. Purchased, 1890.
L.— Cervus unicolor nig-ellus.
Rusa nigellus, HoUister, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xlvi, p. 332, 1913.
Typical locality Mount Maliudang, at a height of
8,000 feet, Mindanao Island, Philippines.
Type in U.S. National Museum.
Much smaller than the conmion Mindanao C. u. fran-
cianus, and apparently nearly related to C. n. nigricans, but
witli smaller skull and cheek-teeth and conspicuous face-
markings. General colour dark blackish brown, with two
transverse golden brown bands on face, one a little above
mufHe and the other across forehead ; lower lip wliitish ;
88 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
chin blackish ; nape and backs of ears black ; inner sides of
ears buffish white ; iinder-parts nearly black in middle line,
passing into ochery bufif between limbs ; fore-legs with a
narrow ochery stripe down inner side. Antler-pedicles very
long ; length of upper row of cheek-teeth 66 mm.
No specimen in collection.
M,— Cervus unicolor boninensis.
Cervus (Rusa) unicolor boninensis, Lydekker, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 7, vol. xv, p. 392, 1905; Aoki, Annot. Zool. Japan, vol. viii,
p. 341, 1913, as a synonym of C. unicolor.
Typical locality Bonin Islands, lying about one degree to
the east-south-east of the southern point of Japan, to which,
according to Aoki, these deer were introduced by Perry
about 1850.
A provisional race of smaller size than 0. a. sunnhoei,
and of the approximate dimensions of C. u. nigricans, from
which it differs by the much lighter colour of the under-
parts and limbs — the shanks being nearly white, and the
rufous fawn of the flanks being sharply defined from the
l)rown of the back — as well as by the tail being shorter and
white beneath. Basal length of female skull 8f inches.
96.2.28.4. Skull, female. Bonin Island. Type. Shows
the proximally expanded nasals, deep lachrymal pits, and
small auditory bulho characteristic of the sambar grou]).
The skull and skin of a male specimen are in the Tring
Museum.
Presented hy the Executors of H. Seehohm, Esq., 1896.
Other Names applied to Eusine Deer.
The following is a list of names (compiled by Hollister,
Philippine Journ. Sci. sect. I), vol. vii, pp. 41 et seq.) applied
by Heude to Philippine deer, in addition to those quoted
elsewhere in this volume. The specific names are arranged
alphabetically, irrespective of the genera to which they were
assigned liy their author. Hollister remarks that, although
man)' of these names are undoubtedly synonyms, a few may
prove valid when a sufficient numl)er of specimens from the
typical localities nro availalde for comparison.
CERVID-E 89
Ussa ambrosianus, Heudc, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emj). Chinoif<, vol. ii,
pt. 1, p. 27, 1888.
Typical locality Nueva Ecija, Luzon.
Ussa atheneensis, Heude, op. cit. vol. iv, pt. o, p. 138, 1889.
Typical locality Luzon.
Ussa barycerosj Heude, oj). cit. vol. iv, pt. 3, p. 139, 1899.
Typical locality La Laguna and Batangas, Luzon.
Ussa brachyceros, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1. p. 36. 1888.
Typical locality Bataugas, Luzon.
Melanaxis breviceps, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1. p. 48, 1888.
Typical locality Masbate Island.
Ussa chrysotrichos, Heude, oj). cit. vol. ii, pt. ], p. 39, 1888.
Typical locality La Laguna and Bataugas, Luzon.
Ussa cinereus, Heude, op. cit. vol. iv, pt. 3, p. 140, 1889.
Typical locality Cel)U Island.
Ussa corteanus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 37, 1888.
Typical locality IMariveles, Luzon.
Ussa crassicornis, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 23, 1888.
Typical locality Cebu.
Ussa flailliardianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 32, 1888.
Typical locality Jala- Jala, Laguna, Luzon.
Melanaxis (?) elegans, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 49, 1888.
Typical locality Philippine Islands.
Ussa eloi'zanus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 28, 1888.
Typical locality Bataan Province, Luzon.
Ussa gavcianus, Heude, op), cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 29. 1888.
Typical locality Nueva Kcija, Luzon.
Ussa gonzalinus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 35, 1888.
Ty]»ical locality Pliilippiiu^s, probably Luzon.
00 CATALOGUE OK UNGULATES
Ussa gorrichanus, Hcude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 21, 1888.
Typical locality Batangas, Luzon.
Ussa guevaranus, Heudc, oj). cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 40, 1888.
Typical locality Mariquina, Luzon.
Ussa guidoteanns, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 29, 1888.
Typical locality Batangas, Luzon.
Ussa hipolitianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 39, 1888.
Typical locality La Laguua and Batangas, Luzon.
Ussa longicuspis, Hcude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 34, 1888.
Typical locality Philippines, probal»ly Luzon.
Ussa macarianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 28, 1888.
Typical locality Nueva Ecija, Luzon.
Ussa maraisianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 31, 1888.
Typical locality Jala-Jala, Laguna de Bay, Luzon.
Ussa marzaninus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 33, 1888.
Typical locality Nueva Ecija and La Laguna, Luzon.
Melanaxis masbatensis, Hetide, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 47, 1888.
Typical locality Masbate Island.
Ussa michaelinus, Heude, op. cit. vol. iv, pt. 3, p. 135, 1899.
Typical locality San Miguel de Muicia, Tarlac, Luzon.
Ussa microdontus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 34, 1888.
Typical locality Batangas, Luzon.
Ussa nublanus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 24, 1888.
Typical locality, La Laguna, Luzon.
Ussa ramosianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 26, 1888.
Typical locality jSTueva Ecija, Luzon.
Ussa rosarianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 30, 1888.
Typical locality Nueva Ecija, Luzon.
CERVID^ 91
«
Ussa roxasianus, Heicde, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 33, 1888.
Typical locality Batangas, Luzon.
Ussa rubiginosus, Heude, ojj. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 38, 1888.
Typical locality Bataan and Nueva Ecija, Luzon.
Sikelaphus soloensis, Heude, op, cit. vol. ii, pt. 3, p. 147, 1894.
Typical locality Sulu.
Ussa spatharius, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 25, 1888.
Typical locality La Laguna, Luzon.
Ussa telesforianus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, p. 1, p. 36, 1888.
Typical locality Batangas (?), Luzon.
Ussa tuasoninus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, p. 1, p. 25, 1888.
Typical locality Batangas, Luzon.
Ussa verzosanus, Heude, ojy. cit. vol. ii, p. 1, p. 37, 1888, vol. iv, pt. 3,
p. 134, 1894.
Typical locality Nueva Ecija, Luzon.
Ussa vidalinus, Heiide, ojh cit. vol. iv, pt. 3, p. 136, 1899.
Typical locality San Miguel de Murcia, Tarlac, Luzon.
Ussa villemerianus, Heude, op), cit. vol. iv, pt. 3, p. 136, 1899.
Typical locality San Miguel de Murcia, Tarlac, Luzon.
The following names liave been applied to members of
the sambar-rusa group from countries other than the
Philippines : —
Sambav curvicornis, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nnt. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii,
pt, 1, p. 42, 1888. Cochin-China.
Sambar longicornis, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 42,1888. Cochin-
Chiiia.
Sambar outreyanus, Heude, op. cit.\o\. ii, pt. 1, p. 42, 1888. Cochiii-
China.
Sambar planidens, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 43, 1888. Cochin-
China.
Sambar colombertinus, Heude, op), cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 43, 1888.
Cochin-China.
Sambar combalbertinus, Heude, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 43, 1888.
Cochin-China.
92 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Sambai- lignarins, Heudc, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1. p. 44, 1888. Cochin-
China.
Sambar lemeanus, Hcnde, op. cit. vol. ii. pt. 1, p. 44, 1888. Cochin-
China.
Sambar errardianus, Hemic, ojj. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 45, 1888. Cochin-
China.
Sambar joubertianus, H< inJc. op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 45, 1888. Cocliin-
China.
Sambar latidens, Hemic, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 45, 1888. Cochin-
China.
Sambar planiceps, Hcudc, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 45, 1888. Cochiii-
China.
Sambar officialis, Hemic, ojj. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 46, 1888. Cochin-
China.
Sambar simoninus, Hettde, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 46, 1888. Cochin-
China.
Sambar brachyrinus, Heudc, op. cit. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 46. 1888. Cochin-
Cbiiia.
Sambar verutus, Hemic, op. cit. vol. ii. pt. 1, p. 46, 1888. Cochin-
Chiua.
Hippelaphus hamiltonianus. Hemic, op. cit. vol. iii, p. 49, 1896.
Sandakan.
Hippelaphus macassaricus, Heude, op), cit. vol. iii, p. 50, 1896.
Macassar.
Hippelaphus menadensis, Hemic, op. cit. vol. iii, ji. 50, 1896.
Menado.
Hippelaphus floresianus, Heudc, oj>. cit. vol. iii, p. 92, 1896.
Flores.
Hippelaphus buraensis, Heude, op. cit. vol. iii, p. 9o, 1896. Pmru.
Hippelaphus noevellianus, Heudc, op. cit. vol. iii, p. 94, 1896. Burn.
4. Subgenus RUCERVUS.
Rucervus, Hodgson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. i, p. 154, 1838 ;
Brooke, Proa. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 905 ; Lydehker, Deer of All
Lands, p. 188, 1898.
Panolia, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 180, 1843.
Recervus, Gray, List. Osteol. Brit. Mns. p. 65, 1847, errorim.
Recurvus, Jdger and Bessels, Peferma7in^s Mittlieil. vol. xvi, p. 87,
1870, errorim.
Rucercus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. p. 875, 1898, errorim.
Large deer, with flattened or rounded antlers, in which
hotli the bez (second) and third tines are wanting, the beam
dicliotomously forked, and one orl)oth liranclies again foiked,
so that the number of tines is typically at least four, and
may he many mm-e, the l)row-tine forming either a right
anti'lo or a continuous curve witli the beam; coat generally
OERVID.E 93
almost or quite uniformly coloured, without a light rump-
patch ; neck maned ; ears large ; face long ; tail short ; bare
area of muzzle ascending some distance above nostrils ; face-
glands moderate, and not capable of complete eversiou ;
metatarsal glands small or wanting ; hind-pasterns as in
preceding subgenus ; upper canines small ; upper molars
with a small additional column on the inner side ; young
usually spotted ; skull relatively narrow, with the auditory
bullte on under surface moderately inflated.
The distributional area includes a large portion of the
mainland of south-eastern Asia, together with tlie island of
Hainan.
Tlie species are distinguishaljle as follows : —
A. Brow-tine of antlers more or less differentiated
from beam.
a. Beam of antlers undivided for a consider-
able distance above origin of bi'ow-tinc,
which is not forked C. (ii.) duvauccli.
h. Beam of antlers dividing a short distance
above origin of brow-tine, which is fre-
quently forked C. (B.) schoi)ihuy(jhi.
B. Brow-tine of antlers continuous with beam... C. {R.) eldi.
• ^ IX. CERVUS (EUCEEVUS) UUA^AUCELI.
Cervus duvaucelii,* Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, ed. 3, vol. iv, p. 505,
1825 ; /. B. Fisclier, Synop. Mavim. p. 452, 1829 ; Anon, Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. v, p. 240, 1836; Sclater, Trans. Zool.
Soc. vol. vii, p. 346, 1871 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 905 ;
W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mks. pt. ii, p. 179, 1891 ;
Flower and LydeM'er, Study of Mammals, p. 320, 1891 ; Blan-
ford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 538, 1891 ; LydcTcTicr, Horns
and Hoofs, p. 304, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 189, pi. xiv, 1898,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 829, Great and Small Game of India, etc.
p. 228, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 245, 1907 ; Ward,
Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 13, 1896; Benthani, Asiat. Horns
and Antlers Ind. Mns. p. 85, 1908.
Cervus bahrinja, Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 99.
Cervus elaphoides, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. iv,
p. 648, 1835.
Cervus (Rucervus) elaphoides, Hodgson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1,
vol. i, p. 154, 1838.
Cervus dimorphe, Hodgson, Journ. /..siat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xii, p. 807,
1843.
Axis(?) duvaucellii, Gray, List Mamm. Brit Mus. p. 178, 1843.
* Yariouslv rendered as duvauccli and duvaucelii.
94 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Cervus (Hippelaphus) cluvaucelii, Siindevall, K. SvensTca Vet.-Ak.
Handl. 1844, p. 178, 1846.
Rucervus duvaucelii, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi,
p. 689, 1847; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 230, Cat. Ungidata
Brit. Mils. p. 203, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mas. p. 76, 1872,
HandList Buminants Brit. Mas. p. 145, 1873 ; Blytli, Cat.
Mamm. Miis. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 150, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1867, p. 835 ; Anderson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxxvi,
pt. 2, p. 185, note, 1868 ; Blanford, ibid. pp. 197 and 199, 1868 ;
Jcrdon, Mamm. India, p. 254, 1867 ; Fitaingcr, Sitzhcr. k. Ak.
Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 356, 1873, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 324,
1874; Stcrndale, Mamm. India, p. 510, 1884; Percy, Big Game
Shooting {Badminton Lihr.), vol. ii, p. 264, 1894.
Eecervus duvauccllii. Gray, List Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 65, 1847 ;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 259, 1862.
Cervus ruceros. Gray, Knoivsley Menagerie, p. 40, 1850.
Rusa dimorpha. Gray, Knoivsley Menagerie, p. 62, 1850; Fitzingrr,
Sitzhcr. k. Ak. Wiss. vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 355, 1873.
Cervus eucladoceros, Falconer's Pal. Mem. vol. i, p. 587, 1868.
Cervus (Rucervus) duvauceli, Ward, Ilecords of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 79, 1910, cd. 7, p. 54, 1914 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910,
p. 493 ; Lydekkcr, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 36, 1913.
Barasingha ; Swamp-Dkek.
Type of Eucervns.
Typical locality plains of Peninsular India.
Height at shoulder from 3 feet 8 inches to 3 feet
lU inches ; build stout and tall ; coat moderately fine, aiid
somewhat woolly; muzzle long and slender; antlers (fig. 18)
smooth and flattened, with a long brow-tine usually rising
almost at a right angle to beam ; above the brow-tine the
beam remains undivided for about half its length, when it
splits into a regular fork, of which each branch is usually
again simply forked, although the outer branch may be much
longer than the inner one, and bear three or more tines ;
small snags frequently developed on upper surface of brow-
tine, although " sports " at its junction with the beam seldom
occur, and the brow-tine is never forked ; metatarsal gland
and tuft wanting ; general colour in summer bright rufous
brown, frequently, or usually, with a broad brown line down
the middle of the back, Ijordered by a line of white spots on
each side, and more or less faint traces of other spots ;
throat, inner sides of thighs, and under-parts white or
wliitish ; lower surface of the tail pure white ; in winter
upper-parts yellowish brown, and under-parts paler ; in
CEKVID.E
95
females colour lighter at all seasons ; young fully spotted with
M'hite. The ears are filled internally with long white hairs ;
and the naked portion of the muzzle is slaty. Good antlers
measure from 34 to 41 inches alonij the outer curve, with a
Fig. 18. — Head of Swamp-Deer {Cervus [Rucervus'] duvauceli). The
nearly continuous sweep formed by the brow-tine and the beam is a
feature in which this head approximates to the Thamin.
From Lydekker, Proc. Znol. Soc. 1899.
basal girth of from 4|^ to 6 j, and a tip-to-tip interval of from
20 to 43 inches.
The range is restricted to India, not extending eastward
of the Bay of Bengal or to Ceylon. Along the foot of the
Himalaya it embraces the tract fiom Upper Assam in the
east to the Kyarda Dun west of the Jumna, Assam, a few
localities in the Indo-Gangetic plain from the Eastern
96 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Saudarbans to Baliawalpur, lioliri in Upper Sind, and parts
of the extensive area lying between the Ganges and Godaveri
valleys as far eastwards as Mandla. The species is abundant
in portions of the upper Narbada Valley, as well as the
neighbourhood of Bastar to the southward : in the Central
Provinces its range corresponds with that of the red jungle-
fowl, botli species being confined to the tracts covered with
sal-forest.
45. 1. 8. 128. Skull and antlers. Nepal.
Frrsnitrd hj B. H. irodfison, Esq., 1845.
45. 1.8. 1 20. 8kull and antlers. Same locality.
Same historij.
45. 1. 8. loO. Frontlet and antlers. Same locality.
Same historij.
45. 1. 8. l.')l. Frontlet and antlers. Same locality.
Stdne hisforif.
45. 1. 8. 200. Skin, immature female. Same locality.
Same Jdskiri/.
45. 1. 8. 271. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Nepal
(sal-forest). Type of Ccrvus dimorphc. Same Idstorjj.
50. 7. 9. 13. Skin, mounted, and skull (50. 8. 30. 4).
India. An earlier skull (No. 694, d) has been put in the
skin. Presented hy the Earl of Dcrhij, 1850.
55. 12. 24. 399. Skin, female. India.
Same donor, 1855.
694, h. Skull and antlers. India. No historij.
694, /. Skull, immature. India. (In Geological De-
partment.) No history.
63. 5. 28. o. Skull and antlers. Himalaya.
Purchased (Zooloyical Society), 1863.
63. 12. 3. 7. Skin, young, formerly mounted. Zoological
Gardens. Same history.
79. 11. 21. 38. Frontlet and horns. India.
Transferred from India Mnscurn, 1879.
79. 11. 21. 39. Frontlet and horns. India.
Same history.
79. 11. 21. 40. Frontlet and antlers. Upper India ;
collected by Gen. T. Hardwicke. Same history.
84. 4. 14. 1. Skeleton, female. Assam ; collected by
G. P. Sanderson, Esq. Purchased, 1884.
GERVID^ 97
84. 4. 14. 2. Skeleton, female. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
694, h. Skeleton and antlers. India.
Purcliascd {Zoological Society).
87. 2. 9. 4. Frontlet and antlers. India ; collected by
A. Grote, Esq. Presented hy Mrs. Stirling, 1887.
* * * *. Frontlet and antlers. India. No history.
88. 3. 20. 22. Skull and antlers. India.
Presented hy B. Lydekker, Esq., 1888.
91. 8. 7. 8. Skull and antlers. Kheri district, Oudh.
Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891.
91. 8. 7. 9. Skull and antlers. Bramaputra Valley,
Gowhatti, Assam ; collected by Mr. E. Adam. Same history.
91. 8. 7. 10. Frontlet and antlers. Gowhatti.
Same history.
91. 8. 7. 11. Skull and antlers, immature. Baraitch
district, Oudh. Same history.
5. 11. 30. 1. Skin, mounted. Central Provinces.
Purchased, 1905.
12. 10. 31. 5. Skull and antlers. Gowhatti. Neither
this nor the following specimen has antlers sufficiently large
to be included in Ward's list.
Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912.
12. 10. 31. 6. Skull and antlers. Kheri district.
Same history.
14, 3. 31. 2. Skull and antlers. Dehra Dun; collected
by E. H. W. Dunlop, Esq., about 1860. Length of antlers
34^, basal girth 6, tip-to-tip interval 33^ inches.
Presented hy Major A. Wallace- Dunlop, 1914.
^ X. CEEYUS (EUCEEVUS) SCHOMBUEGKI.
Cervus (Rucervus) schomburgki, Bhjtli, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 155,
1867, p. 835 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, eel. 6, p. 75, 1910,
ed. 7, p. 57, 1914.
Cervus schomburgki, Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 349, 1871 ;
Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 304, 1878, p. 905 ; Floivcr and
LydeMer, Study of Mammals, p. 320, 1891 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat.
Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 180, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs,
p. 307, 1873, Deer of All Lands, p. 193, 1898, Great and Small
Game of India, etc. p. 230, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc.
p. 248, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 15, 1896 ;
Benthain, Asiat. Horns and Antlers I)id. Mus. p. 88, 1908.
IV. II
98
CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Rucervus cainbojensis, Gray, Cat. EaminanU Brit. Mus. p. 76, 1872,
Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mas. p. 145, 1873.
Rucervus schomburgkii, Fitzinger, Sitzber. I: Ak. Wins. Wie7i,
vol. Lxxix, pt. 1, p. 64, 1879.
Typical locality Siain.
Height at shoulder aljout 3 feet 5 inches ; coat in ^vmlel•
rather long aiul coarse; general colour uniform l)ro\vii,
Fig. 19. — Skull and Antlers ok Schombubgk's Dker
(Ccrviis [Biicervus] schoviburgki) .
From a photograph lent by IMessrs. Rowland Ward, Ltd.
darkest on nose and the upper surface of tail, and lightest
on cheeks and flanks ; under-parts, under surface of tail, and
lower lip whitish ; a tinge of rufous on upper lip, back of
head, and limbs ; hair on front of lower part of fore-legs
elongated into a fringe ; metatarsal gland not described ;
antlers (tig. 19) large, complex, smooth, and polished ; the
CEIJVID.E 99
lirow-liuo very long, I'retjueuLly forked, and arising nearly
at a right angle to beam, the latter very short and more or
less laterally compressed, then forking dichotomously, with
each of the main branches about equally developed, and
again forking in a similar manner, to terminate in long
cylindrical tines ; in immature antlers hind branch of main
fork less developed than front one.
Good antlers measure from 27 to 33 inches in lenuth
along the front curve, with a basal girth of from 4^ to 6,
and a tip-to-tip interval of from 9^ to 28|^ inches.
The range, according to W. L. Sclater and Bentham,
includes Yun-nan.
Ccrvuhis camhojcnsis, described from a frontlet and antlers,
with part of the head-skin, from Cambodia, Avas identified
]>y its descril)er (Gray) with this species, in his 1872
Gataloijiic ; it really belongs to Ccrvus unicolor cquiuus, under
which heading it is entered above (N"o. 61. 4. 12. 18).
(j5. 11. 2. 3. Frontlet and antlers. Siam ; collected by
Sir Iv. Schomburgk. Purchased (S/crcn.s), 1865.
65. 11. 2. 4. Pair of antlers. Siam; same collector.
Same liutory.
67. 8. 20. 1. Pair of antlers. Siam; collected by E.
Blyth, Esq. Purchased, 1867.
67.8.20.2. Pair of antlers. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
67. 8. 20. 3. Pair of antlers. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
91. 12. 2. 1-2. Two pairs of antlers. Siam; presented
to the Science and Art Department by the Siamese Embassy.
Co-types; figured Proc. Zool. Soc, 1863.
Transferred from the Science and Art Department, 1891.
8. 3. 17. 5. Skull and antlers (fig. 19). Siam. The
"record" specimen. Length of antlers on outside curve 33,
basal girth 5f, tip-to-tip interval 17 j inches.
Presented hy J. Bowland Ward, Esq., 1908.
U<> CATALOCxUE, OF UNGULATES
Xr. CEIiVUS (RUCEEVUS) ELDI.
(?) Cervus smithi. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 45.
Cervus eldii,* Giltltrie, Calcutta Jonrn. Nat. Hist. vol. ii, p. 417,
1842; Bcavan, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 759; Blyth, ibid. 1867,
p. 837 ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 848, 1871 ; Brooke,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 906 ; Flotver and Lydehker, Study of
Mammals, p. 320, 1891; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamvi. Ind. Mtis.
\)t. ii, p. 180, 1891 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 541,
1891; Lydekkcr, Horns' and Hoofs, p. 308, 1893, Deer of All
Lands, p. 195, pi. xv, 1898, Great and Small Game of hulia, etc.
p. '234, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 252, 1907; Evans,
Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. ix, p. 326, 1895 ; Ward,
Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 16, 1896; Bentham, Asiat. Horns
and Antlers Ind. Mas. p. 90, 1908.
Panolia acuticornis. Gray, List Mam,)n. Brit. Mus. p. 180, 1843 ;
Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 72, 1846.
Cervus lyratus, Scliinz, Synoji. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 395, 1845.
Dama acuticornis, Eeichenbach, SdugetJiiere, vol. iii, p. 16, 1845.
Panolia eldi,t Gray, Cat. Hodgson Collect. Brit. Mus. p. 34, 1846,
List Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 66, 1847, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 229,
Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 202, 1852, Cat. liiiminants Brit.
Mus. p. 75, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 144, 1873 ;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 259, 1862; Blyth,
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxx, p. 193, 1862, vol. xxxi,
p, 334, 1863, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 149, 1863,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 835, Mamm. and Birds Burma, p. 45,
1875 ; Beavan, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxxvi, pt. 2,
p. 175, 1868 ; Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 652 ; Sterndale,
Mamm. India, p. 511, 1884; Percy, Big Game Shooting {Bad-
minton Lihr.), vol. ii, p. 268, 1894.
Panolia frontalis, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii,
pt. 1, p. 352, 1873, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 592, 1874.
Rucervus eldi, Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 17 ; Percy, Big Game
Shooting {Badminton Libr.), vol. ii, p. 268, 1894.
Cervus (Rucervus) eldi. Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 77,
1910, ed. 7, p. 58, 1914; Lydekker, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit.
Mus. p. 36, 1913.
Cervus (Panolia) eldi, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 944.
Hthamin, Thamin, or Thameng (Burmese) ; Sangnai (Manipuri)
Eld's Deer or Brow-antlered Deer.
Type of Panolia.
Typical locality Pegu, Lower Burma,
Height at shoulder about 3 feet 9 inches; coat coarse
shaggy in winter, and long and thickened about the neck in
the males ; antlers (fig. 20) rounded and rugose, with a long
* IModified by later writers to eldi.
t Misprinted eedi in Gray's earlier lists.
CERVID.¥.
101
curved l)row-tine, forming a continuation of the curve of
the beam, which is set at right angles to the pedicle ; the
beam unbranched for a considerable distance, curving back-
wards, then outwards and finally forwards, after which it is
dichotomously forked ; the outer branch of the terminal fork
more complex than the inner one, the number of terminal
points varying from two or three to at least eight or ten ;
one or more prominent snags usually developed at the
junction of the brow-tine witli tlie beam ; the curve of the
two antlers usually more or less asymmetrical ; colour in
Fig. 20. — Head of Tha:min [Ccrnis [Rticervtis'] eldi).
winter typically dark l)rown above, and white below, some-
times with a white mark above the eye ; in winter fawn-
coloured above and pale brown beneath ; females paler rufous
fawn ; new-born young generally spotted on the rump with
white ; in a more rufous phase spots persist till a late period ;
metatarsal gland represented by a tuft of hairs paler than
those of the rest of the leg, and a patch of underlying
glandular skin.
Fine antlers measure from 34 to 42 inches along the
outer curve, with a Ijasal girth of from 4 to G|, and a tip-to-
tip interval of from 21^^ to olh inches.
102 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
The range includes low alluvial tracts, from the valley
of Manipur in the north, southwards through Burma and
the Malay Peninsula, and eastwards to southern Siam,
Cambodia, the island of Hainan, and Formosa.
The tlu-ee following races have been named : —
A. Antlers with the main termination not markedly
flattened, few snags on hind edge, and the
brow-tine long.
a. Under surface of hind-pasterns hairy C. e. eldi,
b. Under surface of hind-pasterns horny C. e. frontalis.]
B. Antlers with the main termination markedly flat-
tened, numerous snags en sharp hind edge,
and the brow-tine short C. e. siammsis.
•^ A.— Cervus eldi eldi.
Cervus eldi typicus, LydeJihcr, Deer of All Lands, p. 200, 1898, Game
Animals of India, etc. p. 253, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big
Game, ed. 6, p. 77, 1910, ed. 7, p. 58, 1914.
Typical locality Pegu, Lower Burma, whence the range
apparently extends southwards into the Malay Peninsula.
General characters those of the species.
Antlers from the Malay Peninsula and Mergui are stated
l»y Blyth to be smaller than those from Manipur and Burma,
frequently with two or three additional snags on the brow-
tine, which may indicate the existence of a distinct race in
tlie southern districts.
According to a writer in The Indian Field* the Burmese
recognise three distinct types of thamin stags, severally
termed wet-thamin ( = pig-thamin), chywe-thamin ( = buffalo-
thamin), and nwa-thamin ( = cow-thamin). In the first the
colour is dark drab above, with a narrow dark spinal stripe,
and an abundant throat-ruff; the second is a taller and more
slender stag, without a throat-ruft'; while the third is still
more slight and graceful in build, ligliter in colour and
spotted, with a softer coat, and smaller antlers. These
differences nre probably due mainly to age.
4"). 1. 8. 12G. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown.
Presented hy B. II. Hodgson, Esq., 184;").
4r). 1. 8. 127. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown.
Same hisfort/.
* Vol. xvii, p. 60, 1910.
CERVID.E 103
695, a. Frontlet ami antlers. Locality unknown.
No hitfori/.
G95,/, Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown.
JVo liistory.
695, g. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown.
Purchased ( Warwiclc).
695, v\ Frontlet and antlers (in Geological Department).
Locality unknown. No history.
46. 4. 29. 10. . Skull and antlers. Burma (?).
Purchased, 1846.
46. 4. 29. 11. Skull and antlers. Burma (?).
Same history.
66. 4. 25. 4. Skeleton, wanting skull. Probably Burma.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1866.
68. 12. 29. 9. Skin. Probably Burma.
Purchased (Zoologiccd Society), 1868.
79. 11. 21. 36, a. Frontlet and antlers. Locality
unknown. Transferred from India Museum, 1879.
87. 2. 9. 5. Skull and antlers. Locality unknown ;
collected by A. Grote, Esq. Presented hy Mrs. Stirling, 1887.
87. 2. 9. 6. Frontlet and antlers. Locality unknown ;
same collector. Same history.
91. 8. 7. 12. Skull and antlers. Thatone, Tenasserim ;
collected liy W. Davison, Esq.
Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Escp, C.B., 1891.
91. 8. 7. 15. Skull and antlers. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
94. 12. 19. 1-5. Five skulls, with antlers. Monywa
district, lower Chindwin Valley, Upper Burma.
Presented hy C. F. Gilbert, Fsrj., 1894.
96. 6. 29. 2. Head, mounted. Burma.
Purchased {Ward), 1896.
0. 7. 23. 1. Skin, mounted. Burma.
Presented hy Major H. G. Ecam, 1900.
12. 10. 31. 8. Skull and antlers. Tliatone; collected
by W. Davison, Esq.
Bequeathed l>y A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912.
104 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
B.— Cervus eldi frontalis.
Cervus (Rusa) frontalis, McClelland, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist.
vol. iii, p. 539, pis. xiii and xiv, 1843 ; Bhjth, Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, vol. xxviii, p. 296, 1859.
Cervus (Hippelaphus) frontalis, Swndevall, K. SvensJm Vct.-Al-.
Handl. 1844, p. 320, 1846.
Cervus eldi cornipes, Lydekker, Nature, vol. Ixiv, p. 257, 1901, Game
Animals of India, etc. p. 254, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game,
ed. 6, p. 77, 1910, ed. 7, p. 58, 1914.
Typical locality the Manipur Valley, which is practically
one continuous swamp.
Antlers apparently indistinguishable from those of typical
race ; hind-pasterns longer, with the whole under surface
horny (instead of hairy), and applied to the ground in
walking.
79.11.21.36. Frontlet and antlers. Manipur ; collected
by Dr. J. McClelland. Co-type.
Trant^f erred from India Museum, 1879.
91. 8. 7. 18-14. Two skulls, with antlers. Manipur.
Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891.
1. 7. 18. 1. Hind-foot, mounted. Manipur. Type of
C. cornipes. Presented hy Major C. S. Cumherland, 1901.
12. 10. 31. 7. Skull and antlers. Manipur; collected
by Mr. Hume. In this specimen, which stands No. 16 in
Ward's 1910 list, the measurements of the antlers are as
follows: length on outside curve 38^, girth 61, tip-to-tip 24,
widest inside span 30| inches.
Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912.
C— Cervus eldi siamensis, nom. n.
Panolia platyceros, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 181, 1843, Cat.
Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 203, 1852 ; Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867,
p. 843, as a variety of P. eldi; nee Cervus platyceros, Cuvirr,
1798.
Panolia platycercus. Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 75, 1872,
Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 144, 1873, errorim.
Cervus eldi platyceros, Lydekher, Deer of All Lands, p. 200, 1898,
Game Animals of Lidia, etc. p. 253, 1907 ; Ward, Records of
Big Game, ed. 6, p. 77, 1910, ed. 7, p. 58, 1914 ; Gairdner, Journ.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Siani, vol. i, p. 113, 1914.
Panolia eldi platyceros, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxii,
p. 468, 1906,
CERVID.E 105
Typical locality (southern) Siam, the range including
Cambodia, apparently Hainan, and perhaps Formosa.
Antlers with the main termination much flattened, a
number of small snags on the sharp hind edge, and the brow-
tine relatively short ; general colour reddish at all seasons,
with spots along middle of back, and in some cases also on sides.
Although there is some doubt as to the place of origin
of the type of Panolia ylatyceros (No. 695, h), it presents all
the characteristics of Siamese antlers.
695, li. Single antler. Siam (?). Type ; figured by
Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1867, p. 841,' figs. 22 and 23. In
Gray's Catalogue of Ungidata the locality was given as
India, but in the Museum copy it is altered, in Gray's own
handwriting, to Siam ; and in the Catalogue of Ruminants
Siam appears as the place of origin. Purchased ( Warwick).
65. 11. 2. 1. Skull and antlers. Siam. Figured by
Blyth, op. cit. figs. 20 and 21.
Presented hy Sir R. Schomburgh, 1865.
65.11.2.2. Frontlet and antlers. Siam. Same history .
8. 11. 1. 18. Skull and antlers. Nha Trang, Annam ;
collected by Dr. J. Vassal. Purchased, 1908.
The reference of the following specimens — more especially
those from Formosa — to the present race is provisional.
70. 2. 10. 27. Skin, young. Hainan ; collected by
E. Swinhoe, Esq. Purchased, 1870,
70. 2, 10. 28. Skin, young. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
70. 2. 10. 29. Skin. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
70. 2. 10. 32. Skin. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
70. 2. 10. 71-75. Five frontlets, with antlers. Formosa ;
same collector. Same history.
70.2.10.76. Single antler. Same locality and collector.
Sam e history.
t
5. Subgenus SIKA.
^iksi, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 115 ; Gill, Arrangement Fam.
Mamm. p. 80, 1872; Heude Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois,
vol. ii, p. 17, 1888. ,
106 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Pseudaxis, Gray, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 70, 1872 ; Brooke,
Proc. Zool. Sac. 1878, p. 907 ; Lydekl-er, Deer of All Lands,
p. 110, 1898 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 943.
Elaphoceros, Fitzinger, Sitzher. k. Ak. Wiss. Wicn, vol. Ixviii, pt. i,
p. 602, 1873, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 596, 1874.
Sikaillus, Hetide, Mem. Hist. Nat. EmjJ. Chiiwis, vol. iv, p. 98, 1898.
Sikailus, Heude, op. cit. p. 110, 1898, errorim.
Sica, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. p. 878, 1898.
Medium-sized or rather small deer, nearly related to tlie
next (typical) subgenus, but with the antlers smaller and
simpler than is usually the case in that group, more or less
flattened, and generally 4-tined (occasionally 5-tined), with
a third, but no bez-tine ; face-glands shallower ; coat of
adult spotted with yellow or white, at least in summer, and
a pure white area bordered with black in the region of the
tail, which is also white and black, and considerably longer
than in the typical subgenus ; young more or less distinctly
white-spotted; metatarsal tuft generally whitish; throat
maned ; head shorter than in preceding group ; ears
moderate ; bared portion of muzzle larger than in preceding
group, extending well on to the upper surface of the face,
and being very wide between nostrils and upper lip ; hind-
pasterns as in typical subgenus ; rudimentary upper canines
present; upper molars of the general type of tliose of the
typical group. In the growing antlers the " velvet " is deep
red, passing into black at the tips of the tines, and matching
the summer coat ; tlie white hairs in the neiglibourhood of
tlie tail are erectile.
At the present day the group is confined to the south-
eastern portion of the Eastern Holarctic and some adjacent
parts of the Oriental Eegion, but it was apparently
represented in Europe during the Pliocene section of the
Tertiary period.
The tln-ee species are recognisable as follows : —
A. Size smaller.
a. Spots disappearing in winter ; metatarsal
tuft white Ccrviis nipx>on.
h. Spots persistent in winter ; metatarsal ^
tuft apparently not white Ccrvns tnonanns.
B. Size larger, metatarsal gland, except in centre,
coloured like rest of shank Crrviis iKnfiiloynm,
CERVID.^i 107
XII. CEEVUS (SIKA) NIPPON.
Cervus nippon, Tcmminc'k, Fauna Japonica, Introduction, p. xxii,
1837, teste Stejncger, Science, vol. xxii, p. 402, 1905.
Cervus sika, Temminck, Fauna Japonica, p. 54, pi. xvii, 1845 ; Gray,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 228; Blytli, Joiirn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
vol. xxix, p. 92, 1860; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 377,
Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 346, 1871 ; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1877, p. 16; Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 908; Powerscourt, ibid. 1884,
p. 208; Heude, Bull. Soc. Pliilom. ser. 7, vol. vi, p. 183, 1882;
W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 39, 1891 ; Flotver
and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 321, 1891; Ward, Records
of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 21, 1896; Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897,
p. 204 ; Thomas, ibid. 1908, p. 54 ; Bentham, Asiat. Horns and
Antlers Ind. Mus. p.' 68, 1908 ; Aoki, Annot. Zool. Japon.
vol. viii, p. 341, 1913.
Cervus (Hippelaplius) japonicus, Sundevall, K. Svenska Vct.-Ak.
Handl. 1844, p. 177, 1846.
Cervus syka, Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vi, p. 398, 1852.
Rusa japonica. Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. vi, p. 218,
1860, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 236; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1860, p. 365, 1862, p. 150 (javonica).
Cervus (Sika) sika, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 115.
Pseudaxis sika. Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 72, 1872, Hand-
List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 142, J873; Cabrera, Cat. Met.
Mam. Mus. Madrid, p. 130, 1912.
Elaphoceros sika, Fitzinger, Sitzher. k. Ak. Wiss. Wicn, vol. Ixviii,
pt. 1, p. 352, 1873, vol. Ixix, pt. i, p. 602, 1874.
Cervus euopis, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 151 ; Brooke, ibid.
1878, p. 908.
Axis sika, Riltimeyer, Abh. schwciz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 93, 1878.
Cervus frinianus, p. 185, gracilis, p. 185, lacrymosus, p. 186, ignotus,
p. 186, andreanus, p. 186, joretianus, p. 187, devilleanus, p. 187,
cyclorhinus, p. 188, liyemalis, p. 188, Heude, Bull. Soc. Philom.
ser. 7, vol. vi, p. 183, 1882.
Cervus sica, Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 284, 1893, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1897, p. 39, Deer of All Lands, p. Ill, 1898, Great and
Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 229, 1901.
Sika porcorelianus, p. 149, brachyrhinus, p. 151, andreanus, p. 152,
grilloanus, p. 154, dugenneanus, p. 156, joretianus, p. 157, oxycepli-
alus, p. 158, frinianus, p. 159, cycloceros, p. 160, surdescens,
p. 161, lacrymans, p. 162, arietinus, p. 162, yuanus, p. 162, Heude,
Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii, 1894; scudaensis, p. 98,
blakistonius, p. 98, dolichorhinus, p. 100, aplodonticus, p. 100,
schizodonticus, p. 100, orthopodicus, p. 100, niitratus, p. 102,
ellipticus, p. 103, elegans, p. 103, minoensis, p. 104, rutilus,
p. 195, yesoensis, p. 105, Heude, op. cit. vol. iii, 1896.
Sikaillus sika, infelix, daimius, rex, paschalis, regulus, aceros, sicarius,
dejardinius, consobrinus, marmandianus, latidens, brachypus,
Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. iv, pp. 98-111,
pis. xiv-xix and xxii, 1898.
Cervus (Pseudaxis) sica. Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 149,
1910.
108 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Cervus (Pseudaxis) sika, Pococl-, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 942.
Cervus (Sika) nippon, Lydell-er, Wa)-(Vs Record? of Big Game, ed. 7,
p. viii, 1914.
Shika or Sika : Japanese Deer.
Typical locality Japan.
The type species ; also type of Sikcdllas, the other I'oriiis
of which are from the Goto Islands, Japan.
Size typically small, shoulder-height about 33 inches,
but larger in the race inhabiting the Chinese mainland ;
general colour bright rufous chestnut, spotted on the body
with white in summer; uniformly coloured, or nearly so, in
winter, when it is dark umber-brown, with the hairs
annulated ; a light chestnut patch on tlie slioulder ; sides of
upper and whole of loNver lip white; tail mainly white,
frequently with a narrow black line on the upper surface
and sometimes a dark terminal tuft ; metatarsal tuft large
and white ; insides and part of base of outer surface of ears
covered with white liairs.
The range includes Japan, Northern China, and Man-
churia. Whether all the forms named by Heude under the
headings of Cervus and Sikaillus are identical with the
present species is doubtful; the so-called C. dcvillir(nivs, for
instance, may be Formosan.
A. Size smaller C n. nipi^on.
B. Size larger C. n. mantchuricus.
A, -Cervus nippon nippon.
Cervus sica typicus, LydeMer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 39, Deer of
All Lands, p. 112, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc.
p. 231, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 50, 1910.
Cervus nippon typicus. LydeJcker, Ward's Records of Big Game,
ed. 7, p. viii, 1914.
Typical locality Japan.
Size small, the height at the shoulder ranging from about
32 inches to 34 inches ; white area of caudal region large,
extending on to the sides of the buttocks, and completely
bordered with black above and at the sides. Fine antlers
measure from 21 to 26i inches along the curve, with a basal
girth of from 3i- to 5, and a tip-to-tip interval of from 12 to
20:[ inches.
CERVID^ 109
The range, on the assumption that C. cuopis is absolutely
identical with the Japanese form, includes a part of China.
60. 12. 12, 1. Shed antlers. Japan.
Purchased (Zoologieul Society), 1860.
63. 5. 28. 1 . Shed antlers. Japan.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1860.
64. 12. :J0. o. Skin, formerly mounted. Kanegawa,
Japan ; from a stag presented to the Zoological Society by
J. Wilks, Esq. Type of Rusa japonica.
Purchased {Zoologiecd Society), 1864.
83. 4. 14. 2. Skin, formerly mounted, and skeleton.
Newchwang, Northern China. Type of C. euopis.
J^urchased (Zoological Society), 1883.
85. 2. 23. 1. Skull and antlers. Northern Japan ;
collected by H. Pryer, Esq. Purchased, 1885.
85. 2. 23. 2. Skull and antlers, immature. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
92. 12. 2. 3-4. Two frontlets, with antlers. Kobe,
Japan. Presented by Dr. P. Rendcdl, 1892.
93. 4. 17. 1-4. Eour frontlets, with antlers. From stags
bred at Powerscourt, County Wicklow, Ireland.
Presented hy Viscount Powerscourt, 1893.
95. 5. 25. 1. Skull and antlers of hybrid between
C. nippon and C. claphus. Bred at Powerscourt.
Same donor, 1895.
95. 5. 25. 2. Antlers of a similar hybrid. Same locality.
Same history.
98. 3. 10. 1. Skin, mounted. From a stag bred in
England. Presented hy the Hon. R. Ward, 1898.
5. 5. 30. 29. Skull and skin, female. Nara Ken, Hondo,
Japan ; collected by M. P. Anderson, Esq.
Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1905.
5. 11. 3. 44. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Yakushima
Island, Soutliern Japan; collected by Alan Osvston, Esq.
Same history.
5. 11. 3. 45-46. Two skulls and skins, female. Same
locality. Same history.
5. 11. 3. 47. Skin, young. Same locality. Same history.
5. 11. 3. 48. Skull and skin, young. Same locality.
Same history.
110 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
The following specimen may represent a distinct local
race : —
7. 2. 13. 1. Skin, mounted. Liu-Kiu Islands.
Presented hij the Dalcc of Bedford, K.G., 1907.
B.— Cepvus nippon mantchuricus.
Ccrvus mantchuricus, Swinhoc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 169, 1865,
p. 1 ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 344, pis. xxxi and
xxxii, 1871 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 908 ; MocUemlorff,
Zool. Jalirh. vol. ii, p. 588, 1887 ; Lydekkcr, Horiif! and Hoofs,
p. 287, 1898 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 21, 1896.
I'scudaxis niautchurica, Gray, Cat. Riwiinanfs Brit. Mus. p. 72, 1872,
Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 141, 1873.
Elaphoceros mantchuricus, Fitzingcr, Sitzher. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien,
vol. lix, pt. 1, p. 93, 1874.
Axis mantschuricus, Riitimeycr, Ahh. schwciz. inil. Ges. vol. viii,
p. 93, 1881.
Cervus sica manchuricus, Lydekkcr, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 39,
Deer of All Lands, p. 112, pi. vii, 1898, Great and Small Game
of Europe, etc. p. 232, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 50, 1910.
Cervus nippon manchuricus, Lydekkcr, Ward's Records of Big Game,
ed. 7, p. viii, 1914.
Typical locality Manchuria ; the type was obtained at
Ying-tzu-kou (Nuchwang), the treaty-port.
Larger than the last, the height at the shoulder reaching
39 inches ; the white area in the region of the tail much
smaller, so as scarcely to be apparent in a side-view, but
completely bordered with black ; and spots and a tinge of
red frequently retained on the hind-quarters of females in
winter. No antlers exceeding in size the largest of the
typical race have been recorded.
99. 6. 1. 1. Skin, immature, in summer coat, mounted.
Northern China.
Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1899.
^ XIII. CERVUS (SIKA) TAIOUANUS.
Cervus taiouanus, Blytli, Journ. Asiaf. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxix, p. 90,
1860; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 376; Aoki, Annot. Zool.
damn. vol. viii, p. 342, 1913.
Cervus taiivanus, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 152, Trans. Zool.
Soc. vol. vii. p. 345, 1871 ; Swinhoc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 362 ;
Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 909 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Lid.
CEUVID.E 111
Mils. pfc. ii, p. 45, 1891 ; LijdeJckcr, Horns and Hoofs, p. 288,
1893, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 45, Deer of All Lands, p. 116,
pi. viii, 1898 ; Ward, liecords of Big Game, cd. 2, p. 22, 1896 ;
Bentham, Asiat. Horns and Antlers Ind. Mas. p. 70, 1908.
Pseuda^is taivanus. Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 70, 1872,
Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 141, 1873.
Elaphoceros taevanus, Fitzinger, Sitzher. Ti. Ak. Wiss. Wien,
vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 599, 1874.
Axis taivanus, Riltiineyer, Ahli. schiveiz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 93, 1881.
Cervus taiorauus, Heude, Bull. Soc. Philom. ser. 7, vol. vi, p. 184,
erroriin.
Cervus (Pseudaxis) taiivanus. Ward, Records of Big Game, cd. 6,
p. 51, 1910.
Cervus (Sika) taevanus, Lydekker, Ward's Records of Big Game,
cd. 7, p. viii, 1914.
KWAKOKU : FORMOSAN SiKA.
Typical, and only, locality Formosa.
Typo of Pseudaxis and Elaphoceros.
Type in Indian Muscnm, Calcutta.
Nearly allied to the typical specie.s, but distinctly
spotted in winter; size medium, slioulder-lieiglit about
35 inches ; face shorter, muzzle more pointed, limbs shorter,
and body longer than in Japanese sika ; general colour in
summer light chestnut, with large white spots, and a deep
red tinge on the hind part of the neck ; in winter the spots
less numerous ; the black border to the white caudal area
forming a more distinct bar superiorly, and the median black
line on the tail broader than in the type species, and the
dark line down the back more strongly marked. The
metatarsal gland does not appear to be white.
The largest recorded pair of antlers measure 19^ inches
along the curve, with a basal girth of 3|, and a tip-to-tip
interval of 13 inches.
The retention of spots in the winter coat in this southern
species is noteworthy.
63. 5. 28. 2. Pair of shed antlers. Formosa.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1863.
65.1.30.1. Shed antlers, menagerie specimen. Formosa.
Presented hj Dr. P. L. Seleitcr, 1865.
65. 12. 8. 22. Skin, mounted, and skeleton. Formosa.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1865.
68. 3. 21, 3. Skin, young, mounted. Probably bred in
Loudon, Purchased {Zoological Society), 1865.
112 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
68. o. 21. 4. Skin, female, mounted. Formosa.
Same history.
68. 12. 29. 14. Skin, mounted. Formosa. Same hisfori/.
XIV. CERVUS (SIKA) HORTULORUM.
Cervus pseudaxis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 236, pi. xxvii, ncc
Eydoux and Soideyet, 1841-52.
Cervus h.ox\i\\\ox\nn, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 169; LydeJcker,
ibid. 1897, p. 42, Deer of All Lands, p. 117, pi. ix, 1898, Great
and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 234, 1901.
(?) Cervus mandarinus, Milne-Edwards, Eech. Mavivi. p. 174, 1871 ;
Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 968; Lydekker, ibid. 1897,
p. 44, Deer of All Lands, p. 121, 1898.
Cervus dybowskii. Taczanotvski, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 123, Brooke,
ibid. 1878, p. 909 ; Noack, Humboldt, vol. viii, p. 4, fig. 1, 1889 ;
Kohler, Zool. Garten, vol. xliii, p. 28, 1892 ; Lydekker, Horns
and Hoofs, p. 287, 1893, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 40.
(?) Cervus mantschuricus major, Noack, Humboldt, vol. viii, p. 5,
fig. 4, 1889.
Cervus dj^bowski, Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 22, 1896.
Cervus (Pseudaxis) hortulorum. Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 52, 1910.
Cervus (Sika) hortulorum, Lydekker, Ward's Becords of Big Game,
ed. 7, p. viii, 1914.
The type specimens were shot in the gardens of the
Summer Palace, Pekin, after its sack on October 12th, 1860 ;
the typical locality of dyloivshii is the Usuri district of
Manchuria.
Size large, the shoulder-height reaching 3 feet 7 inches ;
coat profusely spotted with white at all seasons, although
somewhat more fully in summer than in winter, when it is
very long and shaggy ; in winter general colour of body in
sub-adult males bright chestnut-brown ; neck without spots,
bluish grey at base, then a blackish collar, followed by
chestnut ; face bluish grey ; metatarsal tuft similar to the
hair of rest of shanks in summer, but the centre greyish
white ; thighs and fore-legs greyish brown ; under-parts
greyish white ; tail rather sliort, white with a black median
stripe, and often a dark band above the white on the
buttocks ; in summer the spots more numerous and the
general colour chocolate-brown. Adult bucks (of the
so-called dyhowshii) in winter-coat are described by Noack
as follows : — General colour vellowish umber-brown, tending
CEKVIDiE 113
more to yellow iu front and to umber behind, and becoming
darker on the back ; head as far as the nose yellowish
brown, forehead and neck reddish brown, nose greyish red,
upper lip yellowish red, a moderately large dark spot on the
greyish white lower lip ; ears thickly haired, dirty grey
Fig. 21. — Head of Dybowski's Deek (Cervtis [Sika] hortulornm).
From a photograph by the Duchess of Bedford.
internally, rusty red externally; mane on head and neck
long, shaggy, and whitish grey in colour ; chest nearly
black ; under-parts whitish grey ; the white caudal patch
bordered in front with black ; tail white with a black tip ;
front-shanks yellowish red, hind-shanks umber-brown, each
with a dark streak in front ; metatarsal tuft not light-
coloured. Fine antlers (fig. 21) measure from 27 to 34| inches
IV. I
114 CATAL0C4UE OF UNGULATES
along the curve, with a basal girth of from 4| to 5|, and
a tip-to-tip interval of from 18^ to 34^ inches. The type
specimen of the so-called C. mcmdarinus, from N. China,
preserv^ed in the Museum At Paris, was described as very-
large, with the coat spotted at all seasons, and very long
and shaggy in winter ; colour darker than in the typical
hortiilorum, and spots less abundant in the winter, when the
neck and limbs are similar in tint to the ground-colour of
the body ; under-parts dark ; metatarsal tuft apparently
similar in colour to the rest of the leg ; tail comparatively
long, mainly reddish, with little white. These alleged
points of difference need not apparently be of more than
seasonal or individual value ; the type specimen having
perhaps been killed before the winter coat was fully
developed.
The two races appear to be distinguished as follows : —
A. Dark dorsal stripe not fully developed ; spots
more distinct on neck C. h. Jiorfuloritm .
B. Dark dorsal stripe fully developed ; spots less
distinct on neck C. It. kopschi.
, A.— Cervus hortulorum hortulorum,
Cervus hortulorum typicus, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 52, 1910, ed. 7,' p. 52, 1914.
The true home of tin's race is the Usuri district of
Manchuria.
General characters those of the species, witli the dark
dorsal stripe imperfectly developed, and the spotting on the
neck very distinct.
61. 6. 2. 1. Skin, mounted, immature. From an animal
killed in the gardens of the Summer Palace, Pekin, October,
1860 ; collected by Pi. Swinhoe, Esq. Type ; figured by
Gray as C. j)seudaxis.
Presented hi/ the Zoologlccd Socicf/j, 1861.
61. 6. 2. 2. Skin, mounted, and skull, immature female.
Obtained at the same time and place as the preceding
specimen. Same history.
61. 6. 2. 3. Skull, with antlers, and skin, immature.
From the Summer Palace. Same hisfori/.
CEKVID^ 115
78. 5. 2:2. 1. Skiu, mounted. South Usuri district,
Manchuria ; collectetl by ]\Ionsieur Taczanowski. Co-type
of Cervus di/bowskii. Furchased, 1878.
83, 8. 1. 1-2. Two skulls, female, one immature. Obser-
vatory Island, Korea.
Presented hy Cciijt. A. Carpenter, B.N., 1883.
97. 12. 12, 1. Skin, female, in summer coat, mounted.
Manchuria. Presented hy the Biike of Bedford, K.G., 1897.
99. 8. 36. 4. Frontlet and antlers. Sutschan Valley,
280 miles east of Vladivostock, north of Manchuria.
Same donor, 1899.
2. 10. 2. 2. Skin, in summer coat, mounted. Same
locality. Same donor, 1902,
B.— Cervus hortulorum kopschi.
Cervus kopschi, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p, 574; Brooke,
ibid. 1878, p. 909; Heude, Bull Soc. Philom. ser. 7, vol, vi,
p, 184, 1882,
Cervus hortulorum kopschi, LydeJcker, Gre-it and Small Game of
Eiiro2)e, etc. p, 239, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 52, 1914, ed. 7, p. 52, 1914.
Typical locality Kien-chang, Kiang-si, south-western
China.
Dorsal stripe more fully developed, and spots less distinct
on upper part of neck, and not extending so far over
shoulder and thighs as in typical race.
73. 6. 27. 1. Skin, immature, in winter coat, mounted,
and skull. Kien-chang, Kiaug-si, near the border of Fo-kien,
south-western China ; collected by E. Swinhoe, Esq. Type.
Purchased, 1873.
1. 3. 2, 18. Skin, with antlers, and leg-bones. Yang-tsi
Valley. Noticed by present writer, op. cit., 1901.
Presented hy F. W. Sty an, Esq., 1901.
1, 3. 2. 19. Skin, female, in winter coat. Chin-teh,
An-hwei, Yang-tsi Valley. Same history.
1. 3. 2. 20. Body-skin, in summer coat. Same locality.
Same history.
10. 5. 26, 1. Skin, female, Tai-Kung-Shan, An-hwei,
Presented hy Commander the Hon. P. 0. V. Bridgeman, 1910.
I 2
116 catalogue of ungulates
Incert^ Sedis.
Cervus pseudaxis, Eydoux and Souleyet, Voyage de " La Bonite,"
Zoology, voL i, p. 64, 1841-52 ; Broolr, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878,
p. 909; Lydehher,ihid. 1897, p. 38, Deer of All Lands, p. 1, 1898.
Axis pseudaxis. Gray, Cat, Ungulata Brit. Mus. p, 214, 1852 ;
Fitzinger, Sitzher. I: Ak. Wiss. Wien,\o\. lxix,pt. 1, p. 274, 1874.
Sikelaphus pseudaxis, Hetcde, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emjo. Chinois, voL ii,
p. 146, 1894.
" The animal which has been figured under the name of
Cervus pseudaxis," wrote Gray in 1852, " was obtained by
MM. Eydoux and Souleyet in Java, but they did not believe
that it was a native of that country. It lived several years
in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris, and hence a series of its
horns was procured and figured ; and while there it bred
with the common axis, and the mule produce was fertile.
Some naturalists have given the Sooloo [SuluJ Islands, near
the Philippines, as the habitat of this specimen, but I do not
know on wdiat authority." Brooke observed that he
hesitated to identify it with " any species of the subgenus.
The type specimen is still preserved in the Museum
d'Histoire Naturelle at Paris ; but though I have often
carefully examined it, the absence of the skull, and the great
uncertainty of the locality where it was procured, render it
impossible to form a decided opinion." Sclater suggested
that it is really the same as C. taiouaoitis, in which case that
name would have to be superseded, pseudaxis being the
earliest of all.
6. Subgenus CERVUS.
Elaphus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 307, 1827.
Harana, Hodgson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. i, p. 154, 1838.
Pscudocervus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, p. 904,
1841.
Strongyloceros, Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds, p. 472, 1846.
Eucervus, Aclogue, Faune France, Mamm. p. 71, 1899; nee Gray.
Antlers usually with at least five tines inclusive of a bez
(second), which may, however, be absent, and the lirow-tine
forming an obtuse angle with the beam ; bare portion of
muzzle (muffle) extending but slightly below nostrils ; hind-
pasterns as in Busa ; metatarsal gland hairy ; tail short ;
CERVID.E 117
general colour uniform, typically with a large light rump-
patch ; young spotted.
The distributional area includes Europe, North Africa,
Asia north of the outer range of the Himalaya, and'North
America.
The following is a " key " to the species : —
A. Muzzle dark ; hair of withers not reversed.
a. Light area of buttocks yellow, at least in
region of tail.
a' . Antlers with more than 5 tines, of which
the terminal ones are arranged irregularly
and often cupped ; tail longer ; under-parts
not conspicuously darker than back C, elaphus.
h'. Antlers generally with more than 5 tines,
of which the 4th is the largest, and, with
those above it, placed in a plane parallel
to axis of head; tail shorter; under- parts
conspicuously darker than back C. canadensis.
c . Antlers usually 5-tined, with the 4th tine
small and the two terminal ones forming
a fork placed transversely to long axis of
face ; tail medium C. yarTiandensis.
b. Light area of buttocks white ; tail very short.
a'. Muzzle mainly dark, lower lip and chin
fawn or brown ; ears long and pointed,
with sinuous upper margins.
a". A larger or smaller white rump-patch ;
antlers (5-tined) sharply angulated and
bent forwards at 3rd tine, in such a
manner that tips of the 5th are inclined
inwards C. ivalliclii,
b". White area restricted to hind aspect of
hams ; a brownish patch on croup in
advance of tail ; antlers wapiti-like C. macneilli.
b' . Muzzle pale fawn, lower lip and chin
white ; ears bluntly pointed, with straight
upper margins ; antlers approximating to
those of C. ivalliclii, but less bent for-
wards ; white area of buttocks much as in
C. macneilli C. cdslimiriensis.
B. Muzzle white ; hair of withers reversed C. albirostris.
XV. CEEVUS ELAPHUS.
Cervus elaphus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 66, 1758, ed. 12,
vol. i, p. 93, 1766 ; Kerr, Linn.'s Anim. Kingdom, p. 298, 1793 ;
F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. i, pis, 93 and 94, 1820;
Cuvier, Ossemeiis Fossiles, ed. 2, vol. iv, p. 24, 1823 ; H. Smith,
Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. iv, p. 90, 1827 ; Jenyns,
118 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Brit. Vest. Anim. p. 37, 1835 ; Bell, Brit. Quachnqjeds, p. 394,
1837, ed. 2, p. 348, 1874 ; Keyserling and Blasius, Wirb'elth.
Etirop. vol. iv, p. 26, 1840; Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Begne Anim.,
Mamm. p. 170, 1842; Owen, Bep. Brit. Assoc. 1843, p. 236, 1844;
Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mas. p. 177, 1843, List Osteol. Brit. Mus.
p. 64, 1847, Broc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 227, Cat. TJngulata Brit.
Mus. p. 195, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 68, 1872,
Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 139, 1873 ; Blasius, Fauna
Dcutsclil. vol. i, p. 439, 1857; Gcrrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit.
Mus. p. 257, 1862 ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 342, 1871 ;
Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. i, p. 565, 1874 ;
Danford and Alston, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 276, 1880, p. 54;
Brooke, ibid. 1878, p. 911 ; Floiver and Gar son. Cat. Osteol.
Mus. E. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 293, 1884 ; Lydekker, Cat. Foss.
Mamm. Brit. Miis. pt. ii, p. 94, 1885, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1890,
p. 363, Horns and Hoofs, p. 271, 1893, British Mammals, p. 240,
1896, Deer of All Lands, p. 64, 1898, Great and Small Game of
Europe, etc. p. 209, 1901 ; Woodivard and Sherborn, Cat. Brit.
Foss. Vert. p. 330, 1890; Nehring, Tundren und Steppen, p. 110,
1910; Floiver and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 322, 1891;
Sattinin, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. ix, p. 309, 1896 ; Bilchner,
Ann. Mus. Zool. St. Petersb. 1896, p. 387 ; Millais, Mamm. Gt.
Britain, vol. iii, p. 91, 1906 ; Nitschc, Studien iiber Hirsche,
pi. i, 1898 ; Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. iii, no. 9, p. 9, 1906 ;
Winge, Danmarks Fauna, Pattedyr, p. 171, 1908; Trouessart,
Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 228, 1910 ; Ward, Records of Big Game,
ed. 6, p. 1910, ed. 7, p. 1, 1914; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West.
Europe, p. 968, 1912 ; Joleaud, Rev. Africaine, no. 287, p. 1, 1913 ;
Lodcr, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1914, p. 488.
Cervus (Elaphns) elaphus, H. Smith, GriffUli's Animal Kingdom,
vol. V, p. 307, 1827.
Cervus (Strongyloceros) elaphus, Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamm. and
Birds, p. 472, 1846.
Eucervus elaphus, Aclogue, Faune France, p. 71, 1899.
Cervus vulgaris, Botezat, Morphol. Jahrb. vol. xxiii, p. 115, 1903.
Cervus (Cervus) elaphus, Pococh, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 941.
Bed Deer.
The typical species.
Typical locality southern Sweden ; the range includes
the greater part of Europe (but not the Italian peninsula),
and extends at least as far east as the Caucasus and the
Caspian provinces of Persia.
Size typically large, the shoulder-height reaching -l or
4J feet. Antlers rounded, and, when fully developed with
a bez-tiue and a total of more than five points, of which the
terminal ones may form a cup, the fourth tine not specially
large nor situated in the same fore-and-aft plane as those
above ; ear longer than half the length of head ; tail moder-
CERVID^
119
ately short and pointed, and light rump-patch of moderate
dimensions ; general colour reddish brown in summer,
greyish brown in winter, typically with the under- parts
lighter than back (which may have a l)lackish spinal stripe),
and never strongly contrasted with the upper-parts ; mane not
Fig. 22. — Palatal Aspect of Skull of Eed Deer
(Cervus elaphus). J nat. size.
From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe.
darker than rest of coat ; no conspicuous whitish markings,
except occasionally the rump-patch.
The following is a tentative " key " to the races : —
A. Size small or medium, under-parts lighter.
a. Size small, bez-tine usually wanting.
a' . Size smaller, colour darker C. e. corsicanus.
h' . Size larger, colour lighter C. e. harharus.
c'. Size smaller, colour greyer, skull narrower C. e. hispanicus.
.120 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
b. Size larger, bez-tine usually present.
b'. Size larger, colour redder, skull wider.
h". Rump-patch not markedly lighter than
flanks or black-bordered in front C. c. da/phus.
c". Rump -patch markedly lighter than
flanks, usually black-bordered in front .. C. e. liii^iyehtitluin.
c . Size smaller, rump-patch black-bordered
in front.
c". Colour paler and greyer ( '. c. atlanticus.
d". Colour darker and less grey C. c. ncoticns.
B . Size large, under-parts darker C c. maral.
J
A.— Cervus elaphus barbarus.
Cervus barbarus, Bennett, List Anlm. Gardens Zool. Soc. p. 31, 1887 ;
Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 227, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mas.
p. 197, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mas. p. 68, 1872, Hand-List
Ruminants Brit. Mas. p. 140, 1873; Gervais, Hist. Nat. Mamm.
vol. ii, p. 261, 1855 ; Sclatcr, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 344,
1871 ; Fitzimjer, Sit;:ber. h. Ali. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1,
p. 577, 1874; Joleaud, Rev. Africainc, no, 287, p. 5, 1913.
Cervus corsiniacus, Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 3, vol. x, p. 206,
1848. •
Cervus elaphus, Loclie, Cat. Mamm. Algerie, p, 26, 1858, Rev. Marit.
et Coloniale, 1860, p. 151, Explor. Sci. Algerie, Mamm. p. 34,
1887 ; Blanchard, Tunisic au XX"'" Siecle, Zool. p. 136, 1904.
Cervus corsicanus, Latastc, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. xxxix,
p. 286, 1885 ; nee Erxleben.
Cervus elaphus barbarus, Latastc, Exjdor. Sci. Tunisic, Mamm.
p. 34, 1887 ; Lydekkcr, Deer of All Lands, p. 65, 1898, Game
Animals of Africa, p. 385, 1908 ; Drewitt, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904,
vol. ii, p. 130 ; Trouessart, Cans. Sci. Soc. Zool. France, vol. i,
p. 405, 1905 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 31, 1910,
ed. 7, p. 31, 1914.
Typical locality North Africa ; now found in certain
parts of Algeria, Tunisia, and Senegambia, but apparently
very scarce.
Size considerably smaller than in typical race ; bez-tine
of antlers at least generally wanting ; general colour dark
brown, with a greyish brown dorsal stripe and irregular
whitish spots on flanks and in some cases on back ; rump-
patch much lighter than back, without dark anterior border,
and including tail. Maximum antler-length 38| inches.
53. 3. 7. 37. Skeleton, female. North Africa.
Purchased (Zoological Society/), 1853.
63. 5. 13. 3-5. Three shed antlers. Tunisia.
rnrcJuiscd (Zoolof/leal Society), 1863.
CERVID.E 121
99. 10. l:;. 1. Head, mounted. North Africa.
Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1899.
0. 12. 13. 1. Skiiij mounted, in winter coat. North
Africa. Same donor, 1900.
^
B.— Cervus elaphus corsicanus.
Cervus corsicanus, Erxlehen, Syst. Bcgn. Anim. vol. i, p. 807, 1777 ;
Jolcaud, Bcv. Africaine, no. 287, p. 5, 1913.
Cervus elaphus corsicanus, Kerr, Linn.'s Anivi. Kingdom, p. 299,
1793; LydekJcer, Deer of All Lauds, p. 74, 1898; Troucssayt,
Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 229, 1910 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West.
Europe, p. 969, 1912.
Cervus mediterraneus, Blainvillc, Journ. Phys. vol. xciv, p. 262, 1822.
Cervus elaphus minor, Wagner, Sclireher's Sdugtliiere, Siippl. vol. v,
p. 354, 1855 ; Fitzlnger, Sitzher. h. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix,
pt. 1, p. 575, 1874.
Typical locality Corsica, hut also found in Sardinia.
Closely allied to the last, with which it apparently agrees
in the general absence of the bez-tine of the antlers, but
smaller, the size being approximately the same as in the
next race, but general colour darker than in that or any
other of the smaller continental forms, the general colour
being dark brown in summer and blackish in winter.
No specimen in collection.
^' C— Cervus elaphus hispanieus.
Cervus elaphus hispanieus, Hilzlieimcr, Archiv fiir Bassen- und
Gesellscliafts-Biologie, 1909, p. 313 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West.
Europe, p. 969, 1912.
(?) Cervus elaphus bolivari, Cabrera, Bol. Soc. Espaii. Hist. Nat.
vol. xi, p. 559, 1911, Cat. Met. Mam.. Miis. Madrid, p. 129, 1912.
Typical locality Spain, probably the south-western
districts.
Type in Stuttgart Museum ; type of holivari, which is
from El Pardo, Madrid, in Madrid Museum.
Apparently smaller than in the under-mentioned Scots
race, with the colour more decidedly greyish, and the skull
narrower, more especially in the interorbital region and the
palate.* G. e. holivari is stated to be a larger form from
* For cranial measurements of this and other races see Miller,
op. cit. p. 982.
122 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
cuutial and uortheru Spain, l)ut its liglit to recognition is
more than donbtfnl.
95. 9. 4, 14. Sknll, with antlers, and skin. Coto
Donana, Huelva, Spain ; collected by A. Euiz.
Prcmitcd hij thr Lord Lilford, 1895.
95. 9. 4. 15. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
8. 3. 8. 14. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same locality.
rrcscntcd hi/ Ahd Chapiaan, K^q., 1908.
8. 3. 8. 15. Skull, with antlers. Same locality.
Same hisforif.
D.— Cervus elaphus elaphus.
Cerviis elaphus tyTjiicns, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, ]). 65, 1898;
Joleaud, Bev. Africaine, no. 287, p. 1, 1912, partim.
Cervus elaphus elaphus, Miller, Cat. Mamvi. West. Europe, p. 967,
1912.
Typical locality southern Sweden.
Size large ; rump-patch not markedly lighter than flanks,
and without well-defined black Ijorder.
According to Lonnberg, the range seems to have extended
originally over the greater part of C4otaland, but at the
present day red deer in Sweden are confined to southern
Skania, where they are chiefly found on a few large estates,
Hiickeberga, Ofvedskloster, Borringe, Sofdeborg, Snogeholm,
Skabersjo, etc. Their number is small, perhaps not more
than about 100 head.
No specimen in collection.
E.— Cervus elaphus atlanticus.
Cervus elaphus atlanticus, Liinnherg, Arkiv Zool. vol. iii, no. 9, p. 9,
1906 ; Collett, Bergcns Miis. Aarbog, 1909, no. 6 ; Trouessart,
Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 228, 1910 ; Miller, Cat. Mavim. West.
Europe, p. 967, 1912.
Typical locality Hitteren Island, Trondhjem, Norway ;
the range including the west coast of Norway from Stavanger
Fjord north to about latitude 65''.
Size smaller and colour paler than in typical i-ace, with
a distinct blackish band on front border of rump-patch.
No specimen in collection.
CERVID.E 123
"' F.— Cervus elaphus scoticus.
Cervus elaphus scoticus, Lonnberg, ArTtiv Zool. vol. iii, no. 9, p. 11,
1906 ; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 228, 1910 ; Miller,
Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 968, 1912.
Typical locality Glenquoich Forest, Inverness ; the wild
red deer of the west of England and Ireland are provisionally
included in this race.
Closely allied to the Norwegian race, but darker and less
grey. According to Miller, the cranial characters given by
Lonnberg as distinctive are inconstant.
689, h. Frontlet and antlers. England. JVo hisfor//.
46. 11. 20. 17. Frontlet and antlers. Eogland.
Pvrchased {Leadbeatcr), 1846.
47. 12. 11. 16. Skull, with antlers. England.
rurclumd {Bahcr), 1847.
49. 3. 5. 1. Frontlet and antlers. From a peat-])og, at
a depth of about 20 feet, at Diglis, near Worcester, 1844.
One of the specimens referred to on page 475 of Owen's
British Fossil Mammals and Birds.
Presented hy Jahcz Allies, Esq., 1849.
50. 11. 22. 67. Skeleton. Probably British.
Fiu'chased (Zoological Society), 1850.
63. 11. 16. 5. Skin, mounted. Alnwick Chase, North-
umberland.
Presented hy the Duke of Northumherland, K.G., 1863.
86. 6. 10. 1. Skull, without antlers. Loch Sunart,
Argyll. Presented hy Gen. Hamilton, 1886.
96. 12. 21. 1-5. Three skulls and two pairs of antlers.
Isle of Jura. Presented hy H. Evans, Esq., 1896.
97. 4. 3. 3. Skin, mounted. Woburn Park, Beds.
Presented hy the Du'kc of Bedford, K.G., 1897.
6. 2. 26. 1. Skull, female. Exmoor, Devonshire,
Presented hy R. A. Saunders, Esq., 1906.
8. 2. 10. 1. Skull and skin, female. Fort William.
Presented hy W. Jones, Esq., 1908.
9. 1. 15. 1. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Balmacaan,
Inverness. Presented hy Bradley Martin, Esq., 1909.
9. 1. 15. 2. Skull and skin, female. Same locality.
Same history.
124 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
11. 2. 21. 1-2. Two frontlets and antlers. Jura, Ardgour,
Argyllshire. Presented hj F. Hamilton- Leigh, Esq., 1911.
14. 2. 22. 1. Skull and antlers. Exmoor, Devon.
Presented h>/ Morland Grcig, Esq., 1914.
3. 11. 6. 1. Skin. New Zealand; introduced.
Presented hj St. George Littledcde, Esq., 1903.
G.— Cervus elaphus hippelaphus.
Cervus elaphus hippelaphus, Kerr, Linn.'s Anini. Kingdom, p. 298,
1792.
Cervus elaphus gennanicus,* Desmarcst, Mamnialogie, vol. ii, p. 434,
1822; Lonnherg, ArUv Zool. vol. iii, no. 9, p. 14, 1906;
Troucssart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 228, 1910; Miller, Cat.
Mamm. West. Eurojje, p. 965, 1912.
Cervus elaphus albus, Desmarcst, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 435, 1822
(nomen nudum) ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. h. Ali. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix,
pfc. 1, p. 575, 1874.
Cervus elaphus albifrons, Reichenbach, Sdugeth. \ol. iii, pi. iii, a,
1845.
Cervus elaphus varius, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wie}i,\o\. Ixix,
pt. 1, p. 574, 1874.
Including :
Cervus balticus, ^
Cervus albicus, I Matscliic, Wcidwerli in Wort u. Bild, vol. xvi,
Cervus rhenanus, | p. 187, 1907.
Cervus bajovaricus, j
Cervus elaphus neglectus, Matschie, Deutsche Jdger-Zeitung, vol. Iviii,
p. 688, 1912 (Posen).
Cervus elaphus visurgensis \ Matschie, op. cit. p. 734, 1912 (Upper
Cervus elaphus debilis / and Lower Rhineland).
Cervus elaphus saxonicus, Matschie, op. cit, p. 737, 1912 (Saxony).
Typical locality Germany, M'hence the range probably
extends at least as far east as the western Carpathians.
Equal in size to typical race, but with the rump-patch
distinctly lighter than flanks and usually bordered in front
with a well-marked black or blackish band.
Of the above mentioned local forms named by Matschie,
Cervus lalticus has the beam of the antlers evenly and
gradually concave on the inner border and the points of all
the tines directed inwards. Typical locality Liebemiihl,
Ostpreussen. In cdhicus the beam is bent abruptly inwards
* It seems doubtful whether the " Cervus germanicus " of Kerr,
loc. cit., was intended for a species-name.
CERVID^ 125
at the level of the trez-tine, the points of the inner tines
are directed inwards, and those of the outer prongs upwards.
Typical locality Muskau, Oberlausitz, Silesia. In rhenanus
the beam is bent abruptly inwards at the level of the trez-
tine, and the points of all tines are directed upwards.
Typical locality Yiernheim, Hessen-Darmstadt. In hajo-
varicus the antlers resemble those of rhenanus, but have the
inner tines directed inwards and backwards. Typical locality
Rohner, Konigssee, Oberbayern.
689, 'p. Pair of antlers. Germany. No history.
43. 12. 29. 5. Skin, mounted, female. France.
Purchased {Lefehvrc), 184:3.
43. 12. 29. 14. Skin, mounted, young. Same locality.
Same history.
59. 9. 6. 103. Skull, female. Southern Germany ; col-
lected by Dr. A. Giinther. Ptirchased, 1859.
83. 6. 12. 1. Frontlet, without antlers. Gohrde, Hanover
(H.I.M. Kaiser Wilhelm I.).
Presented hy J. E. Harting, Esq., 1888.
89. 11. 20. 1, 2. Two pairs of antlers. Bohemia.
Presented ly Col. J. Evans, 1889.
11. 9. 13. 16-18. Three frontlets and antlers. Bavaria.
These should represent the so-called C. e. hajovaricus.
Presented by F. A\ A. Fleischmann, Esq., 1911.
H.— Cervus elaphus, subsp.
Cervtis vulgaris campestris, Botezat, MorjjJtol. Jahrh. vol. xxxii, p. 154,
1903 ; 7iec C. campestris, F. Cuvier.
" Carpathian Deer," LydehJcer, Field, vol. cv, p. 326, 1905.
" Short-faced Carpathian Eed Stag," Leigh, Field, vol. cv, p, 855,
1905.
Typical locality the Marmoros and Bukowina districts of
the Hungarian and Galician Carpathians.
As represented by a stag living in the Duke of Bedford's
Park at Woburn in 1905, this large red deer may be in some
degree intermediate between C. c. germanicus and C. e. maral,
being apparently redder than the latter, but with less black
on the under-parts, although more than in the former. The
hinds have been stated to show the short face of the western
126 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
races ; but, according to Loder,* while in skulls of Scotcli
and German stags the proportion of the interorbital width to
the length (from summit of occipital crest to tips of pre-
maxillpe) is 1 to 3 "3, in Carpathian f and Caucasian stags it is
1 to 3 • 6. The same writer adds that he could detect no
difference between Carpathian and Caucasian skulls — a view
which coincides with the experience of the present writer,
although not with that of Miller.
96. 10. 10. 1. Frontlet and antlers. Galician Carpathians.
Presented hj H.H. Prince HcinricJi of Liechtenstein, 1906.
A.-
Cervus elaphus maral.
Cei'\us m&vsil, Ogilhy, Eep. Council Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 22 ; Sclater,
Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 336, pi. xxix, 1871 ; Grmj, Cat.
Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 69, 1872 ; Fitzinger, Sitzher. h. Ah.
Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 597, 1874; Blanford, Eastern
Persia, vol. ii, p. 95, 1876 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 812 ;
Eadde, Siiugeth. Talysch. p. 10, 1886; SatiDiin, Zool. Jahrb.,
Syst. vol. ix, p. 309, 1896 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2,
p. 30, 1876; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Eurojye, p. 229, 1910.
Cervus caspius, Radde, Siiugeth. Talysch. p. 10, 1886.
Cervus elaphus maral, Lydekher, Deer of All Lands, p. 75, 1898,
Great and, Small Game of Eurojie, etc. p, 217, 1901 ; Satunin,
Mitt. Kauhas. Mus. vol. i> pp. 65 and 129, 1901, vol. ii, pp. 210
and 357, 1906, vol. iii, p. 49, 1907, vol. vii, p. 20, 1912 ; Leigh,
Field, vol. cv, p. 355, 1905 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 28, 1910, ed. 7, p. 28, 1914 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe,
p. 967, 1912 ; Loder, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1914, p. 489.
(?) Cervus vulgaris montanus, Botezat, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. xxxii,
p. 155, 1903.
Cervus (Cervus) maral, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 940.
Cervus caucasicus, Winans, Amer. Mus. Journ. vol. xiv, p. 67, 1914,
nomen nudum.
Maral (Persian), Ollen (Russian).
" Polish Stag," Lydekher, Field, vol. cv, p. 326, 1905.
Typical locality the Caspian provinces of Persia.
Size larger and build heavier than in any other of the
properly named local races, the shoulder-height reaching
4^ feet ; the neck relatively thick, and the face, especially
in females, longer and more pointed than in tlie western
races, and the tail thicker. General colour in summer red,
* Proc. Zool. Soc. 1914, p. 488.
t As represented by stags from the Galician estate of the late
Prince Heinrich from Liechtenstein.
CEEVID.E
127
frequently marked with yellow spots ; in winter dai'k slaty
grey, with the ljlack-l)ordered rump-patch a deeper yellow
than in the more typical races, and the shoulders, thighs, and
under-parts nearly black. Antlers large and less complex
than those of the latter, the number of tines seldom exceeding
8, and often only 6, although occasionally 10 or 12; the
bez-tine, which may be wanting, frequently much shorter
Fig. 23.— Antlers of Eastern Red Deee, ok Makal
{Ccrvus elaphus niaral).
than the brow-tine, which is long and much curved upwards,
and the fourth tine generally more distinct from the crown ;
maximum antler-length 48^ inches.
Exclusive of the eastern Carpathians, to which this deer
may be a recent immigrant, the range extends from the
Caucasus through Galicia, the Caspian area, and the Crimea
to northern Persia and Asia Minor, and may also include
parts of Turkey and Greece. The so-called Polish stag of
the Marmoros district of the Hungarian Carpathians is
generally believed to be a dwarfed form of the maral which
reached that area from Galicia ; possibly the small dark stag
from the Galician Carpathians, which has been named
128 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
C vulgaris montanus, may be the same. It is noteworthy
that a smaller form of red deer occurs with the maral in the
Ak-Dagh, Asia Minor.* Caucasian maral lands have rather
shorter faces than those from farther east.
54. 4. 26. 6. Single antler. Lake Xsm, Armenia.
Presented hy Lord Arthur Hay, 1854.
* * * *. Single antler. Crimea. Described and figured
by the present writer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 363, pi. xxx,
fig. 2. No history.
55.12.26.159. Skull, female. Persia; collected by
Sir J. McNeill. Co-type ; figured in Knowsley Menagerie.
TroMsf erred from Zoological Society's Museiwi, 1855.
58.5.14.11. Antlers. Circassia; collected by the
Lord Ducie. Figured by Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii,
pi. xxix. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1858.
85. 8. 4. 2. Frontlet and antlers. Trebizond, Asia
Minor. Presented hy Consul A. Biliotti, 1885.
87. 12. 22. 4. Frontlet and antlers. Psebai Valley,
N.W. Caucasus, 7,000 feet.
Presented hy St. George Littlcdalc, Esq., 1887.
89. 10. 6. 1. Single (right) antler. Jarpuz, Beinbighas
Mountains, near Albistan, Asia Minor. Described and figured
by the present writer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 363, pi. xxx,
fig. 1. Presented hy C. G. Danford, Esq., 1889.
92. 3. 16. 3. Skeleton, with antlers. Western Caucasus.
Presented hy St. George Littledale, Esq., 1892.
92. 3. 16. 4. Skeleton, female. Same locality.
Same history.
2. 6. 2. 6. Skiu. Western Caucasus.
Presented hy St. George Littledale, Esq., 1902.
10. 11. 11. 1. Skin, mounted, in early summer coat,
with antlers, freshly clean from velvet, of another individual.
Caucasus. Length of antlers along outer curve 44^ inches ;
basal girth 7 inches.
Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1910.
10. 11. 11. 2. Skull and antlers of the preceding
specimen. Same history.
* Lydekker, Field, vol. cxx., p. 1122, 1912.
CEEVID.E 129
XVI. CERVUS CANADENSIS.
Cervus elaphus canadensis, Erxlehen, Syst. Begn. Anim. vol. i, p. 305,
1777 ; Kerr, Linn.'s Anim. Kingdom, p. 299, 1792.
Cervus canadensis, Schreber, Sdugthiere, vol. v, pi. ccxlvi, A, 1783 ;
F. Cuvicr, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. i, pis. 95 and 96, 1820 ;
Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 433, 1822 ; Cuvier, Ossemens
Fossilcs, ed. 2, p. 27, 1823 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Aniinal Kingdom,
vol. iv, p. 96, 1827 ; Jardine, Naturalisfs Lihr., Mamm. vol. iii,
p. 156, pi. ix, 1835; Lesso)i, Nouv. Tahl. Regne Anim., Mamm.
p. 171, 1842; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mas. p. 177, 1843, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 226, List Osteol. Brit. Mas. p. 65, 1847, Cat.
Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 193, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus.
p. 68, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 257, 1873;
F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. iv, pis. 345 and 346, 1848 ;
Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vi, p. 386, 1852 ; Baird, N.
Amer. Mamm. p. 638, 1857 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit.
Mus. p. 257, 1862 ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 342,
1872 ; Caton, Antelojpe and Deer of N. America, p. 77, 1877, ed. 2,
p. 77, 1884; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 913; Merriam,
Mammals of Adirondacls, p. 143, 1884; True, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. vol. vii, p. 592, 1855 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus.
R. Coll. Surg. pfc. ii, p. 208, 1884; Flower and LydeliJcer, Study
of Mammals, p. 322, 1891 ; MerricTi, Mamm. Minnesota, p. 278,
1892; Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Philadelphia, 1897, p. 207; Nitsche,
Studien ilber Hirsche, pi. vi, 1898 ; Lydvhher, Deer of All Lands,
p. 94, pi. vi, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 51,
1901 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. America {Field Mus. Zool.
Pub. vol. ii), p. 34, 1901, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. {ibid. vol. viii)
p. 43, 1907; Stone and Cram, American Mammals, p. 31, 1903;
Holding, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. i, p. 131 ; Ward, Records of
Big Game, ed. 6, p. 39, 1910, ed, 7, 39, 1914 ; Miller, List N.
Amer. Mamm. p. 384, 1912 ; Cabrera, Cat. Met. Mam. Mus.
Madrid, p. 130, 1912.
Cervus wapiti, Barton, Journ. Med. and Phys. Philadelphia, vol. iii,
p. 36, 1808 ; Leach, Journ. Phys. vol. Ixxxv, p. 67, 1818.
Cervus major, Ord, Guthrie's Geography, p. 292, 1815.
Cervus (Elaphus) canadensis, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom,
vol. V, p. 308, 1827.
Cervus strongyloceros,i?tc7(aiY7son, Fauna Bor. -Amer., Mamm. vol. i,
p. 251, 1828 ; Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, pi. xxxvi, 1850.
Elaphus canadensis, De Kay, Zool. New Yorh, vol. i, p. 118, 1842.
Cervus (Strongyloceros) canadensis, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus.
p. 193, 1852.
Strongyloceros canadensis, Fltzinger, Sitzber. h. ATi. Wiss. Wien,
vol. Ixvii, pt. 1, p. 350, 1873, vol. Ixix, pt. i, p. 556, 1874.
Cerv'us maral canadensis, Severtzow, Turkestan. Jevotnie, 1873, p. 103,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 386, 1876.
Wapiti : miscalled Elk in America.
Typical locality Eastern Canada.
Size very large, shoulder-height reaching 5 feet 4 inches,
IV. K
130 CATALOGUE OP UNGULATES
Antlers very large, with more than five tines, curving back-
wards, and much flattened in the upper half; bez-tine
present, fourth tine longer than all the others, and with the'
fifth, which is also long, forming a nearly symmetrical fork,
the fourth, fifth, and sixth tines being situated nearly in the
Fig. 24. — Head of Wapiti (Ccrvios canadensis).
same plane as the portion of the beam immediately below
them, so as more or less nearly to occlude one another when
viewed from the front ; brow-tine rising close to the burr,
and approximately equal in length to the bez ; crown
normally not cupped ; rump-patch very large ; throat-fringe
greatly developed ; tail very short ; ears about half the length
CERVID^ 131
of head ; face rather short ; general colour in summer
yellowish brown, sometimes with a reddish tinge ; neck and
under-parts varying from dark brown to blackish; and in
winter contrasting sharply with the straw-colour of the
bleached coat of tlie back ; limbs generally chestnut-brown.
The distributional area includes North America and
Central and North-eastern Asia.
The following is a " key " to the American races : —
A. Size larger.
a. Smaller and lighter-coloured, with lighter
antlers C. c. canadensis.
h. Larger and darker, with heavier ajitlers C. c. occidentalis.
c. Nose darker, and head and legs redder than in
a, but not so dark as in b; skull moi-e
massive than in either a or 6 C. c. mcrriaini,
B. Size smaller C. c. nannodes.
The Asiatic races are not sufficiently well known, as a
whole, to admit of their being tabulated in this manner.
^A.— Cervus canadensis canadensis.
Cervus canadensis typicus, LydeJcker, Deer of All Lands, p. 96, 1898 ;
Ward, Records of Big Game, ed, 6, p. 40, 1910, ed. 7, p. 40, 1914.
Cervus canadensis canadensis, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm, p. 385,
1912.
Wapiti.
Typical locality Eastern Canada.
General characters those of the species.
The range extends southwards and westwards to include
the Eocky Mountains.
690, b, c, (■}■, d. Four frontlets, with antlers. North
America. No history.
690, /. Single antler of an immature stag. Shed in
Zoological Society's Gardens, May, 1863.
Purchased {Zoological Society), ahout 1863.
53. 8. 29. 43. Skin, young, mounted, from a stag born
in London. Puixhased {Zoological Society), 1853.
58. 6. 9. 19. Skull, with antlers. North America.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1858.
76. 3. 15. 1. Skeleton, with antlers. Yellowstone Park.
Purchased {H. Ward), 1876.
K 2
132 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
84. 5. 28. 1. Skin, mounted. Yellowstone.
Purchased (H. Ward), 187G.
11. 3. 28. 1. Body-sldn. Gros Ventre Basin, N.W.
Wyoming.
Presented hi) the Hon. L. V. Kaf/-Shuttleworth, 1911.
'*' B.— Cepvus canadensis occidentalis.
Cervus occidentalis, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv,
p. 101, vol. V, p. 308, 1827; Jardine, Naturalist's Lihr., Mamm.
vol. iii, p. 139, 1835 ; Lesson, Nonv. Tahl. Begne Anim., Mamm.
p. 171, 1842 ; Stone and Cram, American Mammals, p. 34, 1903.
Elaphus occidentalis, Swainson, Classif. Quadrupeds, p. 292, 1835.
Cervus canadensis occidentalis, Bhjth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 618 ;
Lydclker, Deer of All Lands, p. 101, 1898, Great and Small
Game of Euroiw, etc. p. 56, 1901 ; Elliot, Zool. Pub. Field Mns.
vol. i, p. 269, 1899, Synop. Mamm. N. Anier. {Zool. Pub. Field
Mus. vol. ii) p. 34, 1901, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (op. cit. vol. viii)
p. 44, 1907 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 44, 1910,
ed. 7, p. 44, 1914 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 385, 1912.
Strongyloceros occidentalis, Fitzinger, Sitzber. li. Alt-. Wiss. Wien,
vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 563, 1874.
Cervus roosevelti, -Me^Ttrtw, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xi,
p. 271, 1897.
Typical locality the Pacific coast of North America.
Larger and darker-coloured than typical race, with
heavier antlers.
The distributional area includes the Coast Range of
Washington, Oregon, and Northern California.
G90, a. Frontlet and antlers. San Diego, California.
■Presented by C. I'entland, Esq.
98. 2. 26. 1. Skull, with antlers. Vancouver Island,
British Columbia. Presented hy H. J. Eltoes, Esci, 1898.
C— Cervus canadensis merriami.
Cervus merriami, Nelson, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, p. 7,
1902 ; Stone and Cram, American Mammals, p. 34, 1903 ;
Elliot, Chech-List Mamm. N. Amer. {Zool. Pub. Field Mus.
vol. vi) p. 42, 1905 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 385, 1912.
Typical locality Black Eiver Valley, White Mountains,
Arizona.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Nose darker and head and lim1)s redder tlian in typical
CEUVID/E loo
race, although not so dark as in occidcntalis ; tines of antlers
less curved than in typical race ; nasals broader and flatter ;
upper series of cheek-teeth stouter and more curved.
V
D.— Cervus canadensis nannodes.
(?) Cervus maral califoruica, Sevcrfzow, Turhestan. Javotnie, 1873,
p. 103, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 386, 1876.
Cervus nannodes, Mcrriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. WasJiington, vol. xviii,
p. 83, 1905; Elliot, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. {Zool. Puh.
Field Mus. vol. vi) p. 42, 1905 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamni.
p. 385, 1912.
Typical locality Buttonwillow, Kern County, California.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Size smaller and legs relatively shorter than in any of
the preceding races ; general colour pale and rump-patch
small in comparison with that of other races. There are also
skull-differences.
Tlie range appears to l)e mainly, if not entirely, restricted
to the San Joaquin Valley, l^ut formerly included the higher
ridges of the White and Mogollon Mountains of Arizona and
New Mexico.
No specimen in collection.
^E.— Cervus canadensis xanthopygus.
Cervus elaplius, Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. p. 216, 1811 ; SchrencJ,-,
Beis. unil Forsch. im Amur-Lande, vol. i, p. 171, 1851 ; Baddc,
Beise Siid-Ost-Siherien, pt. i, p. 284, 1862 ; nee Linn.
Cervus xanthopygus, Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. ser. 5,
vol. viii, p. 376, 1869, Bech. Mamm. p. 181, pi. xxi, 1870-74 ;
Fitzinger, Sitzber. Ti. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 590,
1874 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 68 ; Lydekker, Deer of
All Lands, p. 81, pi. iii, 1898 ; Pousargues, Mem. Soc. Zool.
France, vol. xi, p. 205, 1898; Allen and Andrews, Ball. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxxii, p. 488, 1813.
Cervus luhdorfi, Bolau, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, vol. vii, p. 33, pi. iv,
1880 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxxiii, p. 373,
1881 ; Pousargues, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi, p. 209, 1898
(as a synonym of xanthopygus) .
Cervus luehdorfi, Sclater, List. Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 263, 1883.
Cervus isubra, Noack, Humboldt, vol. viii, p. 6, fig. 5, 1889.
Cervus bedfordianus, Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 932, pis.
xxxviii and xxxix. Deer of All Lands, p. 101, 1898 (as a synonym
of xanthopygus).
Cervus canadensis luehdorfi, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 102,
1898. ,
134 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Cervus manchuricus typicus. Pousargucs, Mem. Soc. Zool. France,
vol. xi, p. 209, 1898.
Cervus canadensis xanthopygus, LydeJcker, Great and Small Game
of Etcrojjc, etc. p. 70, 1901 ; Ward, Eecords of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 48, 1910, ed. 7, p. 48, 1914.
ISUBRA.
Typical locality Northern Manchuria, pro])ably the Usuri
district.
Type in Paris Museum.
Antlers of a shorter and stouter type than in the Tien-
shan race {infra), with the fourth tine relatively smaller
in immature individuals, and the portion above it less
developed at all ages ; the tips of the fourth and fifth tines
in the 5-tined antlers of subadult stags curving towards one
another like the " pincers " of a crab. General colour of
immature and subadult individuals in summer bright reddish
brown, in some cases without a distinct rump-patch, in older
animals (luchdorji) browner ; in winter brownish grey, with
the dark neck-mane and under-parts of typical wapiti.
97. 12, 23. 1. Head, mounted, and body-skin. Man-
churia. Type of C. hedfordianus.
Presented hij the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1897.
99. 2. 20. 1. Skin, mounted. Manchuria.
Same donor, 1890.
99. 8. 30. 1-3. Three frontlets, with antlers. Sutschan
Valley, 280 miles east of Vladivostock, north of Manchuria.
These represent the so-called C. luehdorfi. Same liistory.
F.— Cervus canadensis baicalensis nom. n.
Cervus maral var. sibirica, Severtzoiu, Turkestan. Jevotnic, 1873,
p. 109, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 386, 1876 ; *
nee Cervus sibiricus, Schrcher, 1784.
Cervus canadensis asiaticus, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 102,
pi. vi, 1898, partim, Great and Small Game of Eurojje, etc. p. 67,
* Severtzow's classification is as follows : —
Cervus fuaral (= C. wax>iti).
A. Var. Americana. b. Var. Asiatica.
a. canadensis. a. sibirica.
b. calif ornica. b. songarica.
Hitherto the writer has used the name asiaticus for the present
race, but he is now of opinion that Severtzow did not intend
" Americana " and " Asiatica " to be used as technical names.
CERVID^E 135
ICOl, Field, vol. cxi, p. 70, 1908 ; Elwes, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool.
vol. xxiv, p. 39, 1899 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 47,
1910 ; Mehely, Termt. Kdzl. Budapest, vol. xlii, p. 806, 1910.
Cervus sibiricus, Matschie, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1907, p. 222.
Cervus canadensis sibiricus, LydeM-er, Field, vol. cxi, p. 70, 1908, as
an alternative name ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 7, p. 47,
1914.
Typical locality Sayansk and Baikal Mountains, west of
Lake Baikal.
Compared with those of the next race, the antlers,
according to Matschie, are less stout and lighter in colour,
and have the fourth tine inclining outwards instead of
inwards, with only a slight bend at the tip, and the beam at
this point curving gradually inwards and backwards, with
the backward inclination less marked than in the Tien-Shan
race. On the front surface of the upper half of the beam
there is only one large tine (the fourth), the terminal portion
forming a long-handled but short-tined fork. This terminal
fork inclines inwards from the line of the summit of the
fourth tine, and also somewhat inwards from that of the
third tine, while between the third and fourth tines there is
no sharp inward angulation of the beam.*
The range apparently includes a portion of the Altai, as
well as part of the district to the southward of Lake Teletsk,
near the sources of the Yenisei (whence the stag figured in
The Deer of All Lands probably came). Whether the some-
what darker wapiti from the Krasnoyarsk district of the
Upper Yenisei is identical with this race, is still uncertain.
78. 11. 21. 24. Antlers. Salair, Altai; collected by
Dr. 0. Finsch. By exchange with the
Geographical Society of Bremen, 1878.
97. 5. 18. 2. Head-skin. Chuja Steppe, Altai.
Presented hy Major C. S. Cvmhcrland, 1897.
* The above details (as in the case of several of the other races)
are given solely on the authority of Matschie. A mounted specimen
of the present race in the Tring Museum appeared to the writer very
similar to the undermentioned example of the next race. As a rule,
however, the mammals of the Altai are distinct from those of the
Tien-Shan.
136 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
i/ G.— Cervus canadensis songaricus.
Cervus maral var. songavica, Severtzoiu, Turl-estan. Jevotnie, p. 109,
1873, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 386, 1876.
Cervus eustephanus, Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 637, Scient.
Besults Second Yarhand Mission, Mamm. p. 90, 1875 ; Broohe,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 912 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind.
Mus. pt. ii, p. 184, 1891 ; Poiisargues, Bull. Mus. Paris, 1895,
p. 266; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 42, 1896; Gillett,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. ii, p. 179; Bentham, Cat. Asiat.
Horns and Antlers hid. Mas. p. 66, 1908.
Cervns canadensis eustephanus, Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893,
p. 447.
Cervus canadensis asiaticus, LydcJikcr, Deer of All Lands, p. 108,
1898, partim.
Cervus xanthopygus eustephanus, Pousargucs, Mem. Soc. Zool.
France, vol. xi, p. 211, 1898.
Cervus canadensis songaricus, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of
Europe, etc. p. 59, 1901, Field, vol. cxi, p. 70, 1908; Ward,
Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 45, 1910, ed. 7, p. 45, 1914.
Cervus songaricus, Matschie, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freundc, 1907, p. 222.
Typical locality the Zungarian Tien-Shan, probably in
the neighbourhood of Kulja.
Very similar to the typical American race, but apparently
distinguished liy the narrower and more orange-coloured
rump-patch, not including the middle line of the tail, which
is coloured like the back ; the larger amount of black on the
borders of the rump-patch, thighs, and flanks, the greyer
general colour in summer, and the shorter and stouter fourth
tine of the antlers. Compared with those of the other
Asiatic races, the antlers are stated by Matschie to be
distinguished by their stoutness and the length and massive-
ness of their tines, as well as by their dark colour. From
the trez-tine the beam inclines slightly inwards towards the
root of the fourth tine, which is very large and strongly bent
inwards ; at the root of the fourth tine the beam is markedly
bent inwards and backwards, all the tines on its front
surface being long, stout, parallel, and nearly at right angles
to its axis. The upper portion of the antler in fully deve-
loped specimens is 3-tined, and placed practically in the
same place as the tip of the fourth, and nearly in that of the
tip of the third tine.
The range includes the Tarlmgatai district.
79. 11. 21. 50-52. Three shed antlers. Tien-Shan; col-
CERVID.E 137
lected during the Second Yarkand Mission, under Sir Douglas
Forsyth, K.C.S.T., 1873. Co-types of C. custephanics.
Transferred from India Museum, 1879.
2. 3. 9. 8. Skin, mounted. Eastern Tien-Shan.
Presented hy St. George Littkdale, Esq., 1902.
2. 3. 9. 9. Skull and antlers. Same locality.
Same liistory.
14. 9. 15. 8. Skin, imperfect. Chik Jirgalan Nulla,
Tekkes Valley, Tien-Shan.
Presented hy Col. J. W. Abbot Anderson, 1914.
H.— Cervus canadensis biedermanni.
Cervus asiaticus sibiricus, Elwes, Jonrn. Linn. Sac. 1899, p. 32; nee
C. maral sibiriea, Severtzoiv.
Cei'vus biedermanni, MatscJiie, Sltzher. Gcs. nut. Freundc, 1907,
p. 223.
Cervus canadensis biedermanni, LydcTiJcer, Field, vol. cxi, p. 70, 1908 ;
Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 48, 1910, ed. 7, p. 48,
1914.
Typical locality Lake Teletzk, at the source of the Obi,
and Barnaul, somewhat lower down the same valley.
According to Matschie's description, the l)eam of the
antlers is but slightly curved and forms an almost continuous
lino witli the axis of the fourth tine, which is relatively
small ; no inward bending occurs till the fourth tine, the tip
forms a long-handled fork, and the maximum span occurs at
the root of the fourth tine, as in the Sayansk race, but the
terminal fork inclines only slightly inwards, so that in a
front view it is concealed by the fourth tine, which in
sibiricus inclines outwards.
No specimen in collection.
I. -Cervus canadensis wachei.
Cervns wachei, iVoac^-, ^ooZ. An;:, vol. xxv, p. 145, 1902; Matschic,
Sitzher. Gcs. nat. Freunde, 1907, p. 228.
Cervus canadensis wachei, LydchJicr, Field, vol. cxi, p. 70, 1908.
Typical locality Shingielt Valley, in the neighbourhood
of the Black Irtish, Kobdo, Eastern Zungaria.
Distinguished, according to Matschie, from the three
138 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
preceding races by the very strong incurving of the upper
portion of the stout beam of the antlers, in consequence of
which the base of the terminal fork is situated in nearly the
same plane as the root of the trez-tine ; the latter strongly
bent upwards and inwards and separated by a shorter
interval from the fourth tine than it is from the bez-tine ;
while the fourth tine conceals the terminal fork, wliich
consists of two sub-equal prongs mounted upon a relatively
short shaft.
No specimen in collection.
y
J.— Cervus canadensis bactrianus.
Cervus bactrianus, LydckJcer, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. v,
p. 196, 1900.
Cervus hagenbecki, SJiitkotu, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. xx, p. 91, 1905 ;
= bactrianus, Satunin, Zanucoh. Kauhas. Oind. vol. xxv, p. 38,
1905.
Cervus canadensis bactrianus, Lydekkcr, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902,
vol. ii, p. 79 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 47, 1908,
ed. 7, p. 47, 1914.
Typical locality Russian Turkistan, probably Bokhara.
In the under-mentioned specimen the whole margin of
the upper lip is light-coloured, instead of only the front
]3ortion and a patch beside the nostrils, as in the Tien-Shan
and Canadian races ; and the dark patch on each side of the
lower lip does not extend downwards to join a larger patch
on the chin, as in those races, the whole chin being light-
coloured. General colour light grey.
2. 3. 19. 1. Head, mounted. Chenkend, Turkestan.
Presented hj the Duke of Bedford, E.G., 1902.
K.— Cervus canadensis wardi.
Cervus canadensis wardi, Lydekl<er, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 987.
Typical locality Sze-chuan border of Tibet.
Known only by antlers, which are lighter and more
slender than those of Sayansk and Tien-Shan wapiti, with
the terminal fork narrower, and the fourth tine smaller.
Not improbably this type of antler may prove to belong to
C. macneilli {infra, p. 145).
CEKVID.E 139
10. 5. 14. 1. Two detached antlers. Sze-cliuan border
of Tibet ; collected by the Rev. W. N. Fergusson. Type.
Presented hij J. Rowland Ward, Esq., 1910.
O/XVII. CERVUS YARKANDENSIS.
Cervus cashmirianus yarkandensis, Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892,
p. 117 ; LydeJcJcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 88, 1898.
Cervus yarkandensis, Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 447 ;
Lydeli'ker, ibid. 1896, p. 933, Game Animals of India, etc.*
p. 215, 1907, Cat. mime Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 34, 1913;
Pousargues, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol, xi, p. 202, 1898,
partim ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 35, 1910, ed. 7,
p. 47, 1914.
Typical locality Maralbashi Forest, Eastern Turkestan ;
the range includes the Tarim Valley.
A rufous-fawn deer, with a large and well-defined orange
rump-patch, which includes the tail, and usually five-tined
antlers, which lack the lateral compression and large fourth
tine of those of the canadensis group, and have the terminal
fork placed at right angles to the middle line of the head,
so as to look directly forw^ards, and the fifth tine a little
inclined inwards, the beam not showing any marked angula-
tion at the origin of the third tine. By the development of
a third snag to the terminal fork (crown) the antlers may
become 6-tined, as in fig. 25.
79. 11. 21. 252. Skin, young. Yarkand.
Transferred from India Museum, 1879.
89. 6. 8. 3. Skull and antlers. Maralbashi Forest;
collected by Rev. H. Lansdell. Purchased, 1889.
91. 8. 7. 4. Skull and antlers. Same locality ; collected
by Mr. A. Dalgliesh. Type ; figured by Blanford, loc. cit.
Length of antlers along outer curve 35 and 34 inches ; basal
girth 6| inches. Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891.
91. 8. 7. 5. Frontlet and antlers. Same locality and
collector. Same history.,
92. 3. 30. 1. Skin. Tarim Valley, Eastern Turkestan.
INlentioned Ijy Blanford, loe. cit.
Presented hy Major C. S. Cumherland, 1892.
* Name spelt, intentionally, yarcandensis.
140
CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
92. 7. 17. 1. Frontlet and antlers. Maralbashi. Length
of antlers 41^ inches, which is the maximum on record.
Presented hy Sir H. A. H. F. Lennarcl, Bart, 1892.
Fig. 25. — Skull and Antlkks of Yakkand Stag {Ccrciis yarkandcnsis).
The development of a third tine in the terminal fork renders this
specimen less typical than most examples.
12. 10. :51. 3. Skull and antlers (fig. 25). Maralbashi;
collected by ]\Ir. A. Dalgliesh. This specimen stands fourth
in Ward's 1910 list. The measurements of the antlers are : —
length on outer curve 39^, girth 6, tip-to-tip 24^, widest inside
span 25 inches. Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912.
CEUvii).i<; 141
m
XVIII. CERVUS WALLICHI.
Cervus wallichi, Cuvier, Ossemcns Fossiles, 1812 (teste Pousargues),
ed. 3, vol. iv, p. 504, 1825, ed. 4, vol. vi, p. 89, 1835 ; F. Cuvier,
Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. ii, livr. xxxix, pi. 225 (356), 1823;
H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 103, pi. ix, 1827 ;
J. B. Fischer, Synop. MavDii. p. 452, 1829 ; Jardine, Naturalist's
Libr., Matnm. vol. iii, p. 161, pi. x, 1835; Blyth, Journ. Asiat.
Sac. Bengal, vol. x, pt. 2, p. 745, 1841, vol. xxi, p. 341, 1852;
Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 227, partim ; Pousargues, Mem,
Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi, p. 195, 1898, partim ; Pocock, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 574 ; LydehTter, Field, vol, cxx, p. 86, 1912,
Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus. p. 32, 1913, Ward's Becords of
Big Gam, ed. 7, p. 37, 1914.
Cervus (Harana) wallichi, Hodgson, Ann. Nat. Hist. vol. i, p. 158, 1838,
Cervus (Pseudocervus) wallichi, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
vol. x, pt. 2, p. 914, 1841.
Cervus tibetauus, Hodgson, op. cit. vol, xix, p, 460, 1850,
Cervus nariyaiius, Hodgson, oj). cit. vol, xx, p, 392, pi, viii, 1851,
Cervus affinis, TF, L. Sclater, Cat. Mamia. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 184,
1891, partim; Lydekher, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1909, p, 599, fig. 182;
nee Hodgson.
Shou.
Typical locality probably the wooded country to the south
of the Mansarowar Lake, in the Ntiri-Khorsum district of
Tibet, whence the stag to which the typical pair of antlers
belonged appears to liave been brought to Maktinath, lying
to the northward of Dwalagiri, central Nepal.
Type a stag in the Vice-Eegal INIeuagerie at Barrakpur,
near Calcutta ; now represented only by a pair of shed
antlers in the Indian Museum, Calcutta,
Type of Harana and Fseudocervus.
Somewhat inferior in size to a wapiti (shoulder-height
about 4 feet 3 or 4 inches), with a very short tail, the
(normally) o-tined antlers (fig. 20), strongly angulated at the
origin of the third tine, and above this inclined markedly
forwards and inwards so that the tips of the fifth tines
(which are much larger than the fourth) are more or less
closely approximated ; general colour speckled earthy or pale
fawn brown, with a larger or smaller white rump-patch,
including tail and extending downwards posteriorly on to
back of hams ; * ears long and pointed ; muzzle and chin dark.
* In Pocock's key to this gi-oup {Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p, 574)
the white on hind-quarters is stated to extend above root of tail in
wallichi and affinis, but not to do so in cashmiriensis ilianglu), and
yet further on affinis is stated to come closest to cashmirirnsis in
this respect. i •
142 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
ft
The range apparently includes the Nari Khorsum district
and the neighbourhood of Lhasa, Tibet, and the Chambi
Valley and Bhutan.
The two races are distinguishable as follows : —
A. Rump-patch large, undivided by a dark median line C. 10. ivalUcM.
B. Rump-patch smaller, divided more or less com-
pletely by a dark median line C. w. affinis.
/ A.— Cervus wallichi wallichi.
Cervus wallichi wallichi, Lijdelikcr, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mas.
p. 32, 1913.
Typical locality probably the wooded country south of
the Mansarowar Lake, Nari Khorsum, Western Tibet.
General colour earthy brown ; rump-patch large and
undivided by a median dark line.
15. 5. 11. 1. Pair of antlers shed in 1913 by a stag,
from the neighbourhood of the Mansarowar Lake, presented
to the Zoological Society Ijy H.M. the King. This stag is
the one described when young by the present writer, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1909, p. 599, and, when grown up, by Pocock,
ihid. 1912, p. 574. Presented hy the Zoological Society, 1914.
*^ B.— Cervus wallichi affinis.
Cervus affinis, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x, pt. 2,
p. 721, 1841, vol. xix, pp. 466 and 518, 1850, vol. xx, p. 392,
pi. vii, 1851 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 228, Cat. tfngulata
Brit. Mus. p. 199, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 69, 1872,
Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 140, 1873 ; Gerrard, Cat.
Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 69, 1862; Jerdon, Mamm. India,
p. 251, 1867 ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 343, 1871 ;
BrooJce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 913 ; Sterndale, Mamm. India,
p. 514, 1884; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii,
p. 184, 1891 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 537, 1891 ;
LydeTiher, Deer of All Lands, p. 88, 1898, Game Animals of
India, etc. p. 215, 1907 ; Bentliam, Cat. Asiat. Horns and Antlers
Ind. Mus. p. 62, 1908 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 37,
1910; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 572, Field, vol. cxxiv,
p. 613, 1914.
Pseudocervus wallichi, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 180, 1843.
Cervus wallichi, Pousargues, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi, p. 195,
1898, partim.
Cervus wallichi affinis, Lydekker, Cat. Hume Bequest Brit. Mus.
p. 32,^1913, Ward's Records of Big Game, ed. 7, p. 37, 1914.
CERVID^
143
Shou.
Typical locality probably the Chambi Valley of Sikhim ;
the range extends into Bhutan and the Tsari district of
Tibet, and apparently also the neighliourhood of Lhasa.
General colour pale fawn-ljrown, lighter on flanks ; rump-
patch much smaller than in typical race, and more or less
Fig. 26. — Skull and Antlers of Sikhiji Shou [Cervus loallichi affinis).
completely divided by a median dark line continuous with
the fawn-brown of the back, and extending on to tail ; in
some cases a darker brown border to front edge of rump-
patch.
The finest known antlers are in the Museum collection,
four specimens in which head Ward's 1910 list.
144 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
45. 1. 8. 94. Skull and antlers. Probably the Chambi
Valley, Sikliim. Type ; figured l)y Hodgson, Journ. Asiat.
Soc. Bengal, vol. x, p. 722.
Fresenfcd h/ B. N. ITodr/son, Esq., 1845.
57. 12. 14. 2. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Probably
Sikhini or Bhutan ; collected by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
Transferred from Zoological Sociefj/s Miiscnni, 1857.
57. 12. 14. 3. Pair of antlers. Chanild Valley ; collected
by Dr. J. Campbell, Superintendent of Darjiling at the time
of Hooker's Himalayan journeys. Same history.
66. 8. 10. 5. Skull. Locality unknown ; collected by
Dr. Hugh Falconer. Purchased, 1866.
692,/. Frontlet and antlers (in Geological Department).
Locality unknown. No liistory.
79. 11. 21. 49. Skull and antlers. Locality unknown.
Transferred from India Museum, 1879.
79. 11. 21. 608. Head, mounted. Tibet (?); collected by
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. Same liistory.
91. 8. 7. 6. Skull and antlers. Northern Bhutan ; collected
by L. Mandelli, Esq.
Presented by A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891.
91.8. 7. 7. Skull and antlers. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
91. 10. 7. 172. Skin. Sikhim ; same collector.
Presented by Dr. W. T. Blanford, 1891.
91.10.7.173. Skull and skin, immature. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
12. 10. 31. 4. Skull and antlers (fig. 26). Northern
Bhutan ; same collector. In this specimen, which stands
No. 1 in Ward's 1910 list, the dimensions of the antlers are
as follows : length on outer curve 55f , girth Oi, tip-to-tip I7:i,
widest inside span 40 1 inches.
Bequeathed hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912.
14. 8. 29. 1. Skull, with antlers in velvet, and skin.
Chosam, Tsari district, Tibet. Figured by Pocock, Field,
vol. cxxiv, p. 613. Presented by Capt. F. M. Bailey, 1914.
CEKVID.E 145
XIX. CERVUS MACNEILLT.
Cervus cashmirianus macneilli, Lydehlfe)', Proc. Zool. Soc. 1909,
p. 588, pi. Ixix, 1910, p. 987.
Cervus macneilli, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 571.
Typical locality Sze-cliuau border of Tibet.
Antlers (in C. m. kansuensis) 5-tined, but of a more wapiti-
like type than in the preceding species, the two tines of the
terminal fork being apparently in a fore-and-aft plane, or
nearly so ; general colour ranging from light speckled grey
to speckled brown, with the white of the hind-quarters
restricted to back of hams, the middle line of tail dark, and
a blackish brown patch on cronp, replacing the white one of
C. wallichi affinis ; ears and muzzle of the same type as in
latter.
Whether the antlers described under the name of C. cana-
densis wardi (swpra, p. 138) really belong to this species,
remains to be proved.
The distributional area extends l:rom the Szo-chuan
border of Tibet to Kan-su and Yun-nan.
The two races are distinguished as follows : —
A. General colour grey, tail almost wholly black
above C. in. macneilli.
B. General colour brown, tail with a sinous black
median line C. in. kansuensis.
A.— Cervus macneilli macneilli.
General colour pale speckled French grey, becoming
somewhat darker on back and still more decidedly so on
head, with the greater part of upper side of tail black. Male
unknown .
Typical locality Sze-chuan border of Tibet.
9. 5. 31. 1. Skin, female, mounted. Sze-chuan border of
Tibet.* Type. Presented hj Major M. Macneill, 1909.
* In the original description the locality was given as Sze-chuan.
IV.
14G CATALOCJUE OF UNCIULATES
B.— Cervus macneilli kansuensis.
Cervus kansuensis, Pocock, Proc. ZooJ. Soc. 1912. p. 573 ; Wallace,
Big Game of Central and Western China, pp, 195 and 296, 1913.*
Cervus macneilli kansuensis, Lijdehher, Field, vol. cxx, p. 860, 1912.
Typical locality Kau-su, China.
General colour speckled brown ; tail with an irregular
sinuous median dark line on upper surface. The finest pair
of antlers recorded by Wallace measure 43| inches in length
along the curve, with a basal girth of 5^, and a tip-to-tip
interval of 37 inches.
The range apparently includes Yunnan.
12. 7. 26. 16. Skin, female. Thirty miles S.E. of
Tao-chou, Kan-su, at a height of about 11,000 feet ; shot by
Dr. J. A. C. Smith, March 23, 1911. Type.
Purchased {Roscnhery), 1912.
^
XX. CEIIVUS OASHMIlllENSIS.
Cervus hanglu, Wagner, Schreber's Sdugfhiere, Supjil. vol. iv, p. 352,
1844 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 566.
Cervus cashmerensis, Gray, List Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 65, 1847,
nomen nudum.
Cervus casperianus, Gray, List Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 147, 1847, Cat.
Ungulata Brit. Mus. pi. xxvii, figs. 1-3, 1852, to replace
cashmerensis.
Cervus wallichi, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 197, 1852 ;
'Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 258, 1862 ; Jerdon,
Mamm. India, p. 250, 1867; Kinloch, Large Game of Tibet,
p. 44, 1869 ; nee Cuvier.
Cervus cashmeriensis, Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 529; Lydekker,
Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 286, 1877.
Cervus cashmeerianus. Falconer, M.S., in Falconer's Paheontological
Memoirs, vol. i, p. 576, 1868 ; Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vii,
p, 339, pi. xxx, 1871; Gray, Cat, Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 68,
1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 140, 1873 ; Brooke,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 912 ; Pousargnes, Mem. Soc. Zool.
France, vol. xi, p. 199, 1898 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind.
Mus. pt. ii, p. 184, 1891 ; Benthavi, Cat. Asiat. Horns and Antlers
hid. Mus. p. 60, 1908.
Cervus cashmirianus, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix,
pt. 1, p. 586, 1874; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 512, 1884;
* Of the figures of the Kan-su deer in this work the only ones of
any value are those in the plate facing p. 206, which are from
photographs ; the others appear to have been drawn from true wapiti.
CEKVID.E 147
Scully, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xx, p. 388, 1887;
Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 355, 1891 ; LydeMer,
Deer of All Lands, p. 83, pi. iv, 1898, Game Animals of India,
etc. p. 208, 1907, Cat. Hume Bequest, Brit. Mus. p. 33, 1913;
Ward,Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 32, 1910, ed. 7, p. 32, 1914.
Hangul or Hanglu.
Typical locality Valley of Kashmir.
Size approximately that of a red deer. Antlers, which,
although normally 5-tined, may carry six or seven points on
each side, approximating to those of C. u-aUiclii affinix, hut with
the angle at origin of third tine and the forward inclination
of upper part of beam less strongly marked ; white area on
hind-quarters, which is bordered in front with black, restricted
to hind part of hams, and upper side of tail mainly dark ;
chin and lower lip white or whitish, and muzzle pale fawn,
lighter than rest of face ; ears bluntly pointed, with straight
upper border ; general colour speckled ashy brown, much as
in C. wallichi affinis. Fine antlers measure from 44 to
48 inches along the outer curve, with a girth of from 5|
to 7f, and a tip-to-tip interval ranging from 13 to 35 inches.
The range includes the Valley of Kashmir, part of the
adjacent Kishen-Ganga Valley, and, to the eastward, the
Kishtwar district.
46. 8. 24. 1. Skull and antlers. Kashmir. Co-type of
C. cashmccrianus, Falconer.
Presented hj Dr. H. Falconer, 1846.
46. 8. 24. 2. Skull, female. Pampur Valley, Kashmir.
Same histori/.
56. 9. 22. 1. Skin. Kashmir ; collected by Gen. Abbott.
Purchased, 1856.
63. 5. 8. 3. Pair of antlers. Kashmir.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1863.
63. 5. 13. 1. Pair of antlers. Shed by a stag in the
Zoological Society's Gardens. Same histori/.
63. 5. 13. 2. Pair of antlers. Same histori/.
63. 5. 13. 3. Pair of antlers. Same history.
65. 7. 8. 3. Frontlet and antlers. Kashmir.
Purchased (Zoological Society), 1865.
* * * *_ Frontlet and antlers. From an old skin.
Kashmir, iVo history.
L 2
148 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
66. 8. G. 12. Skeleton aud autlers. Kashmir.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1866.
79. 11. 21. 47. Frontlet and horns. Kashmir; collected
by Dr. Hugh Falconer.
Transferred from India 3fvscum, 1879.
"Fig. 27. — Head of Hangul {Cervus cashmiriensis).
88. 3. 20. 21. Skull and antlers. Lidar Valley, Kashmir
Presented hy R. Lydekker, Esq., 1888.
91. 5. 7. 1. Skull and antlers. Sind Valley, Kashmir.
Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1891.
91. 5. 7. 2. Skull and antlers. Maharaja's preserve,
Kashmir. Same history.
CERVID^ 149
91. 5. 7. 3. vSkull and antlers. Sind Valley.
Sa7nc history.
94. 5. 31. 1. Skin, mounted. Warapash, Sind Valley ;
collected by Major P. H. G. Powell-Cotton.
Furcliascd (Gcrrard), 1894.
12. 10. 31. 1. Skull and antlers. Sind A^alley ; collected
hy Mr. A. Dalgleish. This specimen is No. 24 in Ward's
1910 list. The measurements of the antlers are as follows:
length on outer curve 43, girth 6, tip-to-tip interval 20,
widest inside span 35 inches.
Bequeathed Inj A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1912.
12. 10. 31. 2. Skull and antlers. Same locality aud
collector. Same history.
^ XXI. CERVUS ALBIROSTPJS.
Cervus albirostris, PrzewalsJci, Beise Tibet, pp. 73 and 76, 1884, Cat.
Zool. Collect, p. 16, 1887 ; Pousargues, Bull. Mus. Paris, 1897,
p. 284, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, vol. xi. p. 215, 1898 ; LydeMer,
Deer of All Lands, p. 91, pi. v, 1898, Game Animals of India,
etc. p. 221, 1907 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 38, 1910,
ed. 7, p. 38, 1914 ; Pococh, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 574.
Cervus sellatus, Przeivalshi, loc. cit. 1884.
Cervus dybowskii, W. L. Sclater, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. Iviii,
pt. 2, p. 186, pi. xi, 1889 ; Bentkam, Cat. Asiat. Horiis Ind. Mus.
p. 64, 1908; nee TaczanoivsU, 1876.
Cervus thoroldi, Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 444, pi. xxxiv ;
Lydehher, ibid. 1896, p. 930.
Typical locality Nak-chan (Nan-chan), Tibet ; also found
in forest to the north of Lhasa.
Type in the Museum of the St. Petersburg (Petrograd)
Academy of Sciences.
Of the approximate size of C. eashmiriensis. Distinguished
from all the other members of the subgenus by the reversal
of the coarse hair of the withers, to form a kind of hump,
and the white muzzle, chin, under surface of lower jaw, and
inside of ears, as well by the low position and large size of
the gland-tuft on the hind-shanks. Antlers much flattened,
nearly white in colour, without a bez-tine, and bending
suddenly backwards at origin of third tine, which is the
longest.
150
CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
92. 16. 11. 1. Skin, mounted (fig. 28), and skull. Tibet ;
collected by Dr. W. G. Thorold. Type of C. thoroldi.
Purchased (Gerrard), 1892.
Fig. 28. — Head and IMkck of Thorold's Deer
(Cervvs albirostris).
In^cert.e Sedis.
1. Cervus lepidus, Sundevall, K. SvensJia Vet.-Ah. Handl. 1844, p. 180,
1846 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 902.
Rusa lepicla, Gray, Knoivsley Menagerie, p. 63, 1850, Cat. Ungulata
Brit. Miis. p. 212, 1852 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. l: Ah. Wiss. Wien,
vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 302, 1874.
CERVID.E 151
Brooke stated that he saw the type iu the JVluseuin at
Frankfort, and that it appeared closely to resemble Cirrus
n'rppon. On a second visit it could not be found.
2. Cervus caspicus, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 47, 1878, p. 909;
LydeUer, ibid. 1897, p. 38, Deer of All Lands, p. 186. 1898.
This species was named on the evidence of a frontlet and
antlers from the district south-west of the Caspian, which
was figured in 1874 when in the collection of Sir Victor
Brooke, where it could not be discovered at his death. The
antlers measured 26 inches in length along the curve, and
were three-tined. In his original description Brooke referred
the species to the rusine group, comparing it to 0. vnicolor
and C. timoricnsis, but in 1878 he placed it provisionally in
the sika group ; the ground of this redetermination a]»parently
resting on another antler from the Karun Valley, in the
Luristan district of Persia, which may or may not have
belonged to the same species as the type.
VI. Genus ELAPHURUS.
Elaphurus, Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 5, vol. x, p. 380,
1866; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 906; Cameron, Field,
1892, April 30, p. 265, Mav 14, p. 703, May 21, p. 741, June 11,
p. 860; Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 233, 1898; Pocock,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 945, 1912, p. 777.
Lateral metacarpals represented by their upper ends as
in Cervus; no glands on front of pasterns; antlers lar^e,
cylindrical, and dichotomously forking at a comparatively
short distance above the burr, with the front prong of the
main fork curving forwards and again dividing once or more,
and the hind prong long, straight, simple, and projecting
backwards ; muzzle with a large naked portion, deeper nnd
broader below the nostrils than in the elaphine group, but
extending only a little on to the front of the face, where its
upper border is deeply concave ; ears small and narrow ;
tail long, cylindrical, and bushy at the extremity ; neck
raaned ; face long ; coat uniformly coloured, in young
spotted ; no tarsal tuft ; metatarsal tuft continuous and
situated in the upper third of the metatarsus ; gland-pits
and face-glands large ; hoofs large and spreading ; lateral
hoofs very large ; upper canines small ; upper molars
152 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
moderately tall, with a small additional column on tlie
inner side ; vomer not dividing aperture of posterior nostrils
into two chambers. Size large ; build heavy, with the limbs
stout. No foot-glands.
Much difference of opinion has existed as to the systematic
position of this genus, which was regarded by Milne-Edwards
as a very distinct type ; the same view being maintained by
Gray, who placed Ma'phurua between the roes and the
American deer. On the other hand, Sclater and Brooke
included Elaphurus in Cervus ; but Gordon Cameron, from
the form of the antlers, reverted to the older view ; while
Pocock, who regards the front prong of the antlers as
representing the brow-tine of Ccrriis, sides with Sclater and
Brooke, although maintaining Elaphurus as a distinct genus.
Garrod confessed his inability to identify the tines of the
antlers with those of other deer.
The range is not definitely known, but seems to have
included some part of Northern China and, it is said, Japan.
The evidence in favour of the later country forming a part
of the distributional area rests on a fragment of an alleged
fossil antler described by Watase.
ELAPHUEUS DAYIDIANUS.
Elaphurus davidianus, Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 5, vol. v,
p. 380, 1866, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. ii, p. 27, 1866 ; Gray, Cat.
Ruminants Brit. Mus. p, 82, 1872, Hand-List Bundnants Brit.
Mus. p. 154, 1873 ; Fitzinger, Sitzber. h. Alt. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixx,
pt. 1, p. 329, 1874; Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 16;
LydeMer, Deer of All Lands, p. 236, pi. xix, 1898, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1901, vol. ii, p. 472, 1904, vol. ii, p. 178 ; Ward, Records of
Big Game, ed. 6, p. 101, 1910, ed. 7, p. 78, 1914; Pocock, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 945, 1912, p. 777 ; Watase, Zool. Mag. Tokyo,
vol. XXV, p. 487, 1913.
Cervus davidianus, Sclater, Travis. Zool. Soc. vol. vii, p. 331, 1871 ;
Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 906 ; Ward, Records of Big
Game, ed. 2, p. 17, 1898; Flower and Lydekker, Study of
Mammals, p. 320, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 309,
1913.
Mi-LU ; Pere David's Deeb.
Tlie distribution is the same as that of the species, which
is known only by the herd formerly kept in the gardens of
the Summer Palace, Pekin, and their descendants.
CEKVID.« 153
Height at shoulder about 3 feet 9 inches, or about the
size of a large red deer. Head large, with small eyes and
ears, and a long, narrow muzzle ; limbs stout ; coat short and
smooth, but longer on the middle line of chest and under-
parts, and forming a mane on neck and throat ; general
colour reddish tawny with a tinge of grey, passing through
an ill-defined darker band on the sides to a more decided
whitish grey on the under-parts ; neck, chest, and lower
portion of throat dark brown ; a blackish brown longitudinal
stripe on neck and fore part of back, and another on chest ;
rump and inner sides of thighs yellowish white, passing
gradually into the general colour of the body ; inner sides of
legs and entire shanks whitish yellow-grey ; tail like back,
except the terminal tuft, which is blackish brown ; face
brownish, with a blackish brown ring round each eye.
Female somewhat lighter coloured. Young reddish brown
with a tinge of yellow, at first profusely spotted with white.
Fine antlers measure from 28 to 35| inches along the outer
curve, with a basal girth of from 4f to 7^ inches, and a
tip-to-tip interval ranging from 13f to 27^ inches. In some
cases, at any rate, the stags shed their antlers twice a year ;
but this may be a result of semi-domestication.
70. 6. 22. 14. Skin and skeleton (1538, &), female. From
the herd in the gardens of the Summer Palace, Pekin.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1870.
72. 12. 31. 3. Skin and skeleton, the latter (1538, a)
mounted. Same locality. Same history.
98. 2. 25. 2. Head, mounted, and body-skin. From the
descendants of the same herd at Woburn Abbey.
Presented by the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1848.
99. 7. 20. 1. Skin, mounted. From the Woburn herd.
Same donor, 1899.
VII. Genus ODOCOILEUS.
O^ocoWevi^, Bafinesque, Atlantic Jour n. vol. i, p. 109, 1832; Elliot,
Synoj). Mamm. N. America {Field Mas. Zool. Pub. vol. ii), p. 38,
1901 ; Pococh, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 780 ; Miller, List N. Amer.
Mamm. p. 385, 1912.
Mazama, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol, v, p. 314, 1827
nee Rafinesque, 1817.
154 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Dorcelaplius, Gloger, Handbuch Naturgescli. p. 140, 1841; Lydehher,
Deer of All Lands, p. 248, 1898; Pococh, Proc. Zooh Soc. 1910,
p. 962.
Cariacus, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Eegne Aniin., Mamin. p. 173, 1842;
Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mas. p. 175, 1843, Cat. Ruminants
Brit. Mus. p. 82, 1872 ; Brooke. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 918 ;
Biltimeyer, AhJi. schiveiz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 47, 1881.
Keduucina, Wagner, Sclireher's Saugthiere, Snppl. vol. iv, p. 373,
1844; Fitzinger, Sitzher. h. Ah. Wiss. Wicn, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1,
p. 357, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 312, 1879.
Macrotis, Wagner, loc. cit. 1844 ; nee Dejaine, 1833.
Eucervns, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xviii, p. 338, 1866,
Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 85, 1872; Pocock, Prcc. Zool. Soc.
1910, p. 966.
Otelaphus, Fitzinger, Sitzher. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1,
p. 356, 1873, to replace Macrotis.
G^'ninotis, Fitzinger, op. cit. vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 343, 1879.
Odocoelus, Allen, Amer. Nat. vol. xxxv, p. 449, 1901.
Dama, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, p. 19, 1902; nee
H. Smith, 1827.
Odontocoelus, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Ind. {Field Mus.
Zool. Pub. vol. iv) p. 70, 1904, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. {ibid.
vol. viii) p. 45, 1907, emendation of Odocoileus, as is also
Odocwlus.
Lateral metacarpals with only lower ends persisting ;
vomer high and dividing aperture of posterior nostrils into
two chambers ; antlers large, with the beam rising at a
marked angle to plane of face, and (when fully developed)
dichotomously forked, with a sub-basal snag, and the lower,
or front, prong of main foi'k projected from anterior edge
of beam and more or less developed at the expense of the
upper, or hind one, and more or less secondary forking of one
or both prongs ; face long and narrow ; muzzle with a large
naked area ; ears variable ; tail long or moderate, hairy below ;
coat nniformly coloured ; young spotted ; tarsal and usually
metatarsal glands present, the latter variable in form and
position ; gland-pits and face-glands very small ; main hoofs
well developed; hind-pasterns with a pocket-like gland,
which may also be developed in fore-feet ; upper canines
wanting; naviculo- cuboid of tarsus free from cuneiform.
Size medium or small.
The deer included in the present genus are members of
a large exclusively American group, the classification of
which has given rise to much diversity of opinion ; some
writers, like Brooke, inclining to include tlie whole group,
CEKVID^ 155
with the exception of the pudus, in a single genus, while
others, like Gray, adopt several generic divisions. The
former course has hitherto been followed by the present
writer, but now^ tliat Hippocamclns is generally adopted for
the guemals, this involves the use of that highly objection-
able term, as being the earliest, for the wdiole group, a course
he is not prepared to follow. Under these circumstances,
the group is split up into six genera.
The range of the present genus,* which is typified by an
upper premolar tooth from a cavern-deposit descriLied as
0. spclxKS, extends from Alaska to Peru, Bolivia, and northern
Brazil.
The species here recognised are distinguishalde as
follows : —
A. Metatarsal gland (wheu present) small and circu-
lar ; tail long ; ears moderate O. Virginia nns.
B. Metatarsal gland elongated ; tail shorter ; ears
very large.
a. Metatarsal gland very long ; tail small,
black at tip all round 0. hemionus.
b. Metatarsal gland shorter ; tail larger, black
above, white below 0. cohtDibvantfi.
I. ODOCOILEUS VIEGIXIANUS.
" Cervus dama americanus," Erxleben, Syst. liegn. Anim. p. 312,
1777; not a technical name, teste Allen, Anier. Nat. vol. xxxiv,
p. 318, 1900, Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasldngton, vol. xv, p. 87,
1902, and Field Mas. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 48, 1912, and Thomas,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 585, 1913.
Cervus virginianus, Boddaert, Elcnchiis Anim. vol. i, p. 136, 1785;
Baird, Mamni. N. America, p. 649, 1857 ; H. Smith, Griffith's
Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 127, 1827 ; Caton, Antelojye and
Deer of America, p. 100, 1877.
Cervus clavatus, H. Smith, Griffitli's Animal Kingdom, \ol. iv, p. 132,
1827 ; Sundevall, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 183, 1846.
Cervus (Mazama) virginianus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom,
vol. V, p. 315, 1827.
Cervus (Mazama) clavatus, H. Smith, loc. cit. 1827.
Odocoileus spelseus, Bafinesque, Atlantic Journ. vol. 1, p. 109, 1832.
Dorcelaphus virginianus, Gloger, Handbuch Naturgesch. p. 140, 1841.
Mazama virginiana, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 176,
1835.
* As the name Odocoileus is etymologically bad, emendations
have been proposed, and objections raised to its use in every form.
156 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Cariacus virginiauus, Lesson, Noiiv. Tabl. RegneAnim., Mamm. p. 173,
1842 ; aray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 175, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1850, p. 238, Cat. Ungiilata Brit. Mus. p. 228, 1852, Cat. Bumi-
nants Brit. Mus. p, 83, 1872, Hand-List Rmninants Brit. Mus.
p. 83, 1873 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 266, 1862 ;
Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 18 ; Brool-e, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1878, p. 919 ; Alston, Biol. Ccntr. Amer., Mamm.. p. 115, 1879 ;
Sclater, List Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 172, 1883; Merriam,
Mammals of Adirondacks, p. 107, 1884 ; Flower and Garson,
Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p, 322, 1884 ; True, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. vii, p. 592, 1885; Flower and Lydekker,
Study of Mammals, p. 329, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs,
p. 346, 1893 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 55, 1896.
EeduDcina virginiana, Fitzinqer, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii,
pt. 1, p. 357, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 313, 1B79.
Cervus (Cariacus) virginianus, Herrick, Mamm. Minnesota, p. 281,
1892.
Cariacus americanus. Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. x,
p. 25, 1896.
Dorcelaphus americanus, Rhoads, Proc. Ac. Sci. Pliilad. 1897, p. 208 ;
Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 962.
Mazama americana, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 249, pi. xx, 1898.
Odocoileus americanus, Miller, Bull. N. York State Mus. vol, vi,
p. 299, 1899, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 386, 1912 ; Elliot, Srjnop.
Mamm. N. Amer. {Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 39, 1901 ;
Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1913, p. 783.
Mazama (Dorcelaphus) americana, Lydekker, Great and Small Game
of Europe, etc. p. 339, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 103, 1910.
Odocoileus virginianus. Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 34,
1903 ; Scharff, Origin of Life in America, p. 108, 1911 ; Gary,
N. Amer. Fauna, no. 33, p. 55, 1911.
Odontocoehis americanus, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies
(Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 70, 1904, Cat. Mamm. Field
Mus. {ibid. vol. viii) p. 46, 1907.
Mazama (Odocoileus) virginianus. Lydekker, Ward's Records of Big
Game, ed. 7, p. 101, 1914,
White-tailed, or Virginian, Deer,
Typical locality Virginia.
Build liyht and graceful, with long body and limbs ;
height variable, ranging from about 3 feet 1 inch to 26 inches
at the shoulder ; antlers with a long sub-basal snag, above
which the beam abruptly curves forwards, and soon after
forks dichotomously, posterior prong of main fork upright
and generally undivided, anterior, or lower, prong again
forking, with its lower division also forked, the whole antler
in advance of the sub-basal tine having the appearance of
a horizontal beam with three nearly vertical tines arising
GEKVID.E 157
from the upper suiface ; ears relatively small and sparsely
liaired externally ; tail long and pointed ; muzzle long and
slender ; face-glands very small, and almost hidden by folds
of skin ; metatarsal gland, when present, small, sub-circular,
Fig. 29. — Head of White-tailed Deer {Odocoileus virginianus).
From a pliotograph lent by Mr. E. S. Cameron.
and usually situated in lower third of shank, its centre
bare and black, surrounded by a marginal fringe of white
hairs, followed by an outer ring of fawn ; tarsal gland
variable ; both fore- and hind-pasterns with a pouch-like
gland ; general colour in summer varying from bright rufous
chestnut to yellowish fawn or grey, in winter some shade
158 CxVTALOGUE OF UNGULATES
of yellowish leaden grey, faintly speckled, and often with
a tinge of rufous ; under-parts, inner sides of limbs and
buttocks, lower surface of tail, chin, throat, lips, a ring
round each eye, and a band round muzzle white ; young
fully spotted. The case of the numerous forms allied to the
true white-tailed deer is very similar to that of the sambar
group, so that there is an equal difficulty in deciding whether
they should be regarded as species or subspecies ; Brooke
was inclined to take the latter view, which is adopted by
rocock. In this extended sense the range of the species
will reach from Ontario to Central and South America, with
a gradual diminution in the size of the local races from
north to south.
The following is a provisional " key " to the best-known
of these races : —
A. Size large ; antlers large and complex.
a. Skull of moderate length and sleuderucss.
a'. Black on jaw and tail.
a". Size smaller, colour bright rufous 0. v. virginianus.
h" . Size larger, colour grey O. v. horcalis.
h'. No black on face and tail.
6". General colour (including tail) reddish
brown O. v. macrourus.
c". Closely allied to last O. v. leucurus.
h. Skull larger and more slender, with longer
row of cheek-teeth 0. v. louisiance,
B. Size small, antlers miniatures of those of
typical race.
a. Colour (at all seasons) mingled dark and
pale brown, tail dark reddish brown tipped
with cinnamon 0. v. osceola.
h. Colour pale reddish brown, tail black 0. v. texanus.
c. Colour dull fawn, tail reddish brown ., O. v. couesi.
(h Colour greyish brown, tail grizzled white and
brown 0. v. haileyi.
c. Colour speckled foxy red, tail foxy red 0. v. mexicanus.
f. Colour brown, with fawn tips to hairs, tail 0. v. rothschilcli
fawn with black tip and O. v. cJiiri-
c. Size small, antlers slightly lyrate with straight ^
beam.
a. Metatarsal gland present.
a'. Colour bright chestnut, tail tawny O. v. truei.
h' . Colour mixed black and buff, tail cinnamon O. v. costaricensis.
c'. Colour yellowish brown and grey, tail
dusky 0. V. nemoralis.
CEltVlD.E 159
h. Metatarsal gland generally wanting.
h'. Colour chestnut-brown, tail brown 0. v. toltecas and
O. V. acapiilcensis.
c'. Colour buftish grey, coat coarse, ears hairy 0. v. lasiotis.
(V. Colour yellowish brown, coat fine, ears
sparsely haired, size larger 0. v. cjymnotis and
0. V. columbicus.
e' . Generally similar to last, but colour
speckled grey and size smaller 0. v. margaritw.
f. Also nearly allied, but colour dark greyish
brown, and tarsal tuft rufous instead of
like the leg 0, v. loeruvianus.
D, Antlers inclined backwards in plane of face,
with the tips curving inwards and forwards
and a similarly directed spur from inner side
of each burr ; colour bright fulvous O.v. thomaal.
E. Antlers small subcylindrical spikes.
a. Size smaller, colour brownish grey, darker
on head and dorsal line, tail fulvous O. v. nelsoni.
h.^ Size larger, colour yellowish grey-brown, tail
bright rufous 0. v. sinalow.
A.— Odocoileus virg-inianus virg-inianus.
Mazama americana typica, Lydcl-Jccr, Deer of All Lands, p. 252, 1898 ;
Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6. p. 103, 1910.
Odocoileus americanus auiericanus, Miller, List N. Ainer. Manuit.
p. 386, 1912.
Typical locality Virginia.
Size large, the height at the shoulder reaching to about
3 feet 1 inch ; antlers large ; general colour in summer bright
rufous chestnut, with black markings on face and tail; in
winter speckled yellowish grey ; a transverse black band on
the chin ; tail chestnut or grey above, white beneath, with
more or less black at the tip on the upper surface ; meta-
tarsal gland well developed, and situated low^ down on the
shank ; tarsal tuft large and mingled black and white.
Fine antlers attain a length of from 23 to 29 inches.
The ranjje extends through eastern North America from
the southern United States northward of Florida and
Louisiana.
The reference of some of the following specimens —
especially in cases where the place of origin is unknown —
to this race is provisional.
47. 12. 28. 25. Skin, mounted. North America.
Purchased (Bartldt), 18-17.
160 CATALOGUE OF UISGULATES
50. 11. 30. 2. Skin, mounted. North America.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1850.
51. 7. 9. 4. Skin, young female, mounted. Probably
from an animal born in London. Same liistorij, 1851.
53. 8. 29. 46. Skin, immature female. North America.
Same history, 1853.
681, r. Skeleton and antlers, mounted. Wisconsin.
No history.
50. 11. 22. 25 (681, ej). Skeleton, immature.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1850.
59. 9. 28. 5-6 (681, iv, ;»). Two skulls, with antlers.
North America. Purchased {Cuming), 1859.
681, m. Skull, with antlers. No history.
74. 10. 6. 1. Frontlet and antlers. Fulton County,
Ohio; collected by Mr. Sleight. Purchased, 1874.
681. a. Frontlet and antlers, immature. North America.
No history.
681, h-d. Three frontlets, with antlers. No history.
681, «\ Frontlet and antlers. North America.
No history.
681, n, 0, p, <£. Four frontlets, with antlers. North
America. No history.
681,/, g. Two single antlers. North America.
No history.
B.— Odocoileus virginianus borealis.
Odocoileus americanus borealis, Miller, Bull. N. Yo7-k State Mas.
vol. viii, p. 83, 1900, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 386, 1912.
Odocoileus virginianus borealis, Stone and Cram, American Anim ah,
p. 39, 1903.
Mazama aiuericana borealis, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 104, 1910.
Mazama virginiana borealis, Lydekker, Ward's Becords of Birj
Game, ed. 7, p. 102, 1914.
Typical locality Hancock County, Maine.
Type in New York State Museum.
Kather larger and greyer than the typical race.
The range extends from the New England States and
Canada to northern New York.
45. 7. 4. 5. Skull and antlers. Hudson Bay.
Presented hy the Hudson Pay Co., 1845,
CERV1D.E 161
45. 7. 4. 6. Skull, immature female. Same locality.
Sa7ne history.
2. * * *. Skin, mounted. Canada.
Presented hy the Agricultural Department
of Canada, 1902.
2. t t t- Head, female, mounted. Canada.
Saine history.
C— Odocoileus virginianus macrourus.
Cervus* macrourus, Bafinesque, Amer. Month.. Mag. vol. i, p. 436,
1817 ; H. Smith, QriffitWs Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 134,
1827.
Cervus (Mazama) macrourus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom,
vol. V, p. 316, 1827.
Dorcelaphus macrurus, Ologer, Handbuch Natm-geschichtc, p. 40,
1841.
Dorcelaphus virginianus macrourus, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist. vol. vii, p. 257.
Mazama americaua macrura, Lydeliker, Deer of All Lands, p. 257,
1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 343, 1901.
Odocoileus americanus macrourus, Miller and Behn, Proc. Boston
Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxx, p. 14, 1901 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamin. N.
America {Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii), p. 39, 1902; Miller, List
N. Amer. Mamm. p. 386, 1912.
Odocoileus virginianus macrourus, Stone and Cram, American
Animals, p. 39, 1903.
Odontocoelus americanus macrourus, Elliot, Chech-List Mamm. N.
Amer. etc. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. vi) p. 44, 1905.
Typical locality Plains of Kansas Valley, Upper Mis-
sissippi.
Smaller than typical race, and slightly different in colour,
with no black on face and tail; antlers rather small and
much bowed ; general colour in summer reddish brown, in
winter bright greyish fawn with black speckling ; tail fawn-
colour, passing into rusty brown, above ; tarsal gland
yellowish brown.
The range includes Kansas, Nebraska, the Dakotas, etc.
JSTo specimen in collection.
* Misprinted Corvus.
IV. M
162 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
D.— Odocoileus virginianus leucurus.
Cervus leucurus, Douglas, Zool. Journ. voL iv, p. 330, 1829 ; Baird,
Mamm. N. America, p. 649, 1857.
Cariacus leucurus. Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Regne Anim., Mamm. p. 173,
1842 ; Graij, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 230, 1852 ; Cat. Rumi-
nants Brit. Mus. p. 83, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus.
p. 155, 1873 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 919 ; Flower and
Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 323, 1884.
Cervus (Mazaina) leucurus, Sundevall, K. Svenslia Vet.-Alc. Handl.
1844, p. 181, 1846.
Reduncina leucura, Fitzinger, Sitzber. h. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii,
pt. 1, p. 357, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 323, 1879.
Odocoileus leucurus, Seton-Thompson, Forest and Stream, vol. li,
p. 286, 1898; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 33, 1903;
Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 388, 1912.
Typical locality Lower Columbia Valley, Oregon.
Closely allied to the last, from which it was regarded as
inseparable both by Caton and Elliot.
The range extends from Washington to California.
53. 8. 29. 52. Skin, mounted. Eocky Mountains, from
an animal presented to the Zoological Society by the Eail
of Derby. Pnrcliascd {Zoological Society), 1853.
E.— Odocoileus virgrinianus louisianae.
Odoccelus virginianus louisiana^, Allen, Amer. Nat. vol. xxxv, p. 449,
1901.
Odocoileus louisian;e, Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 39,
1903.
Odontocoelus americanus louisianae, Elliot, ChecJc-List Mamm. N.
Amer. etc. {Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. vi) p. 44, 1905,
Odocoileus americanus louisianae, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm.
p. 386, 1912.
Typical locality Mer Eouge, Louisiana, to which State
this race is restricted.
Size relatively large and colour pale in winter, with tall
and heavy antlers, a long and slender skull, and a long row
of lower cheek-teeth.
No specimen in collection.
F.— Odocoileus virginianus osceola.
Cariacus osceola, Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasliington, vol. x, p. 26,
1896.
Mazama americana osceola, Lydeld-er, Deer of All Lands, p. 259,
1898, Great and Small Game of Euroj^e, etc. p. 345, 1901.
CEllVID^ 163
Odocoileus osceola, Miller and Behn, Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Sac.
vol. XXX, p. 17, 1901 ; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 39,
1903; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 389, 1911.
Odocoileus americanus osceola, Elliot, Synoi). Mamm. N. Amer.
{Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 40, 1902.
Odontocoelus americanus osceola, Elliot, Clicclx-List Mamm. N. Amer.
etc. {Field Mas. Zool. Pah. vol. vi) p. 44, 19C5.
Typical locality Citrus County, Florida.
About one-third smaller than typical race, and much
darker, general colour mixed dark and pale brown ; with
little or no difference in colour between winter and summer
coats, both of which are short and fine ; tail dark reddish
brown tipped with cinnamon ; cheek-teeth relatively large,
and certain differences in nasals and maxillaB from those of
typical species.
The range appears to be restricted to the Floridan
Peninsula.
iSTo specimen in collection.
G.— Odocoileus virginianus texanus.
Dorcelaphus texanus, Mcarns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xii,
p. 23, 1898.
Odocoileus texanus, Seton-Tliompson, Forest and Stream, vol. li,
p. 286, 1898 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 889, 1912.
Odocoileus texensis. Miller and Behn, Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc.
vol. XXX, p. 17, 1901 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. {Field.
Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 40, 1902 ; Stone and Cram, American
Animals, p. 39, 1903.
Mazama americana texana, Lydclcher, Great and Small Game of
Europe, etc. p. 346, 1901.
Odontocoelus americanus texensis, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and
W. Indies {Field. Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv, p. 70, 1904), Check-
List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. {ibid. vol. vi) p. 45, 1905, Cat. Mamm.
Field Mus. {ibid. vol. viii) p. 47, 1907.
Typical locality Fort Clark, Tinney County, Texas.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Size small ; antlers small, strongly incurved and of the
same character as those of typical race ; general colour pale
reddish, with margins and tips of the short ears and upper
side of tail black ; clieek-teeth relatively large. In winter
top of head black and sides grey, a black dorsal stripe, and
general colour mingled yellowish white and grey, becoming
dusky on chest.
No specimen in collection.
M 2
164 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
H.— Odocoileus virginianus couesi.
Cariacus virginianus, var. couesi, Coues and Yarroiv, Rejh Geogr. and
Geol. W. of 100th Merid. vol. v, p. 72, 1875.
Dorcelaphus couesi, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. vii,
p. 200, 1895.
Odocoileus couesi, Scton- Thompson, Forest and Stream, vol. li,
p. 286, 1898 ; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 39, 1903 ;
Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. {Field Mus. Zool. Pith. vol. ii)
p. 40, 1901 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 387, 1912.
Mazama americana couesi, Lydeliker, Great and Small Game o/
Europe, etc. p. 346, 1901.
Odontocoelus americanus couesi, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W.
Indies {Field Mus. Zool. Puh. vol. iv), p. 70, 1904, Checlc-List
Mamm. N. Amer. etc. {ibid. vol. vi) p. 45, 1905.
Typical locality Critteudau Camp, Pima County, Arizona.
A small desert-form, with antlers like those of typical
race ; general colour in summer dull fawn, with a tinge of
ochre, passing into mouse-gi'ey on back, and tawny or
reddish brown on flanks and upper side of tail.
The range includes Arizona and the Sonoran district of
Mexico, extending as far south as the Gila Valley and the
forest -tracts near Mexico City.
No specimen in collection.
I.— Odocoileus virgrinianus battyi.
Odocoileus battyi, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xix, p. 591,
1908; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 387, 1912.
Odontocoelus battyi, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies {Field
Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 71, 1904, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer.
etc. {ibid. vol. vi) p. 45, 1905.
Typical locality Eancho Santuario, State of Durango,
Mexico.
Type in American Museum of Natural History, New
York.
Generally similar to 0. v. concsi, but with antlers bent
more sharply outwards, and, in skull, lachrymal vacuities
smaller, nasals wider and less arched, basisphenoid more
wedgelike, and cheek-teeth larger; general colour grey
brown ; tail grizzled white and brown.
No specimen in collection.
CERVID.E 165
J.- Odocoileus vipginianus mexicanus.
Cervus mexicanus,* Lichtenstein, Darstellung. Thierc, pi. xviii,
1827-34, ex Pennant's Mexican Deer.
Cariacus mexicanus, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Begne Anim., Mamm. p. 173,
1842 ; Crraij, Cat. B^imiuants Brit. Mus. p. 84, 1872, Hand-List
Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 156, 1873; Brooke, Broc. Zool. Soc.
1878, p. 919 ; Alston, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Mamm. pp. 82 and 113,
1879 ; Sclater, List Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 173, 1883 ; Flower
and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 323, 1884 ;
Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 58, 1896, partim.
Reduncina mexicana, Fitzinger, Sitzher. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol.
Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 357, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 328, 1879.
Cariacus virginianus mexicanus, Blioads, Amer. Nat. vol. xxviii,
p. 524, 1894.
Mazama americana mexicana, Lydckker, Deer of All Lands, p. 261,
1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 347, 1901.
Dama lichtensteini, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi,
p. 20, 1902.
Odocoileus mexicanus, Osgood, Broc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xv,
p. 87, 1902; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 389, 1912.
Odontoccelus lichtensteini, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies
(Field Mus. Zool. Bub. vol. iv), p. 72, 1904, Check-List Mamm.
N. Amer. etc. {ibid. vol. vi) p. 45, 1905.
Mazama americana lichtensteini, Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 105, 1910.
Mazama virginiana lichtensteini, Lydekker, Ward's Becords of Big
Game, ed. 7, p. 103, 1914.
Typical locality Valley of Mexico.
Size small (slioiilder-heiglit about 33 inches) ; antlers
resembling those of typical race, but smaller ; general colour
in summer speckled foxy red, passing into speckled grey on
head and ears, and into pure foxy red on tail, which is
relatively short; chin, lower jaw, and throat (but not
muzzle) white, like under-parts ; in winter greyish or ashy
brown ; metatarsal tuft small, brownish bordered with white.
Antlers ranging from IH to 13^ inches in length have been
measured.
The distributional area probably includes a considerable
portion of Southern Mexico.
681, c. Frontlet and antlers. Figured by Pennant, and
* The use of this name has been regarded by Allen, Elliot, and
others, as being barred by " C. mexicanus," Gmelin, 1788 ; but it is
employed both by Osgood and Miller.
166 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
also by Hamilton Smith, as Mexican Deei', and therefore the
type of Cervus mexicanus. No history.
58.6.2. 17 (1374, c). Skull and antlers. Oaxaca,
Southern Mexico. Purchased {Salle), 1858.
58. 6. 2. 18 (1374,(/)- Frontlet and antlers. Same
locality. Same history.
1374, A, i. Two frontlets with antlers. Same locality.
Same history.
1374, c',/. Six odd antlers. Same locality. Same history.
681, r. Frontlet and antlers. Mexico.
Purchased {Argent).
51. 11. 10. 6 (681,?-^). Skeleton, provisionally referred
to this race. Locality unknown.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1851.
94. 11. 20. 1. Frontlet and antlers. Cerro Valijo,
Jalisco, Southern ]\Iexico ; collected ])y Dr. A. C. Buller.
Purchased, 1894.
K.— Odocoileus virg-inianus sinaloae.
Odocoileus sinaloae, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xix,
p. 613, 1903 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 389, 1912.
Odontocoelus sinalotB, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies
(Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 78, 1904, Chech-List Mamm.
N. Amer. etc. {ibid. vol. vi) p. 47, 1905.
Typical locality Esquinapa, State of Sinaloa, Mexico.
Type in American Museum of Natural History, New
York.
Size relatively Inrgc ; antlers * simple spikes ; general
colour (season not stated) yellowish grey-brown, with a
black band above muzzle, and the sides of latter, spaces
above dark band, and orbital rings grey, and chin and throat
buff'y greyish white ; upper side of tail bright rufous.
98. 3. 2. 148-149. Two skulls. Sinaloa ; collected by
Mr. P. 0. Simons. Purchased, 1898.
98. 3. 2. 150. Frontlet and antlers. Same locality.
Same history.
* Not fully adult in type.
CEKVID.E 167
L.— Odocoileus virg-inianus toltecus.
Cervus toltecus, Saussttrc, Ecv. Mag. Zool. ser. 2, vol. xii, p. 247, 1860.
Coassus toltecus, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 92, 1872.
Cervus yucatensis. Hays, Ann. Lye. Neto York, vol. x, p. 218, 1874,
Cariacus toltecus, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 921 ; Alston,
Biol. Centr.-Amer., Mamm. p. 117, 1879 ; Tme, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. vol. vii, p. 592, 1885.
Mazama americana tolteca, Lydehher, Deer of All Lands, p. 263, 1898,
Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 348, 1901.
Odocoileus toltecus, Miller and Relin, Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc.
vol. XXX, p. 117, 1901.
Oclontoccelus toltecus, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amcr. and W. Indies
{Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 74, 1904, Check-List. Mamm.
N. Amer. etc. {ibid. vol. vi) p. 46, 1905.
Typical locality near Orizaba, State of Vera Cruz,
Mexico, whence tliis race ranges into Mecantan, South-
eastern Mexico.
Size very small, about one-third less than that of typical
race ; tail relatively long ; antlers short, upright, nearly
straight, and semi-palmate, with little forward projection of
the lower prong of the main fork, and the number of tines
reduced ; metatarsal gland and tuft wanting ; general colour,
at all seasons, dark chestnut-brown ; face blackish ; under-
parts white ; tail, which is truncated at the tip, brown above.
The aborted antlers and absence of metatarsal gland are
degraded features, the former being only a degenerate
modification of those of 0. v. 'iiiexicanus, while a transition
to the loss of the metatarsal gland occurs in the case of
0. V. nehoni and 0. v. nemoralis, in which it is rudimentary.
56. 12. 14. 1-2 (1374, a-h). Two frontlets and antlers.
Vera Cruz. Purchased {Salle), 1856.
M.— Odocoileus virginianus acapulcensis.
Cervus acapulcensis, Caton, Antclo2:)e and Deer of America, p. 117,
1877.
Odocoileus acapulcensis, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. WasJdnyton,
vol. xii, p. 104, 1898 ; Miller, List N.Amer. Mamm. p. 386, 1912.
Typical locality Acapulco, State of Guerrero, Mexico.
Closely allied to the preceding race, with which it is
identified by Elliot.
No specimen in collection.
168 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
N.— Odocoileus virg-inianus nelsoni.
Odocoileus nelsoni, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasliington, voL xii,
p. 103, 1898 ; Miller, List N. Amcr. Mamm. p. 389, 1912.
Mazama americana nelsoni, Lydckkci-, Great and Small Game of
Europe, etc. p. 349, 1901.
Odontoccelus nelsoni, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Anier. and W. Indies {Field
Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 75, 1904, Cliecli-List Mamm. N.
Amer. and W. Indies {op. cit. vol. vi), p. 47, 1905.
Typical locality San Cristobal, highlands of the State of
Chiapas, Mexico.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
A medium-sized race, allied to 0. v. toUecus, but with the
antlers* in the form of simple spikes, and a small metatarsal
gland half-way up the shank ; general colour (probably at
all seasons) brownish grey, Ijecoming blackish on top of head
and middle line of back, and grizzled grey on ears ; tail
fulvous above.
No specimen in collection.
0.— Odocoileus virginianus thomasi.
Odocoileus thomasi, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xii,
p. 102, 1898 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 390, 1912.
Mazama americana thomasi, LydeTxlier, Great and Small Game of
Europe, etc. p. 350, 1901.
Odontoccelus thomasi, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies
{Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 75, 1904, Chech-List Mamm.
N. Amer. etc. {ibid. vol. vi) p. 47, 1905.
Typical locality Huehuetan, State of Chiapas, Mexico ;
the range extending into Oaxaca.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Size relatively large ; antlers sloping backwards in plane
of face, with tips curving inwards and forwards, and a small
sub-basal snag on inner border; a small metatarsal gland
half-way up the shank ; general colour bright fulvous, with
a grizzled golden tint in winter, when the coat is longer ;
forehead black or black and fulvous, and chin white, with
the usual black lateral patches; tail l^right fulvous above.
Skull and teeth similar to those of 0. v. truei (infra).
No specimen in collection.
* Not adult in type.
CERVIDyE 169
P.— Odocoileus virgrinianus truei.
Cariacus clavatus, True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xi, p. 417, 1888;
nee Cervus clavatus, H. Smith, 1827.
Cariacus truei, Trouessart, Oat. Mamm. vol. ii, p. 895, 1898.
Odocoileus truei, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xii,
p. 103, 1898 ; Miller, List N. Avier. Mamm. p. 390, 1912.
Mazama americana truei, Lydehher, Great and Small Game of
Europe, etc. p. 350, 1901.
Odontocoelus truii, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies {Field
Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 73, 1904, Check-List Mam^n. N. Amer.
etc. {ibid. vol. vi) p. 46, 1905.
Typical locality Segovia Valley, Eastern Honduras.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Size medium; general appearance and colour very
similar to typical race, but antlers in the form of simple
spikes directed backwards nearly in the plane of the face ;
metatarsal gland small ; hoofs yellowish at tips ; general
colour, at least in summer,* bright chestnut, greyer on head
than on back, with a white spot on each side of muzzle,
followed by a dusky brown band exteading to margin of lip,
and continued by a spot on ] jorder of lower lip ; orbital rings
whitish ; a dusky brown streak from nose to forehead, which
is darker than face ; ears mostly grey, with a large white
spot at base ; upper surface of tail tawny like back ; under
surface of lower jaw and throat white, like under- parts.
58. 6. 18. 5. Skin, referable either to this race or to
0. V. ncriioraUs. Honduras.
Purchased (Zoological Society), 1858.
58. 6. 18. 8. Skin, female, racially identical with the
preceding specimen. Honduras. Same liistory.
9. 6. 11. 14. Skull and skin, young female, provisionally
referred to this race. Polochic Valley, Guatemala ; col-
lected by G. C. Shortridge, Esq.
Presented hj the Zoological Society, 1909.
* The speckled brownish grey skin regarded by True as showing
the winter coat, is stated by Elliot (op. cit. 1905) to be in the summer
dress,
170 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Q. — Odocoileus virginianus costaricensis.
Odocoileus costaricensis, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasldngfon, vol.
xiv, p. 35, 1901, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 386, 1912.
Odontocoilus costaricensis, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies
{Field Mils. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 73, 1904, Chech-List Mamm.
N. Amer. etc. {ibid. vol. vi) p. 46, 1905.
Typical locality Talamanca district, Eastern Costa Eica,
between coast and Cordilleran foot-hills.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Larger and lighter-coloured than 0. v. truci ; general
colour mingled huff and black — owing to annulation of
liairs — darkest on top of head, neck, and fore-part of back ;
ears dark brownish grey, white internally ; tail cinnamon
above (like limbs), with dusky tip. *
65. 5, 18. 36. Skin, female. Costa Eica ; collected by
0. Salvin, Esq. Furchascd, 1865.
65. 5. 18. 37. Skin. Same locality and collector.
Smne history.
67. 8. 23. 2 (1374, g). Frontlet and antlers. Costa Eica.
Purchased (Carmiol), 1867.
R.— Odocoileus virg-inianus nemoralis.
CervTis nemoralis, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv,
p. 137, 1827 ; Pucheran, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vi, p. 336, 1852.
Cervus (Mazama) nemoralis, H. SmitJi, Griffith's Animal Kingdom,
vol. V, p. 317, 1827.
Mazama nemoralis, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii,
p. 175, 1835.
Cariacus nemoralis, Lcsso??, Nouv. Tahl. Begne Anim., Mamm. p. 173,
1842 ; Gray, Cat. XJngidata Brit. Mus. p. 232, 1852 ; Matschie,
Mitt, geogr. Ges. Lilbech, 1894, p. 130.
Eeduncina nemoralis, Fitzinger, Sitzber. Ti. ATi. Wiss. Wien, vol.
Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 357, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, p. 338, 1879.
Mazama americana nemoralis, LydehTcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 264,
1898; Great and Small Game of Eurox>e, etc. p. 349, 1901.
Odontocoelus nemoralis, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies
{Field Alios. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 74, 1904, Check-List Mamm.
N. Amer. etc. {ibid. vol. vi) p. 46, 1905.
Typical locality unknown ; the range extends from
Honduras to Panama.
Generally similar to 0. v. truci (lieight about 28 or 29
inches) ; metatarsal gland very small (occasionally obsolete),
situated about half-way up shank, with scarcely any white
CERVID.E . 171
marginal ring ; antlers small (about 7h inches in length),
with the beam straight, a small upright sub-basal tine
in front, and forked at summits ; general colour brownish
grey tinged with yellow ; forehead and crown blackish ;
upper lip and patch on lower lip black ; sides of muzzle,
lower lip, and chin white; orbital rings fawn; tail dusky
above ; legs ochery.
No specimen in collection definitely referable to this
race (see 0. r. trim, p. 167).
S.— Odoeoileus virg-inianus rothschildi.
Dama rothschildi, Thomas, Novit. Zool. vol. ix, p. 136, 1902.
Odoeoileus rothschildi, Thomas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washiyigton, vol. xv,
p. 198, 1902.
Odontocoelus rothschildi, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies
{Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 72, 1904, Check-List Mamm.
N. Amer. etc. {ibid. vol. vi) p. 46, 1905.
Odoeoileus rothschildi rothschildi. Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm.
p. 389, 1912.
Typical locality Coiba Island, west coast of Panama.
Size very small ; antlers short, with two or three tines ;
skull slight, with large lachrymal vacuities ; metatarsal
gland wanting ; general colour brown, with fawn tips to
hairs, and dorsal line darker ; a spot on each side of muzzle
and others above and below each eye whitish ; chin, throat,
and inner sides of upper part of legs white ; tarsal gland
reddish brown ; tail fawn above with black terminal portion.
2. 3. 5. 24. Skull, with rudiments of antlers, and skin,
immature. Coiba Island ; collected by Mr. J. H. Batty.
Presented ht/ the Hon. Walter Rothschild, 1902.
2. 3. 5. 25. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
2. 3. 5. 26. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same locality
and collector. Type. Same history.
2. 3. 5. 7. Skull and skin in spotted coat, female. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
2. 3. 5. 8. A similar specimen. Same locality and col-
lector. Same history.
2. 3. 5. 9, Skull and skin, female. Same locality and
collector. , Same history.
172 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
T. — Odocoileus virginianus chiriquensis.
Odocoileus rothschildi chiriquensis, Allen, Bull. Amer. Afite. Nat.
Hist. vol. xxviii, p. 96, 1910; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm.
p. 389, 1912.
Typical locality Chiriqui, Tauauia.
The continental representative of the preceding race.
No specimen in collection.
U.— Odocoileus virg-inianus columbicus.
Cervus, sj). Puchcran, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. \i, p. 335, pi. xxiii,
fig. 1, 1852.
Cervus columbicus, Fitzingcr, Sitzhcr. 1-. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxix,
pt. 1, p. 66, 1879.
Odocoileus columbicus, Osgood, P'lcld Mas. Zoul. Pah. vol. x, p. 139,
1914.
Type in Paris IMuseum.
Typified by a skull and antlers, stated to be from Bogota,
Colombia, but which, according to Osgood, not improbably
came from the savannas of the Orinoco. The antlers appear
to be unlike those of 0. v. gymnotis, with which this form
has been identified. The undermentioned specimen has
well-haired ears, externally blackish, like the face, no
metatarsal gland, and short rufous brown coat.
9. 7. 17. 39. Skull and skin, female. La Maria, Dagua
Valley, Western Colombia. Provisionally referred to this
race. Purchased (Eosenherg), 1909.
v.— Odocoileus virg-inianus lasiotis.
Odocoileus lasiotis, Osgood, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 136, 1914.
Typical locality Paramo de los (Jonejos, Sierra de Merida^
Venezuela.
Type in Field IMuseum, Chicago.
A medium-sized mountain-race, with lung, dense coat of
a general huffish grey colour, variegated hj blackish brown
markings, the individual hairs having subterminal huffish
rings and dusky tips, thickly haired and comparatively short
ears, broad, heavy tail, and short, wide hoofs ; metatarsal
sland wanting.
CEKVID^ 173
10. 12. 3. 6. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Merida,
Venezuela ; collected by Mr. S. Briceno.
Presented hy S. V. Dcdton, Esq., 1910.
10. 12. 3. 7. Skull and skin, female. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
W.— Odocoileus virg-inianus g-ymnotis.
Cervus gj'muotis, Wiegmann, Isis, 1833, p. 965 ; Goeldi, Mem. Mus.
Goeldi, pt. iii, p. 32, 1902.
Cervus goudotii, Gay and Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 3,
vol. V, p. 94, 1846; Fltzinger, Sitzher. It. Ale. Wiss. Wien,
vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 67, 1879.
Cariacns gymnotus, Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 267,
1862, partim.
Cariacus gymnotis, BrooTce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 921 ; Sclater,
List Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 173, 1883 ; LydeJcher, Horns and
Hoofs, p. 341, 1893; Matschie, Mitt, geogr. Ges. Lilhecl', 1894,
p. 130.
Gymnotis wiegmanni, Fitzinger, Sitzher. Tc. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol.
Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 344, 1879.
Mazama americana gymnotis, LydeMer, Peer of All Lands, p. 265,
1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 351, 1901.
Odocoileus gj-mnotis, Osgood, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 24, 1910,
p. 138, 1914.
Typical locality the Savanna area of the lower Orinoco,
Venezuela (teste Osgood, on whose authority the synonomy
of this and the next race is given).
Type in Berlin Museum.
A short-haired lowland-race, with broad, sparsely haired
ears, long narrow hoofs, and no metatarsal gland ; general
colour, at all seasons, yellowish brown speckled with grey,
the individual hairs being grey at the base, then brown and
ochery, with black tips ; a dark streak from the crown of
the head along the neck ; a greyish white ring round eye ;
yellowish white and brown spots on forehead, a darker spot
on nose, and a patch on upper lip, followed by a white
streak reaching angle of mouth ; chin white, with a dark
streak extending to lower lip, and thence to angle of mouth ;
tail pale reddish brown above. The antlers of the type
measure just short of 7 inches.
According to Goeldi, this race has of late years immigrated
into Brazil.
17-1 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
8. 3. 7. 53. Skull and skin, female Coast district,
Demerara, British Guiana.
Presented ly F. V. McConncll, Esq., 1908.
8. 3. 7. 54. Skull and skin of a rather larger and older
female. Same locality. Same liistory.
X.— Odocoileus virgrinianus margaritae.
Odocoileus margaritse, Osgood, Field Mus. Zool. Piih. vol. x, p. 24,
1910, pis. ii and iii.
Typical (and only) locality Margarita Island, Venezuela.
Type in Field Museum, Chicago.
An insular representative of 0. v. gyiniiotis distinguished
hy its smaller size, and the proportionately small skull and
teeth, the former of which is characterised hy the abruptly
elevated brain-case.
No specimen in collection.
Y.— Odocoileus virginianus spinosus.
Cervus spinosus, Oay and Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 3,
vol. V, p. 93, 1846.
Cervus savannarum, Cabanis and Sclionihurglc, Bcisen Brit. Guiana,
vol. iii, p. 785, 1848.
Cariacus (?) spinosus. Gray, Cat. Ungtdata Brit. Mus. p. 236, 1852.
Eeduncina savannaruixi, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. AJc. Wiss. Wien, vol.
Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 358, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, p. 242, 1879.
Cariacus savannarum, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 920 ; Matschie,
Mitt. Geogr. Ges. Liibech, 1894, p. 130.
Mazama americana savannarum, Lydehker, Deer of All Lands,
p. 266, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 352, 1901.
Mazama spinosa, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 280, 1898.
(?) Dorcelaphus americanus savannarum, Pocock, Proc, Zool. Soc.
1910, p. 962.
Odocoileus spinosus, Osgood, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 138,
1914 ; cited as Cervus spinosus, but included under the heading
Odocoileus.
Typical locality Cayenne, French Guiana.
Type (a single antler) in Paris Museum.
According to Osgood, the Guianan representative of 0. v.
gyrtinotis, but generally stated to have well-haired ears and
a metatarsal gland,* the general colour being clear greyish
* Vide Pocock, op. cit. ; whether his specimen be rightly identified
or no, his recognition that it is merely a race of the whitetail agrees
with the views of the present writer.
CERVID^, 175
brown speckled with white, and the lower lip having a single
dark spot on each side.
The range probably inclndes most of Guiana and part of
Venezuela.
92. 12. 2. 1-2. Two frontlets, with antlers. Nortli-
ATestern British Guiana.
By exchange ivith Dr. P. Hendall, 1892.
10. 5. 4. 60. Skull and skin, immature female. Supinaam
Valley, British Guiana.
Presented hij F. V. McConnell, Esq., 1910.
10. 5. 4. 61. A similar specimen. Same locality.
Same history.
14. 9. 2. 1. Skull and skin, female, provisionally referred
to this race. Northern Venezuela ; collected by A. Pani, Esq.
Noticed by Pocock, op. eit.
Presented hy the Zoologiecd Society, 1914,
Z.— Odocoileus virgrinianus peruvianus.
Cervus (Coassus) peruvianus, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4,
vol. xii, p. 332, 1874.
Cariacus peruvianus, BrooJie, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 920 ; LydeliJcer,
Horns and Hoofs, p. 340, 1893; Matschie, Mitt. Geogr. Ges.
Liibcck, 1894, p. 129.
(?) Cervus brachyceros, Philippi, An. Mus. Chile, 1894, p. 10, pi. ii ;
nee Gervais and Ameghino, 1880.
(?) Cariacus, sj). Nehring, Sitzher. Ges. Nat. Freunde, 1895, p. 12.
Mazama americana peruviana, LydeTiTcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 267,
1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 352, 1901.
(?) Mazama (Dorcelaphus), fip. LydeJcker, Deer of All Lands,
p. 281, 1898.
Odocoileus peruvianus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suj^pl. p. 706, 1904 ;
Anerhacli, Zool. Anz. vol. xxxix, p. 310, 1912; Goeldi, Mitt.
Nat. Ges. Bern, 1912, p. 12 ; Osgood, Field Mus. Zool. Pub.
vol. X, p: 152, 1914.
(?) Odocoileus philippii, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 706, 1904 ;
Goeldi, Mitt. Nat. Ges. Bern. 1912, p. 14.
Typical locality Peru.
Another nearly related small race without the meta-
tarsal gland ; general colour dark greyish brown, with
whitish speckling, the individual hairs dark isabelline grey
at base and ringed with white below the black tips ; chin and
lower lip white, with a brown patch on former ; tarsal tuft
small, short, and deep rusty red in colour.
176 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
The range includes Bolivia, and, if 0. philippii be a
synonym, the Andes of the Cajamarca district of Chile.
58. 5. 4. 21 (1375, a). Skull and antlers. Peru (?).
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1858.
73. 6. 27. 3 (1375, h). Skull, female. Peru.
Purchased (Whitehj), 1873
74 3. 27. 2 (1375, c). Skin, immature female, mounted,
and skull. Ceachupati, Peru. Co-type.
Purchased (Whitehj), 1874.
85. 4. 22. 2. Skin, immature female. Same locality ;
from collection of Sir Victor Brooke, Bart. Co-type.
Purchased ( Whitely), 1885.
94. 11. 20. 2. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Maraynioc,
Peru ; collected hj Mr. J. Kalinowski. Purchased, 1894.
94. 11. 20. 3. A similar specimen. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
0. 3. 1. 100. Skull and skin ; immature female.
Yataujual, Cajamarca, Peru ; collected by Mr. P. 0. Simons.
Presented hy 0. Thomas, Esq., 1900.
II. ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS.
Ceniis heniionus, Rafinesque, Amer. Month. Mag. vol. i, p. 436, 1817.
Cervus auritus, Ward, Descrip. Etatsunis, voL v, p. 540, 1820 ;
Desmarest, Mainmalogie, vol. ii, p. 443, 1822.
Cervus macrotis, Saij, Long's Exped. RocJcy Mountains, vol. ii, p. 83,
1823 ; H. Smith, Griffith' s Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 133, 1827 ;
Caton, Antelope and Deer of America, p. 93, 1877.
Cervus (Mazama) macrotis, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom,
vol. V, p. 316, 1827.
Mazama macrotis, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 17.'5,
1885.
Dorcelaphus macrotis, Gloger, Handbuch Naturgeschic7ite,T[). 140, 1841.
Cariacus macrotis, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Begne Anim., Mamm. p. 173,
1842 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 239, Cat. Ungulata Brit.
Mils. p. 234, 1852 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 921 ; Alston,
Biol. Centr. Amer., Mamm. p. 114, 1879; Sclater, List Anim.
Zool, Gardens, p. 173, 1883; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol.
Mus. E. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 324, 1884; Trtte, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. vol. vii, p. 502, 1885 ; Flower and LydeTcJcer, Study of
Mammals, p. 329, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 342, 1893 ;
Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 60, 1896.
Eucervus macrotis, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xviii,
p. 339, 1866, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 86, 1872, Hand-List
Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 157, 1873.
CERVID.E 177
Otelaphus macrotis, Fitzingcr, Sitzber. k. Jk. Whs. Wien, vol. Ixviii,
pt. 1, p. 356, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 303, 1879.
Dorcelaphus hemionus, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. vol. vii, p. 257, 1895,
Odocoilexis hemionus, Merriam,Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasliington, vol. xii,
p. 100, 1897 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amcr. {Field Mus. Zool.
Pub. vol. ii) p. 40, 1901 ; Stone and Cram, Avierican Animals,
p. 39, 1903; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 783; Scharff,
Origin of Life in America, p. 107, 1911 ; Gary, N. Amcr. Fauna,
no. 33, p. 56, 1911 ; Miller, List N. Amcr. Mamm. p. 388, 1912.
Mazania hemionus, LydekJcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 269, pi. xxi, 1898.
Mazama (Dorcelaphus) hemionus, Lydekker, Great and Small Game
of Eitrope, etc. p. 354, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 106, 1910, ed. 7, p. 104, 1914.
Odontoccelus hemionus, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amcr. and, W. Indies
(Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 76, 1904, Check-List Mamm.
N. Amer. etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 48, 1905, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus.
(ibid, vol. viii) p. 49, 1907.
Eucervus hemionus, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 966.
Mule-Deer.
Typical locality Sioux Valley, South Dakota.
Type of Eucervus.
Build heavier and coarser than in typical race of 0. vir-
ginianus; size somewhat greater than in latter, the shoulder-
height being from about 3 feet to 3 feet 6 inches ; antlers
with very short sub-basal snag, above which the beam is
directed outwards for a short distance and then curves
upw^ards to form a dichotomous fork, of wliich both prongs
are normally nearly equal, and again divide, the normal
number of ])oints being five on each side ; ears very large
and thickly haired ; tail moderately long, terminating in a
brush-like tuft of hair, naked on under surface at base ;
muzzle relatively short ; face-glands rather large ; meta-
tarsal gland and tuft long and straight, occupying whole of
one side of upper half of shank, its hair nearly of the same
cinnamon tint as that of legs, as is that of tarsal gland ;
general colour typically reddish or yellowish tawny in summer,
dark brownish or rufous grey, speckled with whitish, darkest
on withers in winter; forehead usually with a dark brown
patch, extending nearly to eyes, and a brown patch on each
side of nose, rest of face and throat white ; front border of
ears black ; inner sides of buttocks and legs, abdomen, and
most of inner surface of ears white or whitish, rest of under-
parts blackish brown ; tail short, black at tip, typically
IV. N
178 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
elsewhere white both above and below. On first assumption
of winter coat tlie colour becomes fur a short time almost
black.
The large hairy ears, elongated metatarsal glands, short,
black-tipped tail, with its lower surface naked at base, and
the shape of the antlers, form the leading characteristics of
this species, the range of which includes the greater part of
North America westward of the Missouri Kiver, from Fort
George to Texas.
The named races are distinguishable as follows : —
A. Antlers of the fully developed type, normally
with 5 points on each size ; size large.
a. Colour * tawny or grey, tail white with black
tip.
d' . Colour tawny, tail tapering, antlers larger 0. h. liemionus.
h' . Colour grey, tail not tapering, antlers
smaller 0. h. virgnJtiis.
b. Colour pale tawny ; tail with dark dorsal line
connecting black tip with dark area of back 0. h. californicus.
c. Colour fulvous, tail whitish with black tip O. h. eremiciis.
d. Colour drab-grey, tail dark at base and white
in middle, with black tip O. h. canus.
B. Antlers simpler, with only a single branch from
main tine ; size rather smaller 0. h. ccrrosensis.
c. Antlers simple spikes ; size smaller 0. h. peninsula:.
A.— Odocoileus hemionus hemionus.
Cervus macrotis montanus, Caton, Antelope and Deer of America,
ed. 2, p. 94, 1881.
Mazama hemionus typica, Li/dekher, Deer of All Lands, p. 275, 1898.
Odocoileus hemionus hemionus. Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm.
p. 388, 1912,
Typical locality Sioux Valley, South Dakota.
General coloration that of species, of a full dark type ;
tail without a dark dorsal line.
1619, rt. Skull and antlers. North America. No liistory.
1619, &. Skeleton, mounted. Yellowstone Park, Montana.
Purchased {Ward, Rochester, U.S.A.).
58. 6. 18. 4 (1619, c). Skull and antlers. North America.
Purchased (Zoological Society), 1858.
* In summer, both in this and following races.
CEKV1DJ-: 179
63. 2. 24. 41. Skin, female, mounted. Fort Colville,
British Columbia. Presented hy J. K. Lord, Esq., 1863.
72. 12. 12. 3. Skin, mounted. Yellowstone Park.
Purchased ( Ward, Rochester, U.S.A.), 1872.
72. 12. 12. 4. Skin, mounted, female. Same locality.
Same history.
12. 5. 15. 1. Skin, in winter coat, mounted. La
Eochelle Creek, British Columbia.
Presented Ivj the Government of British Cohimhia, 1912.
B.— Odocoileus hemionus virg^ultus.
Cariacus virgultus, Hallock, Forest and Stream, vol. iii, p. 404, 1899.
Odocoileus virgultus,* Miller and Behn, Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc.
vol. xxxi, p. 69, 1903 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 390, 1912.
OdontoccElus hemionus virgultus, Elliot, Chech-List Mamm. N. Amcr.
etc. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. vi) p. 49, 1905.
Typical locality north-western Minnesota, whence the
range extends into the adjoining British territory.
Distinguished from typical race by smaller antlers, and
uniform calibre of short tail ; general colour dark grey, with
long black and white hairs.
No specimen in collection.
C— Odocoileus hemionus californicus.
Cervus macrotis, vat: californicus, Caton, Amer. Nat. vol. x, p. 464,
1876, vol. xix, p. 811, 1885.
Mazania hemionus californica, Lydehker, Deer of All Lands, p. 276,
1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 350, 1901.
Odocoileus hemionus californicus, Setoii-TJiompson, Forest and
Stream, vol. li, p. 286, 1898 ; Elliot, Synoj). Mamm. N. Amcr.
{Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 43, 1901 ; Stone and Cram,
American Animals, p. 41, 1912; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm.
p. 388, 1912.
Odontoccelus henaionus californicus, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and
W. Indies {Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 77, 1904, Cliech-List
Mamm. N. Amer. etc. {ibid. vol. vi) p. 49, 1905.
Typical locality Gaviota Pass, Coast Kange, forty miles
from Santa Barbara, California.
Ears smaller than in typical race ; tail with a dark dorsal
* Misprinted virgultis in first quotation.
180 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
line conuGcting the black tip with the dark of the hack;
general colour often brighter.
The rano-e extends south of San Francisco into Lower
California.
No specimen in collection.
D. — Odocoileus hemionus cerrosensis.
Odocoileiis cerrosensis, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. WasJiington, vol. xii,
p. 101, 1898; Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 41, 1903;
Miller, List N. Anier. Mamm. p. 387, 1912.
Mazama hemionus cerrosensis, LycleTxTier, Great and Small Game of
Europe, etc. p. 359, 1901.
Odontocoelus cerrosensis, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies
{Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 76, 1904, Chech-List Mamm.
N. Amcr. etc. {ibid. vol. vi) p. 47, 1905.'
Typical locality Cerros, or Cedros, Island, Lower California.
Considerably smaller than last, with smaller and simpler
antlers, which are bowed outwards at first and incurved at
tips, with only a single branch projecting upwards and
inwards from upper third of main tine of each side ; general
colour grizzled grey, with a blackish dorsal stripe, and a spot
on top of nose and one on each side of nostrils dusky ; tail
with dark band above, basal two-thirds whitish, and
remainder black ; row of cheek-teeth short.
No specimen in collection.
E.— Odocoileus hemionus eremicus.
Dorcelaphus hemionus eremicus, Mcarns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
vol. XX, p. 470, 1897.
Mazama hemionus eremica, LijdelcJcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 277,
1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 360, 1901.
Odocoileus hemionus eremicus, Seton-Thompson, Forest and Stream,
vol. li, p. 286, 1898 ; Storie aiul Cram, American Animals, p. 41,
1903 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 388, 1912.
Odontocoelus hemionus eremicus, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and
W. hidies {Field Mas. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 77, 1904, Check-
List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. {ibid. vol. vi) p. 49, 1905.
Typical locality Sierra Seri, near the Gulf of California,
Sonora, Mexico; the range including a portion of Lower
California, and at least much of Sonora.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
CEliVID^ 181
A pale desert-race of the species, the geuei'a\ colour
being pale drab-grey, with a darker dorsal stripe, which
foriQs a blackish spot at the base of the tail, with a slight
extension along the upper surface of the same.
No specimen in collection.
F. — Odocoileus hemionus peninsulae.
Mazama hemionus peniusulte, LydckTier, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 900,
Deer of All Lands, p. 276, 1898, Great and Small Game of
Europe, etc. p. 359, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 107, 1910, ed. 7, p. 104, 1914.
Odocoileus hemionus peninsute. Miller and EeJin, Proc. Boston Nat.
Hist. Soc. vol. XXX, p. 16, 1901 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamin.
p. 358, 1912.
Odontoccelus hemionus peninsulte, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and
W. Indies {Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 78, 1904, Check-
List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. {ibid. vol. vi) p. 50, 1905.
Typical locality Sierra Laguna, La Paz, Lower California.
Smaller than and more Ijriglitly coloured than 0. h.
calif ornicus, with the antlers in the form of simple spikes and
a basal snag ; general colour in winter dark speckled iron-
grey, with an irregular black band along middle of back,
expanding towards hind-quarters, and continued on to
upper surface of the tail, where it may be connected by a
narrow line with the black tip, or separated by a l)road ring
of pale straw-coloured hair; legs bright chestnut, and a
patch of same colour on flanks, separating the dark speckled
grey of the back from the uniform blackish brown of the
under-parts.
98. 3. 1. 171. Skin, immature. Sierra Laguna, La Paz;
collected by Mr. D. Coolidge. Type. Purchased, 1898.
98. 3. 1. 172. A similar specimen. Same locality and
collector. Sa7nc history.
G.— Odocoileus hemionus eanus.
Odocoileus hemionus canus, Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad.
vol. iii, p. 560, 1901 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 388, 1912.
Odontoccelus hemionus canus, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and
W. Indies {Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 78, 1904, C heck-
List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. {op. cit. vol. vi) p. 50, 1905.
Typical locality Sierra en Media, State of Cbihualiua,
Mexico.
182 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Smaller aud paler than typical race, with lighter and
more slender antlers ; general colour pale grey ; top of head
and face pale brown ; chin white ; breast black ; basal half
of upper side of tail partially or wholly dark.
No specimen in collection.
III. ODOCOILEUS COLUMBIANUS.
Cervus macrotis, var. columbianus, Bicliardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer.
p. 257, 1829.
Cervus lewisii, Peale, Mamm. U.S. Explor. Exped. p. 39, 1848,
Cervus richardsonii, Audubon and Bachman, Quadrupeds N. America,
voL ii, p. 211, 1853.
Cariacus jjunctulatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 239.
Cervus columbianus, Baird, N. Amer. Mamm. p. 659, 1857; Caton,
Antclo2)e and Deer of America, p. 96, 1877.
Eucervus columbianus. Gray, Ami. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xviii,
p. 388, 1866, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 86, 1872, Hand-List
Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 157, 1873.
Eucervus pusillus. Gray, Hand-List Bitiiiinauts Brit. Mus. p. 157,
1873.
Otelaphus richardsonii, Fit^sinyer, Sitzher. A-. Ak. Wiss. Wien,
vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 357, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 308, 1879.
Eeduncina punctulata, Fitzinger, ojh cit. vol. Ixviii, pt. 1. p. 357,
1873.
Cariacus columbianus, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 921 ; True,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. vii, p. 592, 1885.
Otelaphus punctulatus, Fitzinger, Sitzber. l\ Ak. Wiss. Wien,
vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 307, 1879.
Cariacus macrotis columbianus, Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 2,
p. 60, 1896.
Dorcelaphus columbianus, Mcarns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mns. vol. xx,
p. 468, 1897.
Odocoileus columbianus, Merriavi, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasliington,
vol. xii, p. 100, 1898; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. {Field
Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 71, 1901 ; Stone and Cram, American
Animals, p. 42, 1903 ; Scharff, Origin of Life in America, p. 108,
1911 ; Miller, List N. Amer.' Mamm. p." 387", 1912.
i\Iazama columbiana, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 278, 1898.
Mazama pusilla, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 281, 1898.
Mazama (Dorcelaphus) columbianus, Lydekker, Great and Small
Game of Europe, etc. p. 360, 1901 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game,
ed. 6, p. 109, 1910.
Odontocoelus columbianus, Elliot, Check- List Mamm.. N. Amer. etc.
{Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. vi) p. 48, 1905.
Black-tailed Deer.
Typical locality near mouth of Columbia Elver, Oregon,
Smaller than the mule-deer, with relatively shorter ears
c'ERViri.i'i 18B
and finer hair, sliorter metatarsal gland, which occupies a
considerable portion of upper half of shank, and also by
relatively large tail being black above and white below ;
general colour in winter speckled tawny brownish grey, the
individual hairs being dark brown for the greater part of
their length, but near the extremities ringed with yellowish
brown, and terminating in black tips ; hind portion of
under-parts and region of base of tail, as well as upper part
of throat and chin, white ; face grey, darker on forehead ;
legs dark cinnamon, without admixture of white hairs ;
tarsal and metatarsal tufts a shade lighter than adjacent
portions of legs, no bare portion of gland visible in
metatarsal tuft ; in summer general colour reddish yellow ;
face-glands rather small ; antlers of the general type of
those of mule-deer, but smaller. The distinctive features of
this species are the black upper side of the tail and the
medium length of the metatarsal gland and tuft, which are
situated entirely above the middle of the shank.
The range includes western North America from Alaska
and British Columbia, througli Washington and Oregon west
of the Cascade Mountains, to California as well as the coast-
districts of Vancouver Island.
The races are distinguishable as follows : —
A. Colour yellower ; tail wholly white below.
a. Ears larger.
a'. Colour deeper O, c. columhiamis.
b'. Colour paler O. c. scajjhiotus.
b. Ears smaller 0. c. sifkenns.
B. Colour redder; tail dark below at tip 0. c. crooM.
A.— Odocoileus columbianus columbianus.
Odocoileus columbianus columbianus, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamin.
p. 387, 1912.
Typical locality near moutli of Columbia Itiver.
General characters those of the species.
45. 7. 4. 3 (681, i). Skull and antlers. Valley of
Columbia Eiver. Frescntcd hi/ the Hudson Bay Go., 1845.
45. 7. 4. 4 (G81,/). Skull, female. Same locality.
Same liistory.
184 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
68.2.13.2. Young skull. British Columbia (?). Type
of Eucervus xjysiltv>i. Prcficnkd Inj Dr. R. Broion, 1868.
71. 4. 8. 1 (681, /.;). Frontlet and antlers. British
Columbia (?). Purchased {Bhjth), 1871.
6. 6. 12. 1-2. Head, mounted, and body-skin, female.
British Columbia. Presented hij W. K. Tliompson, Esq., 1906.
B. — Odocoileus columbianus sitkensis.
Odocoileus cclunibianiis sitkensis, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. WasJi-
inqton, vol. xii, j). 100, 1898; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer.
{Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 42, 1901 ; Stone and Cram,
American Animals, p. 43, 1903 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm.
p. 387, 1912.
Mazama columbiana sitkensis, LydeliJcer, Great and Small Game of
Euro])e, etc. p. 361, 1901; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 109, 1910, ed. 7, p. 107, 1914.
Odontocoelus columbianus sitkensis, Elliot, Check-List Mamm.
N. Amer. etc. {Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. vi) p. 48, 1905.
Typical locality Sitka, Alaska.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
• Distinguished from typical race by its inferior size and
smaller ears ; general colour in summer fulvous ; face
grizzled grey, with a dusky patch extending from eyes
midway to nose; metatarsal tuft bordered with black.
No specimen in collection.
C— Odocoileus columbianus scaphiotus,
Odocoileus columbianus scaphiotus, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. WasJi-
inqton, vol. xii, p. 101, 1898 ; Elliot, Synoj}. Mamm. N. Amer.
{Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 42, 1901 ; Stone and Cram,
American Mammals, p. 43, 1903; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm.
p. 387, 1912.
Mazama columbiana scaphiotus, Lydehher, Great and Small Game
of Europe, etc. p. 362, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 109, 1910.
Odontoccelus columbianus scaphiotus, Elliot, ChecTi-List Mamm.
N. Amer. etc. {Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. vi) p. 48, 1905.
Typical locality Gabilan Eange, Eiverside County, Cali-
fornia.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
A large-eared and pale-coloured mountain-race.
No specimen in collection.
CERVID.K . 18S
D.— Odocoileus columbianus crooki.
Dorcelaphus crooki, Mearns, Proc. U.S. Naf. Mus. vol. xx, p. 468,
1897.
Odocoileus crooki, Seton-Thompson, Forest and Stream, vol. li,
p. 286, 1898 ; Elliot, Syiioj). Mamm. N. Amcr. {Field Mus. Zool.
Puh. vol. ii) p. 41, 1901 ; Stone and Cram, American Mammals,
p. 41, 1903 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 387, 1912.
Mazama crooki, Lydelihcr, Deer of All Lands, p. 268, 1898.
Mazama columbiana crooki, LydcJcJier, Gi'cat and Small Game of
Euroxic, etc. p. 362, 1901.
Odontoccelus crooki, Elliot, CliecJc-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc. {Field
Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. vi) p. 47, 1905.
Typical locality Dog Mountains, Grant County, New
Mexico.
Type in U.S. N"ational IMuseum, Washington.
General colour (female) in summer recldisli-fawn, darker
on back, with the neck greyish drab, flanks greyish cinnamon,
and legs creamy ; black of upper side of tail extending on to
lower side of tip ; hairs of metatarsal tuft sooty with white tips.
No specimen in collection.
IncerTtE Sedis.
1. Cervus affinis, Pucheran, C.B. Ac. Sci. Paris, vol. xxix, p. 777,
1849 ; nee Hodgson, 1841.
Cervus similis, Puclieran, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vi, p. 357, 1852.
Reduncina similis, Fitzinger, Sitzher. Jc. AJc. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii,
pt. i, p. 357, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. i, p. 321, vol. Ixxix, pt. i, p. 62,
1879.
Cariacus similis, BrooTce, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 920.
Mazama similis, LydeTiher, Deer of All Lands, p. 281, 1898.
Founded on a male specimen in the Paris Museum, of
which the exact locality is unknown, but which probably
came from the Southern United States. In general colora-
tion this is very similar to the typical race of the white-
tailed deer in summer, but the upper half of the tarsal tuft is
rusty red, and only the lower half white.
2. Cariacus leptocephalus. Gray, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 85,
1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 157, pi. xxxvii, 1873.
Mazama leptocephala, LydeJcker, Deer of All Lands, p. 281, 1898.
52. 12. 26. IGO. Skull and antlers. Locality unknown.
Type.
Transferred from the Zoological Society s Museum, 1852.
tS6 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATE!^
VIII. Genus BLASTOCERUS.
Blastocerus, Sundevall, K. SvensJ:a Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 182,
1846; Gray, Cat. Uvgulata Brit. Mas. p. 223, 1852, Cat.
Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 87, 1872; Brool-e, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1878, p. 922 ; Biltimeyer, Abh. schwciz. J5rt7. Gcs. vol. viii, p. 49,
1881 ; Pococh, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 966.
Blastoeeros, Fitzinger, Sitzher. k. Ak. Wiss. Wicn, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1,
p. 358, 1873 ; Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 282, 1898.
Paraceros, Ameghino, Mamm. Foss. Bepnb. Argent, p. 605, 1889 ;
Lydekker, An. Mus. La Plata, Pal. Argent, vol. ii, p. 80, 1893.
Antifer, Ameghino, op. cit. p. 610, 1889 ; Lydekker, op. cit. p. 81, 1893.
Epieuryceros, Ameghino, op. cit. p. 613, 1889 ; Lydekker, ojy. cit.
p. 81, 1893.
Ozotoceros, Ameghino, Bev. Argent. Hist. Nat. vol. i, p. 243, 1891, to
replace Blastocerus, Sundevall, supposed to be preoccupied by
Blastocei-a, Gerstein, 1856.
Ozelaphus, Knottncrus-Meyer, Arch. Naturgesch. vol. Ixxiii, p. 98,
1907.
Antlers large and complex, without sub-basal snag,
forking in a regularly dichotomous manner, with tlie upper,
or posterior prong moic or less exceeding the lower, or
anterior, one in size ; metatarsal gland and tvift absent ; tail
short ; face moderately long ; face-glands well developed,
and gland-pits in skull rather large and deep ; foot-glands
not definitely known ; upper canines generally present in
adult males; size large or rather small; young uniformly
coloured or spotted. The absence of the metatarsal gland
and of a sub-basal snag to tlie regularly dichotomous antlers
are the most easily recognised features of this genus, which
in most other respects resembles Odocoilcus, although the
nature of the foot-glands and their presence or absence in
the fore-limbs does not appear to be definitely known. .
The two species are distinguishable as follows : —
A. Size large, antlers complex, hair on withers directed
backwards, colour deep rufous B. dichotomus.
B. Size smaller, antlers simpler, hair on withers
directed forwards, colour yellowish -brown B. bezoarticns.
I. BLASTOCEEUS DICHOTOMUS.
Cer\*us dichotomus, Illiger, Abh. Ak. Sci. Berlin, 1811, pp. 108 and
117, 1815 ; separate copies said to have been issued in 1811 ; based
on Azara's guazupuco.
Cervus paludosus, Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 443, 1822 ;
H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 134. 1827;
Burmcister, Dcscri])t. Pliys. Bepuh. Argent, vol. iii, p. 480, 1879 ;
Goeldi, Mammiferos do Brasil, p. 106, 1893, Mem. Mas. Goeldi,
pt. iii, p. 5, 1902.
Cervus palustris. Desmoidins, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. vol. iii, p. 379,
1823.
Cervus (Mazama) paludosus, H. Smith, Griffitlis Animal Kingdom,
vol. v, p. 316, 1827.
Mazama paludosa, Jardine, NaturalisVsLihr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 178,
1835.
Dorcelaphus paludosus, Glogcr, Handbuch Naturgeschichte, p. 140,
1841.
Cariacus paludosus, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Eegne Anim., Mamm.Tp. 173,
1842; Brool-e, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 922; Flower and
LydeM-er, Study of Mammals, p. 329, 1891 ; Lydekher, Horns
and Hoofs, p. 343, 1893, An. Mus. La Plata, Pal. Argent, vol. ii,
p. 80, 1893; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 57, 1896.
(?) Mazama furcata. Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 176, 1843.
Cervus (Elaphus Blastocerus) paludosus, Wagner, Schrebers Sdug-
tliiere, Sux>]}l. vol. iv, p. 367, 1844.
Cervus (Blastocerus) paludosus, Sundevall, K. Svenska Vet.-Ah.
Handl. 1844, p. 182, 1846 ; Hiering, Mammiferos de Sao Paulo,
p. 14, 1894.
Blastoceros paludosus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 237, Cat.
Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 224, 1852, Cat. Buminanfs Brit. Mus.
p. 87, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 157, 1873;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mas. p. 266, 1862 ; Fitzinger,
Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 359, 1873,
vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 350, 1879.
Cariacus palustris, Lydekker, Boyal Nat. Hist. vol. ii, p. 387, 1894.
Mazama dichotoma, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 283, 1898.
Mazama (Blastoceros) dichotoma, Lydekker, Great and Small Game
of Euroj^e, etc. p. 363, 1901 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 110, 1910, ed. 7, p. 108, 1914.
Blastocerus dichotomus, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 966.
Marsh-Deer ; Veado Galheiro Grande ; Guazupuco.
Type of geuus.
Typical locality Brazil.
Largest of South American deer, the size being approxi-
mately that of a red deer, but the build more slender ; antlers
large and rugose, with both prongs of main fork dividing
more than once, and upper prong usually larger than lower
one ; muzzle bluntly pointed ; ears large, and filled internally
with woolly white Imir ; tail bushy ; coat long and coarse,
without radiating whorls on back and neck ; general colour
in summer bright rufous chestnut, in winter brownish red,
becoming lighter on flanks, neck, and chest ; legs black from
188 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
knees and hocks downwards, and tarsal tuft also black ;
abdomen, inside of thighs, throat, chin, and insides and bases
of backs of ears white or yellowish white ; a whitish line
above, or a ring round, eyes, most marked in females ; a
black band on muzzle and upper lip, joining a median dark
streak on nose, and black markings on under lip ; tail
yellowish rusty red above and black beneath ; in immature
females limbs less black, showing fawn on sides below hocks
and knees, in advance of which the extremities are white,
and black streak on nose wanting ; young not spotted. Fine
antlers attain a length of from 21 to 24^ inches.
The range includes suitable localities throughout Brazil,
and perhaps part of Guiana, through Paraguay, Entre Rios,
and Uruguay to the Chaco, or wooded internal districts of
Argentina.
687, a. Frontlet and antlers. South America. No liistory.
65. 7. 8. 2 (687, h). Frontlet and antlers. South
America. Purchased {Bartlett), 1865.
71. 6. 20. 2 (687, c) Antlers. South America.
Purcliascd {Cutter), 1871.
72. 11. 4. 1. Frontlet and antlers. South America.
Purchased (Gerrard), 1872.
94. 6. 25. 1. Skull, with antlers. Paraguay; collected
by Dr. J. Bohls. Purchased, 1894.
98. 10. 11. 1. Skin, mounted. Brazil. Purchased, 1898.
6. 10. 18. 1. Head, mounted, with abnormal antlers.
Northern Argentina.
Presented ly A. F. Vans Agneiv, Esq., 1906.
11. 10. 27. 4. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Alto
Paraguay, Bolivia ; collected by Mr. C. H. B. Grant.
Presented lij G. W. Tudor, Esq., 1911.
11. BLASTOCEEUS BEZOARTICUS.
Cervus bezoarticus, Linn. Syst, Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 175, ed. 12,
vol. i, p. 67, 1766.
Cervus campestris, F. Cuvicr, Diet. Sci. Nat. vol. vii, p. 484, 1817
H. Smith, Griffitli's Animat Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 136, 1827
Biirmcister, Descript. Pliys. Bep^ib. Argent, vol. iii, p. 463, 1879
Goctdi, Mammifcros do Brasit, p. 107, 1893.
Cervus leucogaster, Sclvrchcr, Sdiigthiere, vol. v, p. 1127, 1817.
CERVID.E 189
Cervus (Mazama) campestris, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdo^n,
vol. V, p. 317, 1827; Gocldi, Mem. Mus. Gocldi, pt. iii, p. 23,
1902.
Cervus azaroe, Wiegmann, Isis, 1833, p. 954.
Mazama campestris, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm.. vol. iii,
p. 174, 1835 ; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 176, 1843.
Dorcelaphus campestris, Glogcr, Handbuch Nattirgcschichtc, p. 140,
1841.
Cariacus campestris. Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Begne Anim., Mamm. p. 173,
1842 ; Broohe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 923 ; Sclatcr, List Anim.
Zool. Gardens, p. 174, 1883 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Ostcol.
Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 324, 1884 ; Flotver and LydcTcTier,
Study of Mammals, p. 329, 1891; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs,
p. 345, 1893; Aplin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 313; Ward,
Becords of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 59, 1896.
Cervus (Elaphus Blastocetus) campestris, Wagner, Schreber's Sdug-
thiere, Suppl. vol. iv, p. 369, 1844.
Cervus (Elaphus Blastocerus) comosus, Wagner, op. cit, p. 368, 1844.
Furcifer campestris, Gray, Knoiusley Menagerie, p. 68, 1850.
Blastocerus campestris. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 237, Cat.
Ungulata Brit. Mas. p. 224, 1852, Cat. Bmninanfs Brit. Mas.
p. 87, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 158, 1873;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm, Brit. Mus. p. 265, 1862; Fitzingcr,
Sitzher. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 359, 1873, vol.
Ixxviii, p. 1, p. 364, 1879.
(?) Cariacus sylvestris, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xii,
p. 427, 1873.
Blastoceros comosus, Fitzinger, Sitzher. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien. vol.
Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 359, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 356, 1879.
Blastoceros azarse, Fitzinger, op. cit. vol. Ixxviii, p. 359, 1879,
Cervus comosus, Burmeister, Descrvpt. Phys. Bepuh. Argent, vol. iii,
p. 465, 1879.
Ozctoceros campestris, Amcghino, Bev, Arg. Hist. Nat, vol. i, p. 243,
1891.
Cervus (Blastoceros) campestris, Ihcriug, Mammiferos de Sao Paulo,
p. 15, 1894.
Mazama bezoartica, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 287, pi. xxii,
1898.
Mazama (Blastoceros) bezoartica, Lydekkci-, Great and Small Game
of Europe, etc. p. 365, 1901 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 112, 1910, ed. 7, p. 110, 1914.
Odontocoelus bezoarticus, Elliot, Cat. Mamm, Field Mus, {Field Mus.
Zool. Pub, vol. viii) p. 50, 1907.
Ozelaplius bezoarticus, Knottnerus-Meyer, Arch. Naturgesch. vol.
Ixxiii, p. 98, 1907.
Blastoceros bezoarticus, Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 966.
Pampas Deer; Veado Branco ; Guazuti.
Type of Ozotoceros and Ozelaplius.
Typical locality Brazil.
Much smaller than the last, and of the approximate size
190
CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
of a roebvick, but more delicately and slenderly built ; antlers
of moderate size, with the lower, or front, prong of the main
fork simple, and the upper, or posterior, prong divided and
more complex, usual numl)er of tines three; muzzle rather
pointed ; ears moderately large and filled with white hair ;
tail somewhat bushy ; coat short and smooth, with a whorl
Fig. 30. — Pampas Deeb {Blastoccnis bczoarticus).
on middle of back, and a second at base of the neck, so that
the hairs on withers are directed forwards ; general colour
light reddish l)ro\vn, with the hairs of the back light grey at
base, then darker grey followed by a ring of reddish brown,
and black at tips ; face darker, and occasionally a black
patch on crown of head, extending backwards as a line to
level of ears ; tarsal tuft, a patch at base of backs of ears, a
CEKVID.E 191
ring round pedicles of antlers, another round each eye, lips,
throat, chest, under-parts, fronts and inner sides of thighs,
and inner sides of buttocks and upper part of fore-legs
wliitish ; flanks, outer sides of limbs, and middle of throat
lighter than back ; tail dark blackish brown above and white
below ; upper canines generally present in males ; young
lighter coloured, with a row of white spots on each side of
back, and a second from shoulder to thigh.
The range includes the campos of Brazil, Paraguay and
Uruguay and the pampas of Argentina and northern Pata-
gonia, also extending into the wooded Chaco country of
Argentina in the neighbourhood of Santa Fe. If, as has been
suggested, the Pampas form is distinct from the typical
Brazilian camjjcstris, it should bear the name azarcc.
686, k. Skeleton, female. South America. iVo history.
686. Ix}. Antlers. South America. No liistory.
37. 3. 15. 43 (142, a). Skull, with antlers, and skin.
Northern Patagonia.
Presented hy 3L:ssrs. Burnett and Fitzroy, 1837.
37. 3. 15. 44 (142, I). Skin, young. Same locality.
Same history.
37. 3. 15. 44* (142, c). Skin, young. Same locality.
Same history.
42. 12. 9. 25 (686, a). Frontlet and antlers. Northern
Patagonia ; collected by Admiral Fitzroy during the voyage
of H.M.S. " Beagle."
Presented hy the Governors of Haslar Hospital, 1842.
45. '9. 19. 5. Skin, mounted. Bahia Blanca, Argentina;
collected by C. P. Darwin, Esq., during the voyage of H.M.S
"Beagle." Purehased {Zoological Society), 1845.
46. 7. 28. 40. Skin, young, mounted. Bolivia ; collected
by Mr. T. Bridges. Purchased, 1846,
52. 2. 26. 1. Skull and antlers, imperfect. South
America ; collected by Mr. Parzudaki. Purchased, 1852.
54. 8. 16. 1 (686, c). Skeleton. La Plata; collected by
Dr. Bravard. Purchased, 1854.
54. 8. 16. 2-3-6 (686, d, c, h). Three skulls, with antlers
Same locality and collector. Same history
54. 8. 19. 4. Frontlet and antlers. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
192 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
54. 8. 16. 5 and 7 (68(3, g and i). Two skulls. Same
locality and collector. Same Mstory.
60. 8. 31. 4. Skin. South America.
Purdiascd {Zoological Sociefg), 1860.
61. 11. 15. 2 (086,;). Skeleton. South America.
Purchased (Zoological Society), 1861.
84. 2. 8. 33. Skull, with antlers. Taquara, Eio Grande
do Sul ; collected by Dr. H. von Ihering. Purchased, 1884.
72. 2. 11. 1. Imperfect skull, with antlers, provisionally
referred to this species. Brazil (?) ; collected by Sir J.
Hudson. Type of Cariacas sylvestris.
Presented ly Rev. G. J. Hudson, 1872.
98. 2. 25. 1. Skin. Santa Fe, Argentina.
Presented hy the Duhc of Bedford, K.G., 1898.
9.12.1.58. Skin, mounted (fig. 30). Ajo, Tuyu, Buenos
Aires ; collected by Mr. C. H. B. Grant.
Presented ly E. Gibson, Esq., 1909.
9. 12. 1. 59. Skull and skin, young. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
9. 12. 1. 60. Skull. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
9. 12. 1. 61. Skull, witli antlers, and scalp-skin. Los
Yngleses, Buenos Aires ; same collector. Same history.
9. 12. 1. 62. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
9. 12. 1. 63. Slvull and skin, female. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
14. 11. 9. 1. Slvull, with antlers, and skin. Conceifao,
Eio Araguaya, Northern Brazil.
Presented hy the Para Museum, 1914.
IX. Genus H I P PO C AME LUS.
Hippocamelus, LeucJcart, Dissert. Inaug. de Equo hisidco Molince,
p. 24, 1816 ; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mas. {Field Mies. Zool.
Pub. vol. viii) p. 50, 1907, partim ; Pococh, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910,
p. 966.
Cervequus, Lesson, No7iv. Tahl. Begn. Anim., Mamm. p. 173, 1842.
Fxircifer, Wagner, Schreber's Sdiigthiere, Suppl. vol. iv, p. 384,
1844 ; Sundevall, K. Svenska Vet.- Alt. Handl. 1844, p. 183, 1846 ;
Gray, Cat. Ungulata. Brit. Mas. p. 226, 1852, Cat. Biiminants
Brit. Mus. p. 88, 1872 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 923 ;
CERVID^ , 193
Riitimeyer, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 49, 1881 ; nee
Fitzinger, 1843.
Xenelaphus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 498, Cat. Buminants
Brit. Mils. p. 89, 1872; Lydehher, Deer of All Lands, p. 293,
1898.
Anomalocera, Gray, Scientific Opinion, 1869, p. 384; Philippi, Wieg-
mann's Archiv 1870, p. 46 ; nee Templcr, 1837.
Huamela, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4. vol. xi, p. 217, 1873,
Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 159, 1873.
Creagroeeros, Fitzinger, Sitzher. h. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1,
p. 358, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 369, 1879.
Antlers (fig. 31) small and simple, forming a single
dichotomous fork, of which the front prong is the smaller,
and curves upwards and backwards towards the hind one ;
metatarsal gland and tuft absent ; tail short and rather
bushy ; face moderately long ; face-glands large and exposed,
and gland-pits in skull deep and triangular, although not
very large ; upper canines present in both sexes, but not
projecting beyond lips ; coat coarse and brittle ; size medium ;
young uniformly coloured. Other characters much as in
two preceding genera. The genus is distinguished by the
simply forked antlers, coarse, brittle coat, and absence of
metatarsal glands.
The range includes the western and southern parts of
South America.
The two species appear distinguishable as follows : —
A. Size larger, a dark Y-shaped face-stripe, antlers
usually forking some distance above burr H. hisiilcus,
B. Size smaller, face without distinct dark stripe,
antlers forking close to burr H, antisensis.
I. HIPPOCAMELUS BISULCUS.
Equus bisulcus, Molina, Saggio Storia Nat. Chili, p. 320, 1782.
Hippocamelus dubius, Leuckart, Dissert. Inaug. de Equo hisulco
Molinx, p. 24, 1816.
Auchenia huamel, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v,
p. 764, 1827.
Cervequus andicus. Lesson, Nouv. Tahl. Begn. Anim., Mamm. p. 173,
1842.
Cervus chilensis, Gaii and Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 3,
vol. viii, p. 91, 1846; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 45;
Burmeister, Descript. Phys. Bepuh. Argent, vol. iii, p. 462, 1879 ;
Philippi, An. Mus. Chile, Zool. 1892, p. 7, 1894, p. 8.
IV. O
194 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Capreolus leucotis, Crray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1849, p. 64.
Furcifer huamel, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 236, Cat. JJngulata
Brit. Mus. p. 227, 1852 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mtis.
p. 266, 1862.
Furcifer antisiensis, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 226, 1852,
Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 88, 1872 ; nee cVOrhigny.
Huamela leucotis. Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, ser, 4, vol. x, p. 445,
1872, vol. xi, p. 219, 1873, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus.
p. 160, 1873.
Creagroceros chilensis, Fitzingcr, Sitzber. h. jik. Wiss. Wien,
vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 358, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 372, 1879.
Cariacus chilensis, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 923 ; Flower and
Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 329, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns
and Hoofs, p. 346, 1893.
Furcifer chilensis, Sclater, List Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 178, 1883 ;
Nehring, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1895, p. 12.
Cervus antisiensis, Schdff, Zool. Garten, vol. xxxi, p. 228, 1890 ; nee
d'Orbigny.
Mazama bisulca, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 296, 1898, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1899, p. 917, pi. Ixi ; Berg, Commun. Miis. B. Aires,
vol. i, p. 261, 1900.
Hippocanielus bisulcus, Thomas, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 212 ;
Pocock, ibid. 1910, p. 966; Wolfsohn, Rev. CJiil. Hist. Nat.
vol. xiv, p. 227, 1910.
Mazama (Xenelaphus) bisulca, Lydekker, Great and S)nall Game of
Europe, etc. p. 368, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 113, 1910, ed. 7, p. Ill, 1914.
Xenelaphus bisulcus, Prichard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. i, p. 272,
Through the Heart of Patagonia, p. 248, 1902.
(?) Odocoileus dickii, Goeldi, Mitt. nat. Ges. Bern, 1912, p. 12.
GUEMAL or HUEMUL.
Size large, shoulder-height about 39^ inches ; general
colour Lright greyish yellow, speckled with black, this
including buttocks, greater portion of under-parts, and limbs,
in winter apparently greyer ; a broad black band up middle
line of face terminating in a fork between eyes ; sides of
muzzle brown and tip of chin white ; tail coloured like back
above, white below; tarsal tuft like back; antlers (fig. 31)
forking at a considerable distance above burr.
The range includes the Andes of southern Chile and the
whole of Patagonia. Odocoileus dickii was founded on a
skull and antlers from Santa Fe, probably referable to the
present species, the antlers being evidently abnormal.
50. 8. 2. 1. Skin. Valparaiso, Chile.
.i Fresented hj the Earl of Derby, LS.'jO.
CEKVID^-:
195
79 11 1 1 (1584 ft). Skull, with antlers, and skin.
West"^Coast of Patagonia ; collected by Dr. E^ Simpson.
Purchased, xV^ll.
Fig. 31.-HEAD of Chilian Guemal {Hippocamelus bisulcus).
From Lydekker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1899.
72. 11. 1. 2 (1584, h). Skull and skin. Same locality
1 \i ' Same hist or v.
and collector.
o 2
196 CATALO(WE OK UNGULATES
98. 2. 4. 14-15. Two frontlets, with antlers. Chubut,
Patagonia; collected by H. Dnrnford, Esq. Furehased, 1898.
99. 2. 22. 14. Skin, mounted. Patagonia.
Presented hy the Director of the La Plata Museum, 1899.
99. 8. 31. 1. Head, in summer coat, mounted. Ultima
Esperanza, Patat^onia. Presented hy Scnor Masentli, 1899.
2. 3. 15. 1. Skull and antlers. Pdo de los Antiguos,
Patagonia. Presented hy H. Heskcth Prichard, Esq., 1902,
2. 3. 15. 2. Skin. Same locality. Same history.
2. 3. 15. 3. Skin. Same locality. Same history.
II. HIPPOCAMELUS ANTISENSIS.
Cerf d'Antis, Pitchrmn, Diet. Univ. Hist. NaL vol. iii, p. 328.
Cervus antisensis, (VOrhigny, Ann. Mus. Paris, vol. iii, p. 91, 1834,
Voyage Amer. Merid. vol. iv, pt. 2, p. 28, pi. xx, 1847 ; Philipiyi,
An. Mus. Chile, Zool. 1892, p. 7, 1894, p. 6.
Cervus (Elaphus Furcifer) antisiensis, Wagner, Schreber's Sdugthiere,
Su2)pl. vol. iv, p. 384, 1844.
Cervus (Furcifer) antisiensis, SundcvaU, K. SvensJca Vct.-Ak. Handl.
1844, p. 183, 1846.
Cervus antisiensis, Tschudi, Fauna Peruv. vol. i, p. 241, pi. xviii,
1844; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1875, p. 46; Matschie, Sitzher.
Ges. nat. Freunde, 1894, p. 63.
Anomalocera huamel, Gray, Scientific Opinion, 1869, p. 384,
Xeuelaphus huamel, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 497.
Xenelaphus leucotis, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 89, 1872.
Xenelaphus anomalocera, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. x,
p. 445, 1872.
Xenelaphus chilensis, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, ser, 4, vol. xii,
p, 61, 1873, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. -p. 159, 1873.
Creagoceros antisiensis, Fitzinger, Sitzher. h. Ah. Wiss. Wien,
vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 358, 1873, vol. Ixxviii, pt. 1, p. 369, 1879,
Furcifer chilensis, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, ser, 4, vol, xiii, p, 332,
1874.
Cariacus antisiensis, Broohe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p, 924 ; Scliiiff,
Zool. Garten, vol. xxxi, p. 226, 1890 ; Flower and LydeJcker, Study
of Mammals, p. 329, 1891 ; LydcMer, Horns and Hoofs, p. 346,
1903.
Furcifer antisensis, Nehring, Sitzher. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1895, p. 9.
Mazama antisiensis, Lydchlier, Deer of All Lands, p. 295, pi. xxiii,
1898,
Mazama (Xenelaphus) antisiensis, p, 367, 1901 ; Ward, Records of
Big Game, ed. 6, p. 112, 1916, ed. 7, p. 110, 1914.
Hippooamelus antisiensis, Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. [Field
Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 52, 1907 ; Pococh, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1910. p. 966; Osgood, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 153, 1914.
CEKVID.E 197
Odocoileus antisensis, Dabbenc, An. Mks. B. Aires, ser. 3, vol. xiv,
p. 293, 1911.
Peruvian Guemal.
Typical locality Peruvian Andes.
Smaller than preceding species, the shoukler-licight being
about 34 inclies ; general colour much the same as in latter,
but under-parts markedly lighter than back, and a patch on
rump and basal portion of upper side of tail brown ; tarsal
tuft blackish brown ; antlers forking nearer burr.
The range includes the Andes of Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia,
and northern Chili, usually at heights of between 14,000
and 16,000 feet above the sea-level, but probably ranging
down to 11,000 feet, and also part of northern Argentina.
In Ecuador this species is almndant on Chimborazo, Pichincha,
and Cotopaxi.
69. 10. 15. 1. Skull, with autlers, and skin, formerly
mounted. Tinta, southern Peru; collected by Mr. H.
Whiteley. Type oi A'endajihvs anoinaloccin. Fid'chascd, 1869.
69. 10. 15. 2 (1525, a). Skull aud skin, female. Same
locality and collector. Some history.
69. 10. 15. 3 (1525, c). Skull and skin, young. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
69. 10. 15. 4 (1525, d). Skull and skin, young. Same
locality and collector. Sumc liistory.
69. 10. 15. 5 (1525, /•). Skull, female. Same locality
and collector. Same liistory.
* * * *. Skull and antleis. Locality unknown.
No history.
74.3.27.1. Skin, mounted. Ceachupati, Peru ; collected
by Mr. H. Whitely. Purchased, 1872.
94. 11. 20. 4. Skull and skin, female. Incapirca, Junin,
Peru ; collected by Mr. J. Kalinowski. Fnrehetsed, 1894.
97. 11. 11. 4-5. Two skulls. Tinta, Peru; collected
by j\Ir. H. Whitely ; formerly in collection of Sir Victor
Brooke, Bart. Presented hy Sir Douglas Broolr, Bart, 1897.
198 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
X. Genus MAZAMA.
Mazama, Rafinesque, A»ier. Month. Mag. vol. i, p. 44, 1817 ;
Merriam, Science, ser. 2, vol. i, p. 208, 1895 ; Lydekker, Deer of
All Lands, pp. 243 (partim) and 298, 1898 ; Elliot, Mamm. Mid.
Amer. and W. Indies {Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 79, 1904 ;
Pococh, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 264 ; Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 58.5, 1913.
Subulo, H. S)7iit]i, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 318, 1827;
Fitzinger, Sitzher. h. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 7,
1879 ; nee Subula, Schumacher, 1817.
Passalites, Gloger, Handhucli Naturgeschichtc, p. 140, 1841.
Subula, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Regne Anim., Mamm. p. 173, 1842 ; nee
Scliumacher, 1817.
Coassus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 174, 1843, Cat. Ungulata
Brit. Mus. p. 238, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 91, 1872 ;
Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 924 ; Biitimeyer, Abh. schweiz.
pal. Ges. \o\. viii, p. 31, 1881.
Homelaphus, Gray, Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 90, 1872.
Nanelaphus, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1,
p. 360, 1873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 31, 1879.
Dorvceros, Fitzinger, op. cit. vol. Ixviii. p. 360, 1873, vol. Ixxix, p. 23,
'1879.
Small deer nearly allied to the three preceding genera,
but distinguished by the following characters : —
Antlers in the form of simple unbranched spikes ; meta-
tarsal gland and tuft absent, and tarsal gland in some species
rudimentary or perhaps obsolete ; tail very short ; face
elongated ; face-glands small and exposed, and gland-pits
deep and triangular ; crown of head tufted, and hair of face
radiating from two whorls, one on crown and the other
below line of eyes, the hair of forehead being directed
upwards towards antlers, and that of nose downwards towards
muzzle ; upper canines occasionally present in old males ;
coat fine and smooth ; build clumsy, with the back much
arched, and profile of face convex ; young spotted with
white. Ears of medium length ; upper lip with a pair of
white spots on each side of nose, and lower lip with a larger
VT^hite spot in middle line.
The range includes Central and Tropical South America.
The following is a " key " to the species : —
A. Laehrymal pits in skull deeper.
a. Size larger M. rufina.
b. Size smaller M.hricenii.
CERVID.E 199
B. Lachrymal pits shallower.
a. Colour rufous, white below.
a' . Hair of withers reversed.
a" . Preniaxill:T» articulating with nasals ;
skull longer.
a?. Face not markedly dark, without
eyebrow-streak M. amcricana.
¥. Face markedlj' dark, with eyebrow-
streak M. siqjerciliaris.
b". Premaxillae not articulating with nasals ;
skull shorter M. zetta.
b'. Hair of withers not reversed M. sheila.
c'. Hair of withers either normal or reversed,
size small, face and limbs shaded with
bluish black M. tenia.
b. Colour brown to whitish grey.
b' . Colour pale pepper-and-salt brown to
whitish grey, size larger M. simplicicornis.
c' . Colour dark brown tinged with rufous,
size very small M. nana.
c. Colour drab-brown, tail fulvous M. pandora.
I. MAZAMA AMEEICANA.
Moschus americanus, Erxleben, Syst. Begn. Anim. vol. i, p. 324, 1777.
Cervus rufus, Illiger. Abh. Al: Sci. Berlin, 1811, p. 108, 1815 ; *
Desrnarest, Mainmalogie, vol. ii, p. 245, 1822 ; H. Smith,
Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 140, 1827 ; Tschudi,
Fauna Peruv. vol. i, p. 236, 1844; F. Cuvier, Diet. Sci. Nat.
vol. vii, p. 127, 1817 ; Bwrmeister, Descrijjt. Phys. Bepub.
Argent, vol. iii, p. 465, 1879.
Mazama pita, Bafincsque, Amer. Month. Mag. vol. i, p. 863, 1817.
Cevvus (Subulo) rufus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v,
p. 318, 1827 ; Goeldi, Mammiferos do Brasil, p. 108, 1893.
Subulo rufus, Jardine, Naturalist' s Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 178, 1835.
(?) Subulo apura, Swainson, Classif. Quadrupeds, p. 295, 1835.
Coassus rufus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 174, 1843, Knowsley
Menagerie, p. 69, pi. xlvii, 1850, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 238,
1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 92, 1872, Hand-List Bumi-
nants Brit. Mus. p. 161, 1873 ; Quelch, Zoologist, ser. 3, vol. xvii,
p. 19, 1893.
Cervus (Subulo) dolichurus, Wagner, Schreber's Sdugthiere, Suppl.
vol. iv, p. 389, 1844.
Homelaphus inornatus, Gray, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mils. p. 90, 1872.
Coassus inornatus. Gray, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 162,
1873.
Subulo dolichurus, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii,
pt. 1, p. 359, 1873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 11, 1879.
Separate copies stated to have been issued in 1811,
200 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Subulo rufus, Fitzingcr, op. cit. vol. Ixviii, p. 360, 1873, vol. Lxxix,
p. 11, 1879.
Cariacus rufus, -Bj'ooAt, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1878, p. 925; Sclater, List
Mamm, Zool. Gardens, p. 174, 1883 ; Lydehker, Horns and Hoofs,
p. 348, 1893.-
Cervus (Coassus) rufus, Ihering, Mammifcros dc Sao Paulo, p. 15,
1894.
Mazama rufa, Lydehker, Deer of All Lands, p. 300, 1898, Great and
Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 370, 1901.
Mazama inornata, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 306, 1898.
Mazama amei-icana, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, voL xi,
p. 585, 1913; Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1914, p. 15;
Lydekker, Ward's Becords of Big Game, ed. 7, p. Ill, 1914.
Bed Brocket ; Veado Pardo or Veado Mateiro.
The type species. Also type of Homelaphus.
Typical locality Guiana.
Size relatively large, and build heavy ; height at shoulder
about 27 inches ; hair of middle line of nape generally
reversed ; general colour shining brownish red (rufous),
sometimes with minute dark tips to the hairs ; sides of neck
and flanks reddish grey ; throat, under surface of upper part
of neck, and inner sides of thighs whitish grey ; tail
brownish red above, white below and at tip ; a small whitish
streak on rump ; a large spot on front (tf lower lip and a
smaller one on each side of upper lip below nose white ;
antlers yellowish white ; lachrymal pits relatively shallow ;
premaxilla3 usually articulating with nasals.
The range extends from Guiana to Paraguay and \\\o
Grande do 8ul.
The two local races are distinguishable as follows : —
A. Size larger; skull longer (205 to 210 mm.) M. a. amcricana.
B. Size smaller; skull shorter (202 mm.) M. a. jucunda,
A.— Mazama americana americana.
Typical locality Guiana.
General characters those of the species ; skull relatively
long.
The range includes Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil, and
Paraguay.
684, ft. Skeleton, mounted. Soutli America.
Pitrehascd {Brandt).
1037, a. Skujl, with antlers. Bahia, Brazil. No history.
CERVID.E 201
41. 594. Skull and skin, female. South America ;
collected by Parreys. Purchased.
41. 595. Skin, mounted. South America ; same
collector. Purchased.
45. 8. 509 (684, h). Skull. Para, Amazonia.
Presented lij J. P. G. Smith, Psq., 1845.
46. 4. 21. 7 (684, c). Skeleton, immature.
Purchased (Brandt), 1846.
51. 8. 29. 7. Skin, female, formerly mounted. South
America. Type of Homeluplius inornatus ; referred to by
Gray as a male, a statement copied by the present writer in
Beer of All Lands. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1851.
66. 3. 28. 14. Skin. Upper Ucayali Valley, Peru ;
collected by Mr. C. Bartlett. Purchased, 1866.
SO. 5. 6. 38. Skin. Sarayacu, Ecuador ; collected by
Mr. C. Buckley. • Purchased, 1880.
80. 5. 6. 39. Skin, young. Same locality and collector.
Same -hist or ij.
82. 9. 30. 24. Skull and antlers. Taquara, Eio Grande
do Sal, Brazil; collected by Dr. H. von Ihering.
Purchased, 1882.
82. 9. 30. 25. Skull, female. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
1. 11. 3. 91. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Ptio Jordao,
Minas Geraes ; collected by Mr. A. Robert. Purchased, 1901.
1. 11. 3. 92. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
2. 1. 1. 114. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Charuplaya,
Bolivia ; collected by Mr. P. 0. Simons.
Presented hj 0. Thomas, Esq., 1902.
3. 7. 7. 129. Skull and skin, young in spotted coat.
Serra de Chapada, Matto Grosso, Brazil ; collected by
Mr. A. Eobert. Presented hy 3Trs. Percy Sladen.
3. 7. 7. 130. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
4. 7. 4. 88. Skull and skin, female. Igarape Assu,
Para, Amazonia ; collected by Mr. A. Ilobert.
Presented hy 0. Thomas, Esq., 1904.
4. 7. 4. 89. Skull and skin, immature female. Same
locality and collector. Sajiie history.
202 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
8. 5. 9. 27. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Hnmaytlia
Valley, Madeira, Amazonia ; collected by Mr. W. Hoffmanns.
Purchased, 1908.
10. 5. 4. 58. Skull and skin, young in short, dark,
spotted coat. Supinaam Valley, British Guiana; collected
by Mr. Cozier. This and the following specimens from the
same district are topo- types of the species.
Presented hj F. V. MeCunnell, Esq., 1910.
10. 5. 4. 59. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
11. 12. 15. 17. Skull and skin, female. Same locality
atid collector. Same donor, 1911.
11. 12. 15. 18. Skull and skin, young in dark, spotted
coat. Same locality and collector. Same history.
11. 12. 15. 19, Skull and skin, female. Same locality
and collector. . Same history.
13. 5. 28. 11. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Bonasica,
Essequibo Valley, British Guiana ; same, locality and
collector. Same donor, 1913.
14. 11. 9. 2. Skull, with antlers and skin. Conceigao,
Eio Araguaya, northern Brazil.
Presented hy the Para Museum., 1914.
B.— Mazama americana jucunda.
Mazama americana jucunda, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8,
vol. xi, p. 587, 1913.
Typical locality Eopa Nova, Serra do Mar, Parana,
southern Brazil.
Distinguished from typical race by inferior size and
shorter skull, of which the basal length is about 202 mm.,
against from 205 to 210 mm. in former ; coat of medium
length ; general colour bright rufous faAvn ; limbs brown
above, rufous on pasterns ; tail dark rufous above.
3. 7. 1. 103. Skull and skin, immature female. Eoca
Nova, Serra do Mar, Parana; collected, Sept. 9, 1901,
by Mr. A. Ptobert. Type.
Presented hy Mrs. Percy Sladen, 1903.
3. 7. 1. 200. Skull and antlers. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
CERVIDyE 203
The folloiving specimens prohahly re'prcsent this or a nearly
allied brocket {? M. sujperciliaris) : —
46. 6. 1. 23 (684,</). Skull, with antlers, and skin.
Santa Catherina, Brazil (between Parana and Eio Grande do
Sul) ; collected by Parzudaki. Purchased, 1846.
46. 6. 1. 24. Skin, female. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
46. 6. 1. 25 (684,/). Skull, young, and skin, old female.
Same locality and collector. Same history.
II. MAZAMA SUPERCILIAEIS.
Coassus superciliaris, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 242, pi. xxv,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. ix, p. 432, 1852, Cat. TJngulata
Brit. Mus. p. 239, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mm. p. 92, 1872,
Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 160, 1873.
Cervus (Subulo) superciliaris, Wagner, Schreher's Sdugthiere, Suppl.
vol. V, p. 386, 1855.
Subulo superciliaris, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii,
pt. 1, p. 360, 1873, vol.'lxxix, pt. 1, p. 3 8, 1879.
Cariacus superciliaris, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 926.
Mazama superciliaris, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 301, 1898,
Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 371, 1901.
Typical locality Brazil (? Santa Catherina).
Closely allied to the last, of which it is not improbably
merely a local variety or colour-phase ; general colour
shining brownish red ; neck, chest, hocks, and fronts of
fore-legs whitish grey ; forehead blackish, with a distinct
streak over each eye.
49. 1. 12. 35. Skull, with antlers, and skin, immature.
South America (? Santa Catherina, Brazil) ; collected by
Hultze. Type. If from Santa Catherina, this and the
following specimen are not even racially separable from the
foregoing specimens from the same locality.
Purchased, 1849.
49. 9. 3. 1-2. Skin and skull. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
20-i CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
III. MAZAMA ZETTA.
Mazama zetta, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 586,
1913.
Typical locality Medellin, Autioquia, Colombia.
Generally similar to 3f. americana, but build rather
stouter, and general colour browner and less rufous (rufous
brown), especially on bead, ears, and neck, the head having
indistinct rufous markings ; skull shorter and stouter (basal
length 187-190 mm.), with shorter premaxilke, which but
rarely reach nasals. The question whether this brocket
might not be preferably regarded as a local race of
M. americana is reserved.
78. 8. 31. 1. Skin. Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia;
collected by ]\Ir. J. K. Salmon. Purchased, 1878.
78. 8. 31. 2. Skin, formerly mounted, and skull, female.
Same locality and collector. Same histor//.
78. 8. 31. 3. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and
collector. Type. Same histori/.
78. 8. 31. 3*. Skin, young. Same locality and collector.
Same histori/.
78. 8. 31. 13 (1700, ft). Skeleton, female. Same locality
and collector. Same histori/.
78. 8. 31. 14 (1700, ?0. Skull, with antlers. Same
locality and collector. Same histori/.
85. 4. 22. 6-7. Two skulls, with antlers. Same locality
and collector. Purchased, 1885.
85. 4. 22. 8. Skull, female. Same locality and collector.
Same historij.
14. 5. 28. 25. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Ccndoto,
Chaco, Colombia. Presented hij Dr. H. G. F. SpurreU, 1914.
14. 5. 28. 26. Skull and skin, female. Same locality.
Same historij.
The foUoiving s])eeimcns appear to indicate a broelet nearly
related to this race : —
14. 4. 25. 80. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Gualaquiza.
Ecuador ; collected by Mr. G. Hammond.
Presented hy 0. Thomas, Esij., 1914,
CERViD.4<: 205
14. 4. 25. 81. Skull and skin, female. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
14. 4. 25. 82. Skin. Same locality and collector.
Same Idstorij.
14. 4. 25. B;]. Skull, female. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
IV. MAZAMA SHEILA.
Mazama sheila, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. sev. 8, vol. xi, p. 587,
1913.
Typical locality near Merida, Venezuela.
A lowland-form distinguished from the three preceding
species by its inferior size (basal length of skull about
177 mm.), the normal direction of the hair of the nape, and
the pale bright rufous general colour ; skull of the short type
of that of M. zetta, with the premaxilkr, not reaching nasals.
13, 4, 24. 4. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Montana de
Limones, Merida ; collected by the Messrs. Briceiio, October,
1910. Type. Purchased {Rmnherg), 1913.
V, MAZAMA TEMA,
Mazama tema, Bafinesque, Amer. Month. Mag. vol. i, p, 44, 1817 ;
LydeTihcr, Deer of All Lands, p. 302, 1898, Great and Small
Game of Europe, etc. p. 379, 1901, partim ; Miller, List N. Amer.
Mamm. p, 390, 1912; Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, ser, 8,
vol, i, p, 349, 1908, vol. xi, p, 586, 1913.
Cervus liunibokltii, Wiegmann, Isis, 1833, p. 954, nomen nudum,
Cervus sartorii, Saussure, Bev. Mag. Zool. ser. 2, vol, xii, p, 252, 1860
Subulo sartorii, Fitzinger, Sitzher. k. AJi\ Wiss. Wien, vol, Ixxix
pt. 1, p. 20, 1879.
Cariacus tema, Alston, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Mamm. p. 118, 1879
Bhoads, Amer. Nat. vol. xxviii, p. 526, 1894.
Cariacus rufinus, Alston, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Mamm. p. 118, 1879
True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol, vii, p. .592, 1885; uec Cervus
rufinus, Bnclieran.
Mazama sartorii, LydekJcer, Deer of All Lands, p. 303, pi. xxiv, fig. 2,
1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 372, 1901 ; Elliot,
Mamm. Mid. Amer, and W. Indies {Field Mus. Zool. Pub.
vol. iv), p. 80, 1904,
Hippocamelus sartori, Elliot, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. etc.
(Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol, vi) p, 50, 1905, Cat. Mamm. Field
Mus. (ibid. vol. viii) p. 51, 1907.
206 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Typical locality Mexico, probably the State of Vera Cruz.
Smaller than M. americmia, the shoulder-height rauging
from 25^ to 20^ inches ; hair of withers either normal or
reversed ; general colour bright shining brownish red ; neck,
throat, and chest fawn ; abdomen white ; outer sides of
hind-shanks, fronts of fore-legs, and lower part of face
shaded with bluish black ; tail like back above, white below ;
the usual white spots on lips ; antlers whitish horn-colour,
and less rugose than those of M. americana.
The distinctive features of this species are the small size,
the dark shading of the face and limbs, and the blackish red
(instead of whitish) throat.
The range includes southern Mexico and Central America.
The three races are distinguished as follows : —
A. Size smaller, colour brighter and more rufescent... M. t. tcma.
B. Size larger, colour duller and less rufescent M. t. rcperticia,
c. Colour darker and redder than in either of the
preceding M. t. cerasina.
A. — Mazama tema tema.
Mazama tema tema, Goldman, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. Ix,
no. 22, p. 2, 1913.
Typical locality southern Mexico.
Size relatively small ; colour bright and strongly rufescent.
88. 8. 8. 5. Skull, with antlers, and scalp-skin. Atoyac,
Vera Cruz, Mexico ; collected by Mr. H. H. Smith.
Presented hy Messrs. Salvin and Godman, 1888.
91.3.24.2(1700,^). Skull, with antlers, and skin,
formerly mounted. Guatemala ; collected by Boucard.
Purchased, 1891.
91. 3. 24. 3 (1700, c). Skull and skin, immature female.
Same locality and collector. Same history.
91. 3. 24. 4. Skin, young. Same locality and collector.
Same histwy.
93. 2. 5. 23. Skull and skin, the latter in the young
spotted coat. Sierra de Rosario, Jalisco, Mexico ; collected
by Dr. A. G. Buller. Purchased, 1893.
CERVIDiE 207
B.— Mazama tema reperticia.
Mazarna tema reperticia, Goldman, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol, Ix,
no. 22, p. 2, 1913.
Typical locality Gatun, Panama.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Somewhat larger than typical race, and duller and much
less rufescent in colour. Similar in size to 31. pandora
{infra) but darker and with diflerences in skull ; larger
than M. hriccnii (infra), with shorter coat, especially on
neck, less rich rufescent colour, and a smaller dark area on
face.
78. 7. 6. 4 (1700, c)- Skull and skin, immature female.
Costa Eica ; collected by Mr. Eogers.
Presented hj F. du Cane Godman, Esq., 1878.
C— Mazama tema cerasina.
Mazama tema cerasina, Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
vol. xxvii, p. 209, 1914.
Typical locality Talamanca, Costa Eica.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Distinguished from both the typical Mexican and the
Panama races by the darker and distinctly more reddish
general colour.
No specimen in collection.
VI. MAZAMA BEICENII.
Mazama bricenii, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. i, p. 349,
1908; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 964; Osgood, Field
Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. X, p. 45, 1912 ; Lonnberg, Arhiv Zool.
vol. viii, no. 16, p. 34, 1913.
Typical locality Paramo de la Culata, Merida, Venezuela.
In general appearance and colour very like M. tema, but
size smaller (basal length of skull about 143 mm.), and
lachrymal pits of skull deeper, the whole skull being also
slighter with proportionately smaller orbits and the pre-
maxillai articulating extensively with nasals ; general colour
rich chestnut-rufous, with the head, ears, nape, fore-limbs,
208 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
and hind-shanks dark brown ; nnder-parts somewhat lighter ;
tail brown above, with a few rufous hairs,
5. 7. 5. 18. Skull and skin, young female. Merida ;
collected by Senor S. Biieeno. Pvrehased (JRoscnberg), 1905.
8, 6. 24. 5. Skull and skin, female. Paramo de la
Culata, Mexico (August, 1907 ) ; same collector.
Purchased (Ilosenhcrg), 1908.
8. 6. 24. 6. Skull and skin, very young. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
13. 4. 24. 3. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Merida ;
same collector. Purchased {Rosenberg), 1913.
Vir. MAZAMA PtUriNA.
Cervus rufinns, Puclieran, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vi, p. 491, 1852.
Coassus rufinus, Gray, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 162, 1873.
Subulo rufinus, Fitzinger, Sitzher. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii,
pt. 1, p. 162, 1873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 17, 1879,
Cai-iacus rufinus, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 925.
Mazama rufina,* Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist. ser. 8, vol. i, p. 349,
1908, vol. xi, p. 586, 1913.
Typical locality Ecuador, at an elevation of about 11,000
feet.
Type in Paris Museum.
A mountain-form allied to, but larger than (shoulder-
height about 25^ inches), 31. hricenii.
77. 4. 3. 1. Skin, immature, Jima, Ecuador ; collected
by C. Buckley, Esq. Purchased, 1877.
96. 1. 28. 5*. Skull, probably referable to this species,
Ecuador ; figured by De Winton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896,
p. 510, as Pudna mephistophiles, see Thomas, ojp. cit. 1908,
p. 350. Presented hij L. Soderstrom, Esq., 1896.
YIII. MAZAMA SIMPLICICORNIS.
Cervus simplicicornis, Illiger, Abh. Ak. Sci. Berlin, 1811, p. 107, 1815 f ;
Wied, Naturgesch. Brasil, vol. ii, p. 596, 1827 ; H. Smith,
Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p, 141, 1827 ; Burmeister,
Descript. Phys. Eepub. Argent, vol. iii, p. 466, 1879 ; Goeldi,
Mammiferos do Brasil, p. 108, 1893.
M, rufinus in first passage. f See note, p, 199.
CERViDJ-: 209
Mazama Lira, Bafinesque, Amer. Month. Mag. vol. i, p. 368, 1817.
Cervus nemorivagus, F. Cuvier, Diet. Set. Nat. vol. vii, p. 485, 1817;
H. Smith. Gi-iffitlis Ayiinial Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 142, 1827.
Cervus (Subulo) nemorivagus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom,
vol. V, 319, 1827.
Cervus (Subulo) simplicicornis, H. Smith, oj). cit. vol. v, p. 381, 1827.
Passalites nemorivagus, Gloger, Handhuch Naturgeschichtc , p. 140,
1841.
Coassus nemorivagus, Gray, Cat, Ungulata Brit. Mns. p. 288, 1852,
Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 91, 1872, Hand-List Buminants
Brit. Mus. p. 160, 1873 ; Quelch, Zoologist, ser. 3, vol. xvii,
p. 19, 1893 ; Bendall, ibid. ser. 4, vol. i, p. 345, 1897.
Coassus simplicornis, Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 238, 1852,
Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 91, 1872, Hand-List Buminants
Brit. Mus. p. 160, 1873; Quelch, Zoologist, ser. 3, vol. xvii,
p. 19, 1893.
Doryceros nemorivagus, Fitzinger, Sitzher. Tx. Al\ Wiss. Wien, vol.
Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 360, 1873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 23, 1879.
Cariacus simplicornis, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 925 ;
LydeJi'Jcer, Horns and Hoofs, p. 348, 1893.
Cariacus nemorivagus, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 925 ; Sclater,
List Anim. Zool. Gardens, p. 174, 1883 ; Lydekkcr, Horns and
Hoofs, p. 394, 1893.
Cervus (Coassus) simplicicornis, Ihering, Mammiferos de S. Paulo,
p. 15, 1894.
Mazama nemorivaga, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 303, 1898,
Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 372, 1901 ; Ward,
Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 113, 1910, ed. 7, p. Ill, 1914;
Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 962.*
Mazama americana, Osgood, Field. Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 43, 1912 ;
nee Cervus americanus, Erxleben.
Hippocamelus nemorivagus, Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. [Field
Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 52, 1907.
Mazama americana, Osgood, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 43, 1912 ;
nee Moschus americanus, Erxleben, 1777.
Mazama simplicicornis, Hagmann, Arcliiv Bassen- und Gesell.-Biol.
vol. V, p. 14, 1908; Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8,
vol. xi, p. 585, 1912.
Type of Doryceros.
Typical locality Brazil.
Build light and slender, and size small, the shoulder-
height being about 19 inches ; general colour varying from
pale pepper-and-salt brown to greyish or whitish, usually
with a distinct streak on the forehead before the front of the
eyes ; never any sign of reddish at any season ; hairs of back
ringed with yellowish red below the tip; under-parts huffish ;
* M. nemorivagus.
IV. P
210 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
tarsal gland and tuft small ; * antlers short, fine, and dirty
white in colour.
Eange co-extensive with that of" M. aiacnccma, but also
including Trinidad.
A.— Mazama simplicicornis simplicieornis.
Typical locality Brazil.
General characters those of species.
1-41, a. Skull and skin, female. Locality unknown.
JVo history.
41. 593. Skull and skin, female. Brazil ; collected by
Parreys. Purchased.
44. 9. 11. 107. Skin, formerly mounted. British Guiana ;
collected by Sir 1{. Schomburgk. Purchased, 1844.
46. 2. 13. 3 (46. 4. 10. 6-685, h). Skull and skin. Brazil.
Purchased (Brandt), 1846.
47. 11. 22. 21. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Santa
Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia ; collected by Mr. T. Bridges.
Purchased, 1847.
47. 11. 22. 21*. Skin, immature. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
58. 6. 18. 7. Skin, female. Locality unknown.
Purchased {Zooloyical Society), 1858.
59. 9. 6. 106 (1037, h). Skull, young. Surinam, Dutch
Guiana ; Ur. A, Giinther's collection. Purchased, 1859.
80. 5. 6. 40. Skin, female. Sarayacu, Ecuador ; collected
by C. Buckley, Esq. Purchased, 1880.
80.5.6.41. Skin, immature. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
82. 9. 30. 26. Skull, with antlers. Taquara, Rio Grande
do Sul, Brazil ; collected by Dr. H. von Ihering.
Purchased, 1882.
82. 9. 30. 27. Skull, female. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
92. 11. 2. 3. Skin, young. Trinidad.
Presented hy H. Carracciolo, Esq., 1892.
97. 1. 5. 20. Skin. Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia ;
* Fitzinger founded Doratoceros on account of the supposed
absence of the tarsal gland, which is stated by Pocock to be present.
CERVID.E 211
collected by Mr. J. K. Salmon ; formerly in collection of Sir
Victor Brooke, Bart.
Presented hy Sir Douglas Brooke, Bart., 1897.
3. 4. 6. 8. Skull and skin, young. Eupuuuui, southern
British Guiana; collected by Dr. J. J. Quelch.
Presented hy F. V. McConnell, Esq., 1903.
4. 7. 4. 85. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Igarape, Assu,
Para, Amazonia ; collected by Mr. A. Eobert.
Presented hy 0. Thomas, Esq., 1904.
4. 7. 4. 86. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
4. 7. 4. 87. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
8. 3. 7. 55. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Coast-region,
Demerara, British Guiana.
Presented hy F. V. McConnell, Esq., 1908.
9. 4. 20. 3-4. Two young skulls and skins, the latter in
the dark, white-spotted coat. Mazaruni Valley, British
Guiana. Same donor, 1909.
12. 12. 19. 11. Skull and skin, female. Bonasica, Esse-
quibo Valley, British Guiana ; collected by Mr. Cozier.
Same donor, 1912.
12. 12. 19. 12. Skull and skin, female. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
13.5.23.12. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same locality
and collector. Same donor, 1913.
13. 12. 18. 4. Skull and skin, female. Gumunda, Lower
Amazonia. Presented hy the Goeldi Museum, Para, 1913.
13. 12. 18. 5. Skull and skin, young female. Same
locality. Same history.
13. 12. 18. 6. Skull and skin. Ceara, Amazonia.
Same history.
B.— Mazama simplicicornis mexianae.
Coassus simplicicornis, var, mexianae, Hagmann, Archiv Eassen-
und Gesell. Biol. vol. v, p. 14, pi. i, 1908.
Typical (and only) locality Mexiana Island, mouth of the
Amazon.
Smaller than typical race, the skull having a basal length
p 2
212 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
of from 150 to 163 mm., against from 173 to 181 mm. in
the latter ; antlers and their pedicles less inclined backwards
than in typical race, and a marked difference in the shape of
the lachrymal.
No specimen in collection.
C— Mazama simplicicornis citus.
Mazama americana citus, Osgood, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. x,
p. 43, 1912.
Typical locality Lake Maracailjo, Venezuela.
Type in Field Museum, Chicago.
Similar to typical race, but slightly larger, with especially
large cheek-teeth, and the colour greyer and paler.
No specimen in collection.
IX. MAZAMA TSCHUDII.
Cervus (Subiilo) tschudii, Wagner, Schrcher's Sdugthiere, Sujij^l.
vol. V, p. 386, 1855.
Cervvis (Subulo) simplicornis major, Wagner, lac. cit. 1855.
Doryceros tschudii, Fitzingei\ Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wicn, \o\. Ixviii,
"^pt. 1, p. 360, 1873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 30, 1879.
Coassus whitelyi. Gray, Anji. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xii, p. 163,
1873, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 162, pi. xxxii, 1873.
Cariacus whitelyi, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 926.
Mazama tschudii, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 305, 1898, Great
and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 373, 1901.
Typical locality Peru, at elevations of 16,000 feet above
the sea-level on the western slopes of the coast Cordillera, in
the same districts inhabited by Hippocamclus antisensis.
Closely allied to M. simplicicornis, from which it is
distinguished by its somewhat inferior size, nearly smooth
antlers, and certain details of coloration ; back darker than
in M. simplicicornis, and under-parts and inner sides of limbs
white, instead of huffish white ; liairs of back without sub-
terminal yellowish red rings.
73. 6. 27. 2 (1618, a). Skull, immature female. Cosni-
pata, Peru ; collected by ]\Ir. H. Whitely. Type of Cariacus
ivliitclyi. Purchased, 1873.
CEKVID^ 213
X. MAZAMA PANDOEA.
Mazama pandora, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiv,
p. 105, 1901 ; Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Ainer. and W. Indies {Field
Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 80, 1904; Miller, List N. Amer.
Mamm. p. 390, 1912.
Hippocamelus pandora, Elliot, Check-List Mamm. N. Amer. and
W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. vi), p. 51, 1905; Allen,
Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. 2, p. 108, 1906.
Typical locality Yucatan.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Size and ears much the same as in M. amcrkana ; general
colour greyish or dral) brown ; ears with a white line or
margin near basal aperture ; tail dull fulvous above.
No specimen in collection.
XL MAZAMA NANA.
Cariacus nanus, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Peg ne Anim., Mamm. p. 173, 1842.
Cervus (Subulo) nanus, ^Yagner, Sclireher's Sdugthiere, Suppl.
vol. V, p. 386, 1855.
Nanelaphus namby, Fitzinger, Sitzber. A-. Al'. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii,
pt. 1, p. 361, i873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 32, 1879.
Nanelaplius nambi, Goeldi, Mammiferos do Brasil, p. 108, 1893.
Cervus (Coassus) nanus, Ihering, Mammiferos de Sao Paido, p. 16,
1894.
Mazama nana, Lydekher, Deer of All Lands, p. 305, 1898, Great and
Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 373, 1901.
Type of Nandaplius.
Typical locality Matto Grosso district, Brazil.
Imperfectly known ; size very small, inferior to that of
M. simplicicornis, from which this species is stated to be dis-
tinguished by the larger face-glands ; tail terminating in a
tuft of longish hairs ; coat rough and thick ; ears thickly
haired externally, short-haired internally ; general colour
uniformly dark lirown with a tinge of reddish ; under-parts
lighter ; tail coloured like back above, white below and at
tip ; a small white spot beneath each eye ; lips white, the
upper one dirty white near muzzle ; ears externally dark
brown, internally bluish white ; tarsal tuft white.
No specimen in collection.
214 catalogue of ungulates
Incert^ Sedis.
1. Coassus auritus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 242, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. ser. 2, vol. ix, p. 432, 1852, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mm.
p. 239, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 92, 1872; nee
Cervus auritus, Desmarest.
Cervus (Subulo) auritus, Wagner, Schrcher's Saugthiere, Suppl.
vol, V, p. 336, 1855.
Subulo auritus, Fitzinger, Sitzber. Ji. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii,
pt. 1, p. 360, 1873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 19, 1879.
Mazama aurita, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 306, 1898.
Named from a Brazilian (?) skin, now lost ; possibly the
female of M. americcma.
2. Mazama rondoni, Eibeiro, Comin. Linhas Telegr. de Matto Orosso
ao Amazonias, Annex 5, Hist. Nat., Mammiferos {Rio de Janeiro),
p. 33, 1914.
Typified by a male skin and female skeleton from
Poaya, Amazonia, in the Museum at Eio de Janeiro.
Dimensions are given, and the colour is said to be dark, but
the description is otherwise insufficient.
XL Genus PUDU.
Pudu, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 242, Cat. Buminants Brit.
Mus. p. 92, 1872 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 967.
Nanelaphus, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1,
p. 360, 1873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 31, 1879, partim.
Pudua, Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 18; Brooke, ibid. 1878,
p. 296; de Winton, ibid. 1896, p. 508; Lydekker, Deer of All
Lands, p. 307, 1898.
Skull and metacarpals generally as in Mazama; size
very small ; coat coarse and l)rittle ; antlers in the form of
short, simple spikes ; cannon-bones very short ; tail short or
wanting ; hair of forehead either reversed or directed uni-
formly backwards from muzzle to crown ; ears large and
rounded ; face-glands present or absent ; naked portion of
muzzle variable ; tarsal, metatarsal and interdigital glands
absent ; upper canines wanting ; external cuneiform of tarsus
united with naviculo-cuboid.
The genus includes two species — one from the highlands
of Chile and the other from those of Ecuador — severally
CERVID.^^ 215
representing subgeneric groups, distinguished from one
another as follows : —
A. Well developed face-glands and lachrymal pits ; first
lower incisor not markedly larger than second Piidn.
B. Face -glands and lachrymal pits wanting ; first lower
incisor much larger than second Fnildla.
1. Subgenus PUDU.
Face-glands and lachrymal pits (fig. 32) well developed ;
first lower incisor not markedly larger than second ; pre-
maxillte not reaching nasals ; muffle small ; hoofs normal.
I. PUDU PUDU.
Capra piidu, Molina, Saggia Storia Nat. Cliili, p. 310, 1782.
Cei'vus hmnilis, Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, p. 27.
Cervus (Pudu) hmnilis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. IB^O, p. 242.
Pudu humilis. Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mas. p. 240, 1852, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 105, Cat. Ruminams Brit. Mus. p. 93, 1872,
Hand-List Bmninants Brit. Mus. p. 163, 1873.
Pudu chilensis. Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. pi. xxxvi, 1852.
Cervus pudu, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 238.
Nanelaphus pudu, Fitzinger, Sitzher. k. Ak. Wiss. Wieji, vol. Ixviii,
pt. 1, p. 361, 1873, vol. Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 34, 1879.
Pudua humilis, Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 18 ; BrooJce, ibid.
1878, p. 927 ; dc Winton, ibid. 1896, p. 510; Sclater, List Anim.
Zool. Gardens, p. 174, 1883 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Ostcol.
Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 325, 1884 ; Floiocr and Lydekher,
Study of Mammals, p. 330, 1891.
Coassus humilis, Biltimeycr, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 31,
1881.
Pudua pudu, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 307, 1898, Great and
Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 373, 1901.
Pudu pudu, I'ocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 967 ; Thomas, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 588, 1913.
Pudu.
Typical locality Chilian Andes.
Size very small — shoulder-height about 13i inches ; hair
reversed from a line running transversely across forehead in
front of ears ; tail short and bushy ; general colour speckled
grey-fawn, passing into bright chestnut on hinder two-thirds
of back ; ears, lips, a patch above each eye, two areas of
variable size on foreliead, fronts of fore-legs from knees
216
CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
(lowuwards, and greater part of Iiiud-legs bright chestnut;
imder-parts rufous yellow.
The range includes the Chilian Andes and thence south-
wards to the Chiloe Archipelago.
50. 11. 29. 5-6 (972, b). Skull and skin, female. Chile.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1856.
54. 12. 6. 6. Skin, mounted, female. Chile.
Same history, 1854.
55. 12. 24. 284. Skin, female. Chile. Type.
Same history, 1855.
Fig. 32. — Skull of Tcdu [I'lulu pmlii).
75. 4. 10. 3-4 (972, h). Skin and mounted skeleton.
Chile. Same history, 1875.
1. 9. 25. 2. Skull and skin, female. Belind, Constitucion,
Chile. Presented by J. A. Wolffsohn, Esq., 1901.
1. 11. .■^»(). 1. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Concepcion.
Presented by S. H. H. Henn, Esq., 1901.
3. 11. 16. 1. Skin, immature, mounted. Chilian Andes.
Presented by the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1903.
5. 2. 4. 20. Skull and skin, female. Temuco, southern
Chile ; collected by Mr. D. S. Bullock. Purchased, 1905.
10. 8. 11. 12. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Same
locality and collect(n\ Purchased, 1910.
CERVID^ 217
2. Subgenus PUDELLA.
riulella, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 588, 1913.
Face-glands and lachrymal pits wanting ; first lower
incisors nmcli larger than second ; premaxillfe reaching nasals ;
muffle large, extending backwards in middle line a con-
siderable distance l)ehind nostrils.
11. PUDU (PUDELLA) MEPHLSTOPHILES.
Pudua mephistophiles, de Winton, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 508,
pi. xix, partim; Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 308, pi. xxiv,
fig. 1, Great and. Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 374, 1901 ;
Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. i, p. 350, 1908;
Lonnberg, Arldv Zool. vol. viii, no. 16, p. 33, 1913.
Pudella mephistophiles, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. xi,
p. 588, 1913.
Typical locality Paramo of Papallacta, Ecuador,
Size probably rather larger than in P. jpiidu — shoulder-
height about 14 or 15 inches; coat long and coarse, with
basal portion of hairs brittle and pith-like, the terminal
halves black with ferruginous tips, producing a rich brown
colour ; bade darker than flanks, owing to the hairs having
broader black bands with correspondingly reduced coloured
tips, on neck the tips paler and longer, the black being
reduced, producing a tawny appearance, but towards the
head the black increasing, till the shorter hairs of ears, face,
and chin are almost black ; ears very short, partially con-
cealed by rough hairs, thickly haired inside and out, the
hairs on the inside broadly tipped with white; feet black,
with most of the hairs minutely tipped with buff; inner
sides of legs and abdomen clothed with long yellowish hairs
of a finer type.
For skull, vide Thomas, op. cif., 1908.
9G. 1. 28. ."). Skin, immature female. Paramo of Papal-
lacta, Ecuador. Type.
Presented hy L. Sodcrstrom, Esq., 189(3.
99. 2. 18. 20-21. Two skulls and skins. Ecuador.
Same donor, 1899.
218 CATALOGUE OP UNGULATES
XII. Genus CAPREOLUS.
Capreolus, Oray, Med. Bepos. vol. xv, p. 307, 1821 ; H. Sfnith,
Griffith's Animal Kingdom, voL v, p. 313, 1827 ; Brooke, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 917 ; Biltimeyer, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges.
vol. viii, p. 41, 1881 ; Lijdehker, Deer of All Lands, p. 223, 1898;
Pococh, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 957; Miller, Cat. Mamm.
West. Europe, p. 972, 1912.
Caprea, OgilhTj, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 135.
Lateral metacarpals as in Odocoileus ; vomer not dividing
aperture of posterior nares ; a pouch-like gland opening by a
narrow orifice on front of hind-pasterns ; antlers comparatively
small, rising close together and almost vertically from the
crown of the head, with the beam dichotomously forking at a
point about two-thirds of the total length, and the posterior,
or upper prong of this fork, which is the larger, again
dividing, the normal number of tines being three ; muzzle
with a large naked portion, extending between the nostrils,
the upper border of which is straight, while the part below
the nostrils is narrow ; ears large ; tail rudimentary ; face
short, with the muzzle blunt; coat uniformly coloured,
typically with a white patch in the region of the tail in
winter ; a metatarsal gland on the upper half of the meta-
tarsus ; lachrymal pits small and shallow and the face-glands
obsolete ; lateral hoofs well developed ; upper canines usually
wanting ; upper molars tall-crowned, without a distinct
additional column on iuner side. Young spotted. Size
medium or rather small ; build tall. On the under surface
of the skull the auditory bulloe are not markedly inflated,
and the unossified vacuities near the lachrymal-pits form
narrow slits.
The range includes Central and Southern Europe from
Great Britain and Scandinavia eastwards, and thence across
Asia north of the Himalaya to the Pacific coast.
The species are distinguishable by the following
characters : —
A. Size smaller ; ears narrow, pointed, and thinly
haired ; antlers moderately thick and rugose.
a. Size smaller ; summer and winter coats markedl.y
diiferent in colour ; dark moustache -marks on
lips ; ears red or grey externally ; teeth short-
crowned C. cajjreolus.
CERVID^ 219
b. Size rather larger ; summer and winter coats less
different in colour ; no dark marks on lips ; ears
blackish or black externally ; teeth tall-crowned. C. hedfordi.
B. Size larger ; ears broad, blunt, and thickly haired ;
antlers very thick and rugose C. pygargus.
I. CAPEEOLUS CAPEEOLUS.
Cervus capreolus, Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 68, 1758, ed. 12,
vol. i, p. 94, 1766 ; Schreber, Sdugthiere, pis. 212, A and B, 1781 ;
Kerr, Linn.'s Anim. Kingdom, p. 302, 1792 ; Cuvier, Ossemens
Fossiles, ed. 2, vol. iv, p. 47, 1823 ; F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm.
vol. ii. pis. 226-228, 1823; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom,
vol. iv, p. 124, 1827 ; /. B. Fischer, Synop. Mamm. p. 450, 1829 ;
Jenyns, Brit. Vert. Anim. p. 35, 1835 ; Bell, Brit. Quadrupeds,
p. 407, 1837 ; Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Begne Anim., Mamm. p. 172,
1842; Oiven, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1843, p. 238, 1844, Brit. Foss.
Mamm. and Birds, p. 487, 1846 ; Kolliker, Wiirzburg. Naturwiss.
Zeitschr. vol. vi, p. 82 ; 1866 ; Badde, Sdugeth. Talysch. p. 10,
1866 ; Wingc, Danmarks Fauna, Pattedyr, p. 169, 1908.
Cervus capreolus albus, Kerr, Linn.\ Anim. Kingdom, p. 302, 1792.
Cervus (Capreolus) capreolus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom,
vol. V, p. 314, 1827 ; Matschie, Bevoff. Inst. Jagdkunde, vol. ii,
p. 141, 1913.
Capreolus dorcas, Burnett, Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. and Art, 1829,
p. 353, nom. nudum ; Jardine, Naturalist'' s Libr., Mamm. vol. iii,
p. 171, pi. XV, 1835.
Capreolus fossilis, Meyer, Palceologica, p. 95, 1832,
Capreolus vulgaris, Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk. Osterreichs, vol. i,
p. 317, 1832, Wissench.-pop. Naturgesch. Sdugeth. vol. iv, p. 192,
1860, Sitzber. Jc. Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 353, 1873,
vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 239, 1874 ; Menetries, Cat. raison..Zool. Caucus.
p. 1, 1887 ; Lydehker, Deer of All Lands, p. 224, pi. xviii, 1898,
Great and Small Game of Europe, p. 247, 1901.
Capreolus capraea. Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 176, 1843, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 235, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 222, 1852,
Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 81, 1872, Hand-List Euminants
Brit. Mus. p. 153, 1873 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus.
p. 265, 1862 ; Blanford, Eastern Persia, vol. ii, p. 96, 1876 ;
Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 917; Danford jxnd Alston,
ibid. 1880, p. 55; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind.' Mus. pt. ii,
p. 187, 1891 ; Satunin, Mitt. Kaukas, Mus. vol. i, p. 62, 1901.
Cervus capreolus plumbeus, Reichenbach, Sdugethiere, vol. iii, pi. iii
bis, 1845.
Capreolus europaeus, Sundevall, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844,
p. 184, 1846.
Capreolus capreolus, Blasius, Sdugeth. Dcutschlands, p. 457, 1857 ;
Nitsche, Studien iiber Hirsche, pi. iv, 1898 ; Satunin, Mitt.
Kaukas. Mus. vol. ii, pp. 211 and 359, 1906; Millais, Mamm.
Gt. Britain, vol. iii, p. 137, 1906; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910,
p. 957 ; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 233, 1910 ; Miller,
Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 974, 1912.
220
CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Capreolus vulgaris niger et C. v. varius, Fitzingcr, Sitzhcr. l\ Ak.
Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixx, pt. 1, p. 247, 1874.
Capreolus caprea, Bell, Brit. Qitadrujicds, ed. 2, p. 262, 1874 ; Flower
and GaTson, Cat. Osteol. Miis. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 318,
1884 ; Floiver and Lydelker, Study of Mammals, p. 327, 1891 ;
Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 325, 1893, Brit. Mamm. p. 249,
1895 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 2, p. 53, 1896, ed. 6,
p. 92, 1910, ed. 7, p. 92, 1914 ; Satwnin, Zool. Jalirh., Syst.
vol. ix, p. 310, 1896 ; Hennickc, Zool. Garten, vol. xli, p. 379,
1900; Keibel, Verh. Anat. Ges. vol. xvii, p. 184, 1901 ; Zimmer-
mann, Zool. Jalirh., Syst. vol. xxii, p. 1, 1905.
Cervulus capreolus, Satiinin, Mitt. Kaukas. Mus. vol. vii, pp. 20 and
41, 1912, errorim.
Roe, or Roebuck.
Typical locality Sweden.
Size small (shoulder-height 26 to 27 inches, basal length
of skull from about 6 to Q\ inches) ; ears narrow, uniformly
Fig. 33. — Palatal Aspect of
Skull of ^o-&{Capreoluscapreolus).
J nat. size.
From Miller, Cat. Mamm. M'estern Europe.
Fig. 84. — Lower Fkont Teeth
OP Roe (Capreolus capreolus).
nat. size.
From 5liller,Co^ Mamm. ]]'ester7i Europe.
greyish externally ; antlers moderately thick and rugose ;
cheek-teeth short-crowned ; summer and winter coats differing
markedly in colour, the former foxy red, the latter olive-grey
or grey with a conspicuous white rump-patcli ; lips and sides
of muzzle with a black moustache-mark, but front of muzzle,
on each side of mutHe, and chin white.
The distributional area extends from the British Islands
to the Caucasus and some part of Western Asia, and from
Scotland and Sweden southwards to Spain and other countries
CERVID.E 221
Oil the noiili side of the Mediterranean. Fine antlers
measure from about 11 to 13 inches, with a basal girth of
from 3 to 7 inches, and a tip-to-tip interval of from 4^ to
14^ inches.
The races may be distinguished as follows : —
A. General colour of face darker than that of
body C. c. tliotti.
B. General colour of face not darker than that
of body.
a. Light throat-patch and neck-patch whitish
and sharply defined in winter C.c. transsijlvanicus.
h. Light throat-patch and neck-patch yel-
lowish or greyish and ill-defined in
winter.
a' . General colour in winter with a distinct
yellowish tinge C. c. capreolus.
h' . General colour in winter coarsely griz-
zled grey, without a yellowish tinge ... C.c. canus,
^ A. -Capreolus capreolus eapreolus.
Capreolus capreolus capreolus, Miller, Cat. Mavmi. West. Europe,
p. 274, 1912.
Including : —
Capreolus rhenanus, Weidwerh in Wort u. Bild, vol. xix, p. 263, 1900,
warthse (Warthe Valley), Deutsch. Jdger-Zeitung, vol. Iviii,
p. 801, 1912, Matschie.
Cervus (Capreolus) capreolus balticus (Baltic Provinces), Bcricht
aclitzen. Deutsche Geiveili-AusteUung, 1912, p. 861, [c.l cistauni-
cus (North of Taunus Eange), p. 141, c. transvosagicus (Up.
Mosel Valley); p. 142, c. albicus (Silesia), p. 144, Beroff Inst.
Jagdliuncle, vol. ii, 1913, Matschie.
Typical locality Sweden ; the range is taken to include
all Europe except the areas occupied by the under-mentioned
races.
Light throat-patch indistinct ; general colour in winter
distinctly tinged with yellow.
* * * *. Skin, mounted. France. No history.
59. 9. 6. 107-109. Three skulls, with antlers. South
Germany ; collected l;)y Dr. A. Gtinther. Purchased, 1859.
67.4.12.225-231. Seven skulls, with antlers. Localities
imknown. Lidth de Jeude Collection, purchased, 1867.
76. 5, 4. 1, Skin, melajiistic, mounted. Westphalia.
riircliasrd (Gcrrard), 1876.
222 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
76. 5. 4. 2. Skin, female. Westphalia. Same liistory.
76. 5. 4. 3. Skull and antlers. Westphalia.
Same history.
98. 10. 12. 1. Head, mounted. Austria.*
Presented hij Lieiit.-Col. R. W. Shipway, 1898.
10. 10. 18. 1. Skull and skin, female. Skabersjo,
Sweden. J^rescutcd hy Dr. Einar Ldnnhery, 1910.
10. 11. 17. 1. Skull and skin. Ferrieres, Seine-et-Marne,
France. Presented by the Hon. N. C. Rothschild, 1910.
11. 11. 18. 1. Skull and skin. Same locality.
Same donor, 1911.
12. 1. 17. 1. Skull and skin, female. Same locality.
Same donor, 1912.
11. 12. 5. 1. Skull and skin. Armandvilliers, Seine-et-
Marne. Same donor, 1911.
11. 9. lo. 1-15. Fifteen pairs of antlers, on frontlets.
Bavaria. Presented hy F. N. A. Fleischmann, Esq., 1911.
B.— Capreolus capreolus transsylvanicus.
Capreoliis transsylvanicus, Matschie, Weidwerk in Wort it. Bild,
vol. xvi, p. 224, 1907.
Capreolus capreolus transsvlvanicus, Miller, Cat. Mamni. West.
Europe, p. 975, 1912.
Typical locality, Bana, Kumania.
Light throat-patch distinct ; general colour in winter
clear grizzled grey.
The distributional area extends from eastern Europe, and
perhaps Asia Minor, to the Italian Alps.
9. 1. 18. 3-4. Two skulls and skins, female. Padola,
Cadore, Venetian Alps.
By exchange loith the Turin Museum, 1909.
10. 12. 4. 1. Two skulls and skins, female. Csehtelek,
Bihar Comitat, Hungary.
Presented hy the Hon. Mrs. N. C. Rothschild, 1910.
* May belong to C. c. transsylvanicus.
CERVID.'E 223
C— Capreolus capreolus canus.
Capreolus capreolus canus, Miller, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. vi,
p. 460, 1910, Cat. Mamm. West. Eurojje, p. 975, 1912 ; Cabrera,
Cat. Met. Mam. Mus. Madrid, p. 130, 1912.
Typical locality Quintanar de la Sierra, Burgos, Spain, to
which country and l*ortugal this race is restricted.
Light throat-patcli as in typical race, but general colour
coarsely grizzled grey, without a yellowish tinge.
8. 7. 7. 27-29. Three skulls, with antlers, and skins.
Pinares de Quintanar de la Sierra ; collected by Senores S.
and N. Gonzalez. No. 8. 7. 7. 28 is the type of the sub-
species. PiLvchascd, 1908.
8. 7. 7. 30-31. Two skulls and skin, females. Same
locality and collectors. Same history.
D.— Capreolus capreolus thotti.
Capreolus capreolus thotti, Lonnherg, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8,
vol. vi, p. 297, 1910 ; Miller, Cat. Ma,;im. West. Europe, p. 957,
1912.
Differs from typical race by darker general colour,
especially on the face, which is darker than the body.
Typical locality Morayshire, Scotland ; the subspecies is
restricted to the British Isles.
60, Jc. Skin, mounted. Scotland.
Presented hy the Earl of Derby, about 1844.
688, a and b. Two frontlets, with antlers. Scotland.
JVo history.
688, d. Frontlet and antlers. Scotland.
Bequeathed by Gen. T. Hardwiclce, 1835.
85. 10. 6. 1. Skeleton. Nairn, Scotland.
Presented by Earl Cavjdor, 1885.
85. 10. 6. 2. Skull, female. Same locality.
Same history.
93. 1. 8. 1. Head, mounted. Same locality.
Same donor, 1893.
97. 8. 21. 1. Skin, mounted. Whatcombe, Blandford,
Dorsetshire. Presented by J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Esq., 1897.
97. 12. 11. 2. Skin, mounted. England.
Purchased ( Ward), 1897.
22-4 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
7. 6. G. 1. Head, mounted. Poltallocli, Argyllshire.
Presented hij Col. E. D. Malcolm, 1907.
7. 6. 6. 2. Head, female, mounted. Same locality.
Same Mstory.
8. 8. 18. 1. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Nairn.
Presented hy Earl Caicdor, 1908.
8. 8. 18. 2. Skull and skin, female. Nairn.
Same liistory.
8. 11. 22. 1. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Arndilly,
Craig Ellachie, Morayshire. Type.
Presented hy W. S. Menzies, Esq., 1908.
8. 11. 22. 2. Skull and skin, female. Same locality.
Same history.
11. 2. 22. 1. Skull, with antlers, and skin. Thornhill,
Dumfriesshire. Presented hy H. S. Gladstone, Esq., 1911.
11. 2. 22. 2. Skull and skin, female. Same locality.
Same history.
13. ]. 8. 1. Skull, with antlers, and head-skin. Fortrose,
lioss-shire, Scotland.
Presented hy IT. P. Ogilclc-Grant, Esq., 1913.
II. CAPEEOLUS BEDFOPtDI.
Cervus pygargus mantschuricus, Noach, Humboldt, vol. viii, p. 9,
fig. 12, 1889, nee Cervus mantchuricus, Sivinhoe, 1864 ; Allen
and Andrews, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. voL xxxii, p. 488,
1913.
Capreolus manchuricus, Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 231, 1898,
Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p, 255, 1901.
Capreolus bedfordi, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 645, pi. xxxii,
Abstr. P.Z.S. 1908, p. 32; Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
vol. xxiv, p. 231, 1911.
Typical locality Manchuria.
Size slightly larger than in typical species ; antlers
relatively small ; cheek-teeth comparatively high-crowned,
and skull rather larger than in G. eapreolus ; summer and
winter coats not so markedly different in colour as in the
latter, the general tint in winter being huffish clay-colour ;
no moustache-marks on upper lips ; ears blackish grey or
black externally.
The range includes Shan-si, Kan-su, and Korea.
CERVIDi4i 225
The two races are distinguishable as follows : —
A. General colour in summer not markedly reddish;
backs of ears blackish C. h. hedfordi.
B. General colour in summer more distinctly red ;
backs of ear black C. h. melanotis.
A.— Capreolus bedfordi bedfordi.
General colour in summer uot markedly reddish, and
backs of ears blackish, not contrasting strongly with general
colour.
Typical locality Manchuria ; the range includes Sliau-si.
97. 10. 3. 57. Skin, female. Korea ; collected by Mr.
J. Kalinowski. Purchased, 1897.
99. 1. 7. 1. Head, immature, mounted. Manchuria.
Presented hj the Duke of Bedford, E.G., 1899.
8. 8. 7. 97-98. Two skulls, with antlers. One hundred
miles north-west of Tai-Yuen-Fu, Shan-si, N.E. China ;
collected by M. P. Anderson, Esq., November, 1907. Noticed
by Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1908, p. 645, Sa7ne donor, 1908.
8. 8. 7. 99. . Skull and skin, female in winter coat. Same
locality and collector. Type of species ; figured by Thomas,
op. cit., pi. xxxii. Same history.
10. 5. 1. 92. Skin, female. Khiughan Mountains,
Manchuria. Purchased, 1910.
10. 5. 1. 93. Skull and skin, young female. Same
locality. Same hisfori/.
10. 5. 1. 94. Skull, with antlers, and skin, immature.
Same locality. Same history.
B.— Capreolus bedfordi melanotis.
Capreolus melanotis, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasliingtou, vol. xxiv,
p. 231, 1911.
Typical locality Kan-su, western China.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washingion.
General colour (of female) in summer more distinctly
reddish than in typical race, and backs of ears deep black,
contrasting strongly with general colour. Males in winter
are grizzled grey, with more or less pronounced black tips to
the ears.
IV. Q
226 r'ATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
11. 2. 1. 259-261. Three skulls, with autlers, and skins
(in winter coat). S.E. of Min-chou, Kau-su ; collected by
M. P. Anderson, Esq.
Presented hj the DuJcc of Bedford, ^.G^., 1911.
11. 2. 1. 262-264 Three skulls and skins (in winter
coat), female. Same locality and collector. Sdine ludory.
11. 6. 1. 61. Skin, female (winter). Feng-hasang-fu,
Shen-si ; same collector. Same history.
11 6. 1. 65. Skin (winter). Same locality and collector.
Same history.
11. 6. 1. (jij. Skull and skin (winter), female. Same
locality and collector. Setme history.
v^ in. CArEEOLUS PYGAEGUS.
Cervus pygargus, Pallas, Ileise Biissl. vol. i, p. 97, 1777 ; Schreber,
Sdugthicre, vol. iv, p. 1118, pi. 253, 1784 ; H. Smith, Griffith's
Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 122, 1827; NoacJ{, Humbolclt,
vol, viii, p. 7, 1889.
Cervus ahu, Gmelin, lieise Riissl. vol. iii, p. 496, 1780,
Cervus (Capreolus) pygargus, H. Smith, Griffith'' s Animal Kingdom,
vol, v, p. 314, 1827,
Capreolus pygargus. Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. v, p, 224,
1837, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 176, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850,
p. 236, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 223, 1852, Cat. Bnminants
Brit. Mus. p. 82, 1872, Hand-List Bnminants Brit. Mus. p. 154,
1873 ; Gloger, Handbuch Naturgesch. p. 141, 1841 ; Fitzinger,
Sitzber. h. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1, p. 353, 1873, vol, Ixx,
pt. 1, p. 248, 1874 ; BrooJcc, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 917 ; Li/dekker,
Horns and Hoofs, p. 325, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 227, 1898,
Great and Small Game of Euro2)e, etc. p. 256, 1901 ; Satunin,
Zool. Jahrb., Si/st. vol, ix, p, 310, 1896, Mitt. Kaukas. Mies.
vol, iii, p. 49, 1907 ; Rascivig, Semja ochotn. 1908, p. 509 ; Ben-
tham, Asiat. Horns and Antlers Ind. Mus. p. 96, 1908 ; Thomas,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 645 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 94, 1910, ed. 7, p. 92, 1914 ; Alien and Andrews, Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxxii, p. 488, 1913 : Hollister, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. vol, xlv, p, 525, 1913.
Ahu (Persian) ; Siberian Koe.
T)'pical locality the Semiretsliinsk Altai.
Size considerably larger than in the typical species, the
shoulder-height ranging irom al>out 28 to 34 inches ; ears
relatively shorter, wider, less pointed, and more thickly
haired, both externally and internally ; antlers larger, more
divergent, and more rugose on the inner border, where they
CEUVin.'E 227
form a series of small irregular, uodular suags ; winter coat
thicker and rougher, being shaggy on the sides and lower
portion of the head, chest, and under-parts ; back, which is
coloured a mixture of yellowish and greyish brown, more
distinctly speckled with blackish, and the white rump-patch
extending in a short V on to the flanks ; in summer the coat
a brighter and lighter rufous, with the hairs lying more
smoothly, when first donned showing little or no signs of
a light rump-patch, but a yellowish white disk gradually
developing in this region as the season advances, apparently
by fading ; face-markings generally similar to those of the
European species.
The range extends, in suitable localities, from the
mountains of Russian Turkestan and the Altai to Siberia ;
and probably includes the mountains of the Caspian provinces
of Persia ; in Siberia not extending so far north as the range
of some species' of Ccrvvs, the northern limit being about the
53rd or 54th parallel of latitude, and not ranging so far as
the mouth of the Amur river. During winter the species
migrate south into Manchuria, and apparently Korea.
A complete " key " to the races cannot yet be given.
A.— Capreolus pygargus fipghanicus.
Capreolus pygargus firghanicus, Basewig, Semja ochofn. 1909, p. 160.
Typical locality Ferghana district of Eussian Turkestan.
The original description not accessible to writer.
No specimen in collection.
B.— Capreolus pygargus pygargus.
Typical locality the Semiretshinsk Altai.
General characters those of the species ; antlers com-
paratively simple, \vith a maximum recorded length of
15k inches.
42. 3. 13. 1. Skin, formerly mounted. Siberia.
Purchased {Brandt), 1842.
42. 3. 13. 2. Skin, female, originally mounted. Siberia.
Same history.
Q 2
228 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
78. 12. 21. 28 (1701, a). Pair of autlers. Salair, Altai;
collected by Dr. 0. Finsch. Bi/ exehanrje with the
Geof/rapJiical Society of Bremen, 1878.
78. 12. 21. 29 (1701, h). Pair of antlers, in velvet.
Same locality and collector. Savie histori/.
87. 6. 3. 1. Frontlet and antlers. Southern Mancliuria.
Presented hj H. E. M. James, Esq., 1887.
95. o. 12. 1. Skull, immature female. Amurland.
Presented hi/ J. Rowland Ward, Esf[., 1895.
98. 12. 15. 2-3. Two frontlets, with antlers. Semiret-
shinsk, Altai. Presented h// H. J. Elwes, Esq., 1898.
0. 3. 26, 4-5. Two skulls, with antlers, and skins. Altai.
Presented hy the Hon. Walter RothseMd, 1900.
0. G. 9. 1. Skin (in winter coat), mounted. Altai.
Purchased, 1910.
^ C— Capreolus pyg-arg-us tianschanicus.
Capreohis tianschanicus, Satunin, Zool. J>i;j, vol. xxx, p. 527, 1906.
Capreolus pygargus tianshanicus, Ward. Becords of Big Game, ed. 6.
p. 94, 1910, ed. 7, p. 94, 1914.
Typical locality Tien-shan.
Antlers more massive and more branched than those of
the typical race, from which they also differ somewhat in
shape ; in one phase they diverge widely, and carry four
or five tines on each side, l)ut in a second the degree of
divergence and the number of tines are less. The maximum
recorded length of antler is 17| inches.
5. 3. 21. 2. Skull, with antlers, and scalp-skin. Khan
Tenffri, Tien-shan.
Presented by Lord Edward Beauclcrl:, 1905.
13. 2. 6. 3. Body-skin. Kulja, Tien-shan.
Presented by Col. J. IT. Abbot Anderson, 1913.
XIII. Genus ALCES.
Aloes, Oray, Med. Bepos. vol. xv, p. 307, 1821, List Mamm. Brit.
Mas. p. 182, 1843 ; BrooJie, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 915 ; Biiti-
meyer, Ahli. schwciz. pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 54, 1381 ; Lydehher,
Deer of All Lands, p. 49, 1898; Miller. Cat. Mamm. West.
Europe, p. 977. 1912.
GERVID^ 229
Alee, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 72, vol. \ ,
p. 303, 1827; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Sot: 1910, p. 958; Miller,
Proc. Boston Soc. vol. xxviii, p. 40, 1897 ; nee Blumenbach,*
1799.
Alcelaphus, Glogcr, Handbuch Naturgcschichtr, p. 143, 1841 ; nee
Blainville, 1816.
Paralces, Allen, Bull. Amcr. Mns. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, p. 160, 1902.
The geographical rauge includes the afforested northern
portions of both eastern and western hemispheres, extending
in the Old World westwards to Norw^ay, soiitli wards to
Eastern Germany, and eastwards to Central Kussia and Easteru
Siberia.
Lateral metacarpals as in Mazama ; vomer not dividing
aperture of posterior nostrils ; hind-pasterns with a relatively
small glandular invagination, situated as in Capreolus ; antlers
(fig. 36) present only in males (as in all the preceding genera),
situated low down on the skull, from which they arise at
right-angles to the median longitudinal line, extending at
first directly outwards in the plane of the forehead, and, in
their fullest development, expanding into a broad palmation
margined with snags, in structure essentially dichotomous,
with the upper main branch mucli superior in size to the
lower ; muzzle broad, long, and overhanging, with a very
small triangular naked area between the lower angles of the
nostrils ; head and limbs long ; neck and body short ; tail
very short ; main hoofs narrow, long, and pointed, lateral
hoofs large ; usually small metatarsal glands situated high
up on the shanks ; tarsal glands and face-glands present ;
coat uniformly coloured at all ages and all seasons, long
and coarse ; males provided with a pear-shaped pendulous
expansion of skin covered with long hairs on the throat.
In the skull (fig. oi)) the nasals very short, and the nasal
aperture consequently of great extent; gland-pits and
vacuities between the bones of the face moderate. Upper
molar teeth broad, low-crowned and approximating to those
of giraffes ; upper canines wanting or rudimentary. Size
very large, and build heavy.
The lower front teeth are shown in fig. 1, p. 2.
* Handbuch Naturgesch. ed. G, p. 697; typified by the extmct
Cerviis megaceros or Megaceros hibcrnicns.
230 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
ALCES ALCES.
Cervus alces, Linn., Syst. Naf. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 66, 1758, ed. 12,
vol. }, p. 92, 1766 ; Schreber, Sdugthicre, pi. 246, 1783 ; F. Cuvier,
Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. ii, pi. 222, 1823; H. Smith, Ch-iffitli's
Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 72, 1827; Lesson, Nouv. Tab!.
Begnc Anim., Mamm. p. 169, 1829; Cafon, Antelope and Deer of
America, p. 69, 1877; Nehring, Tundrcn und Stejrpoi, p. 107,
1890; Nitsche, Zool. Anz. vol. xiv, p. 181, 1891; Wolley, Big
Game Shooting {Badminton Libr.), vol. i, p. 396, 1894.
Cervus alee, Boddacrt, Elenchus Anim. vol. i, p. 135, 1785.
Cervus coronatus. Lesson, Man. l^Iflmni. p. 356, 1827; H. Smith,
Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 95, 1827.
Cervus (Alee) alces, H. Smith, Griffitli's Animal Kingdom, vol. v,
p. 303, 1827.
Cervus (Alee) coronatus, H. Smith, op. cit. p. 304, 1827.
(?) Alces europjeus, Burnett, Quart. Jotirn. Sei. Lit. and Art, 1829,
p. 393.
Alces machlis, Ogilbij, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 135 ; Gray, ibid.
1850, p. 224; Broohe, ibid. 1878, p. 916; Flower and Garson,
Cat. Osteol. Mas. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 316, 1884 ; Lydel-Jcer,
Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mas. pt. ii, p. 78, 1885, Horns and Hoofs,
p. 319, 1893, Deer of All Lands, p. 52, pi. ii, 1898, Great and
Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 42, 1901 ; True, Froc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. vol. vii, p. 592, 1885; Flower and Lydehher, Study of
Mammals, p. 326, 1891 ; Greve, Zool. Garten, vol. xxxv, p. 267,
1895 ; Leverhus-LeverJiUseti, Verh. Ver, Blieinland, vol. Iviii,
p. 11, 1902; Newton, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. lix, p. 80,
1903; Grant, Seventh Bep. Forest, Fish, and Game Commission,
p. 226, 1903; Millais, British Mammals, vol. iil, p. 8, 1906;
Winge, DanmarV s Fauna, Pattedyr, p. 177, 1908 ; Ward, Becords
of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 96, 1910, ed. 7, p. 96, 1914.
Alcelaphus alee, Gloger, Handbuch NaturgescJiichte, p. 143, 1841.
Alces antiquorum, Biljyjiell, VerzeicJiniss Mus. Sencli-enberg, vol. iii,
p. 183, 1842.
Alces palmatus, Graif, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 182, 1843; Blasius,
Sdugeth. Dcutschl. p. 434, 1857.
Alces alces, Sundevall, K. Svensl-a Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1844, p. 176,
1846; Lonnberg, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. ii, p. 352, Zool. Anz.
vol. xxviii, p. 448, 1905, Zool. Studier, vol. i, p 237, 1907 ;
Tronessart, Faune Mamm. Europ)e, p. 270, 1910; Kaponcn,
Luonnon Ystavd, vol. xv, p. 206, 1911 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm.
West. Europe, p. 978, 1912.
Alces malchis. Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, p. 56, 1850, Cat. Ungulata
Brit. Mus. p. 186, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 66, 1872,
Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 136, 1873 ; Gerrarcl, Cat.
Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 255, 1862.
Alces jubata, Fitzinger, Naturgesch. Sdugethiere, vol. iv, p. 86, 1860,
Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 521, 1875.
Alee alces, Gilpin, Mamm. Nova Scotia, p. 119, 1871 ; Pocock, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 958.
CEKVID.E 231
Alces lobata coroiiata, Fitzingcr, Sitzher. J>. Ah. Wisa Wien
vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 528, 1874.
Paralces alces, Allen, Bull. Amcr. Mas. Naf. vol. xvi, p. 160, 1902.
Fig. 35.— Palatal Aspect of Skull op Elk {Alces alces). J nat. size.
From >riller, Cat. Mamm. Wrsfern Euro2)e.
232 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Elk ; Moose.
The distriljiitiou of this, the only species here recognised,
is co-extensive with that of the genus.
Largest of living deer, the height at the withers ranging
from about 5| to 6£ feet. Antlers (fig. '^Q) with a short beam
and the palmation frequently so developed as to obliterate
almost all traces of the primitive form, with the exception
of a remnant of the cleft of the first fork, in other cases the
palmation comparatively slight or wanting ; coat long, coarse,
and rather brittle, longest about the neck ; general colour
varying from yellowish grey to deep blackish brown, with
the shanks whitish, the forehead dark chestnut, and the face
below the eyes nearly black, Init reddish grey near the
muzzle.
In winter the coat is darker than in summer, especially
when first assumed, the colour gradually fading till the
spring-change ; it is only in animals of the second or third
year that the winter coat attains its deepest sable, as it
becomes gradually lighter each succeeding year, till in old
males it is more or less grizzly.
The races may be provisionally distinguished as follows : —
A. Antlers either palmated or forked.
a. Shanks light A. a. (dees.
b. Shanks apparently dark ; palmation of antlers
somewhat different A. a. hedfordiw.
B. Antlers apparently always palmated.
a. Size smaller ; coloiu' duller.
a'. Muffle triangular A. a. americanits.
b'. Muffle T-shaped A. a. columbce.
b. Size larger ; colour richer A a. glgas.
A.— Alces alces alces.
Aloes machlis typicus, Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 99,
1910, ed, 7, p. 99, 1914.
Including : —
Alces machlis uralensis, Matschie, Berof. Instituts JagdJcunde,
vol. ii, p. 155, 1913 (South Urals).
Alces machlis meridionalis, Matschie, op. cil. p. 156, 1913 (Govern-
ment of Samara, Russia).
Elk.
Typical locality Sweden.
Unless one or both of the two forms named by Matschie
CEKVID/E 23o
are entitled to distinction, tlie range will include all northern
Europe and extend some way into northern Asia.
The antlers may be either broadly palmated, or simply
forked.
703, c. Head, mounted. Eussia.
Presented hij E. Caley, Esq.
703, d. Single antler. Udoholm, Sweden.
Presented hy tlie Earl of Selkirk.
703, e. Antlers. Sweden. From a specimen formerly
in the Leverian Museum {3Ius. Lev. pi. viii, 1792) ; mentioned
in Gray's 1843 list.
Presented hy the Covneil of the Royal College of Surgeons.
5S. 5. 4. 17. Skull, immature, female. Eussia.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1858.
82. 5. 25. 1. Skin, mounted. Swenigorod, near Moscow.
Purchased {Hoist), 1882.
82. 5. 25. 2. Skin, female, mounted. Same locality.
Same history.
3. 11. 21. 1-5. Five frontlets, showing the palmated
type of antlers at different ages. Sweden.
Purchased, 1903.
3. 11. 2J. G"7. Two frontlets with antlers of the forked
type. Sweden. Purchased, 1903.
Of the following specimens the localities^ are unknown,
and their racial determination has consequently licen found
impracticahle : —
703, a. Five antlers. No history.
703, b. Single antler. No history.
703, 0. Antlers, young and deformed.
Presented hy the Earl of Enniskillen.
50. 11. 22. 72 (703, h). Skeleton.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1850.
51. 11. 10. 3 (703, i). Skeleton, female.
Same history, 1851.
51. 11. 10. 4 (703, q). Skull and antlers. Same history.
51. 11. 10. 5 (703, r). Skull and antlers. Sa.me history.
234 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
B.— Alces alees bedfordise.
Alces bedfordife, Ljjdel-ker, Proc. Zoo}. Soc. 1902, vol. i, p. 109;
Rothschild, ihicl. voL ii, p. 317 ; Lonnhcrg, ibid. p. 353 ; Elwca,
ibid. 1903, vol. i, p. 147 ; Millais, Field, vol. cxviii, p. 113, 1911.
Alces macblis bedfordife, iT/fZeA-Arr, A Trip to Pilawin,\). 85, 1908;
Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 100, 1910, ed. 7, p. 100, 1914 ;
Millais, Field, vol. cx\dii, p. 113, 1911.
(?) Alces machlis yakutskensis, Millais, Field, vol. cxviii. p. 113, 1911.
Typical locality Eastern (?) Siberia.
Typified by a specimen in which the antlers are of the
forked, non-palmate type. In other specimens they are
fully palniated, but apparently differ semewliat in form from
those of European elk. The Yakutsk elk has the head and
neck rich dark brown, and, in some instances at any rate,
dark brown shanks.
2.3.11.1. Frontlet and antlers. East(?) Siberia.
Type. Presented l»j J. Roivland Ward, Ese[., 1902.
* * * *. Frontlet and antlers. East Siberia. No history.
C— Alces alces americanus.
Cervus auiericamis, Clinton, Letters on Nat. Hist. etc. p. 193, 1822;
nee Errleben, 1777, vide supra, p. 155.
Alces americanus. .Tardive, Natiiralisfs Libr., Mannn. vol. iii, p. 125,
pi. V, 1835; Merricl; Mamm. Minnesota, p. 270, 1892; Elliot,
Sijnop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 38, 1901 ;
Osgood, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xv, p. 87, 1902;
Grant, 7th Rep. Forest, Fish, and Game Commission, p. 226,
1903; Stone and Cram, American Mammals, p. 43, 1903;
Brool-s,Rep. New York Zool. Soc. vol. x, p. 201, 1906; Miller,
List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 391, 1912.
Cervus lobatus, Agassiz, Proc. Boston Soc. vol. ii, p. 188, 1846.
Alces muswa, Richardson, Zool. Herald, Mamm. p. 66, 1852.
Alces lobata, Fitzinger, Sitzber. Ti. AI-. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii, pt. 1,
p. 348, 1873, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 528, 1874.
Alee americanus, Merriam, Mammals of Adirondachs, p. 138, 1884,
N. Amer. Fauna, no. 5, p. 79. 189i ; Miller, Proc. Boston Soc.
vol. xxviii, p. 40, 1897.
Alces machlis americanus, LydeJiker, Great and Small Game of
Europe, etc. p. 46, 1901 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 97, 1910, ed. 7, p. 97, 1914.
Paralces americanus, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi,
p. 160, 1902.
Moose.
Typical locality eastern North America.
Stated to be larger and darker than the typical European
CE1IVID^<; ^60
elk, with somewhat more complex antlers, which are
apparently always of the palmated type.
Fig. 36. — Side View of Head of American Elk, or Moose
{Alces alces americanus).
From a specimen in the possession of Mr. .J. K. Paisley, of Ottawa.
703, a. Skin, female, mounted. North America.
Presented by the Earl of Derby, ahout 1845.
o2. G. 2."). 1 and 3. Antlers. St. John's, Newfoundland.
Purcliased {Argent), 1852.
236
CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
70. 1. 27. I. Skill, mounted. Labrador.
Purchased [Gcrrard), 1879.
89. :!. 4. 1. Skeleton, with antlers, mounted. North
America. l^urchascd {Gcrrard, who acquired it from
H. Ward of Rochester, U.S.A.), 1889.
Fig. 37. — Muzzle of American Elk (Alecs alecs americanus),
showing triangular muffle.
6. 10. 'lo. 1. Head, mounted. Canada.
Presented % Frank Hutt, Esq., 19UG.
9. 11. 10. 1. Skull and antlers. North America.
Presented hij Rev. E. J. May, 1909.
D.— Alces alces columbae.
Alecs columbiB, Lydckker, Fidel, vol. cix, p. 182, 1907, Zuol. Becord,
vol. xllv, Mavim. p. 69, 1907; Miller, List. N. Anier. Mamm.
p. 391, 1912.
Typical locality Ontario (not, as stated in original
description, British Columbia).
Type in the collection of Oapt. K. C. Hamilton.
CERVID/E 237
A provisional race, characterised by the muffle being
T-shaped (fig. ?>8), in place of triangular (fig. 37).
No specimen in collection.
Fig. 3S. — Mvzzi.b op Ontario Elk (Alces alces colwnbiv),
sshowing T-shaped muffle.
From the type specimen, in the coUeotiou of Capt. E. C. IlamiUon.
E.— Alces alces grig-as.
Alces gigas, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washinqton, vol. xiii, p. 57, 1899,
List N. Amcr. Mamm. p. 391, 1912.
Alces machlis gigas, LydeJchcr, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc,
p. 49, 1901 ; Ward, Eecords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 97, 1910,
ed. 7, p. 97, 1914.
Paralces gigas, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mits. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, p. 160, 1902.
Typical locality Kenai Peninsula, Alaska.
Type in U.S. National Museum, "Washington.
Larger and more richly coloured than A. a. amerieanus,
M'ith the occipital region of the skull narrower, the palate
wider, and tlie lower ja^^' stouter. General colour grizzled
l)lack and wood-brown, darker on spine, clear black on chest,
flanks, and buttocks, and hair-brown on middle line of
under surface ; head more finely grizzled than back ; ears
broccoli-] )rown externally, yellowish white internally; limbs
hair-brown or liroccoli-brown, with darker shading.
238 CATALOnUR OF UNOULATr.S
3. 12. 28. 1. Head, mounted. Kenai Peninsula, Alaska.
Presented h/ D. Davics, Esq., 1903.
7. 1. IC). 1. Skin, mounted. Alaska.
I'n'scntcd hj the Hon. Widter BothscJnld, 1907.
Fig. 39. — Front View of Head of Alaskan Elk, or Moose
(Alces alecs gigos).
XIV. Genus RANGIFER.
Bangifer, H. Smith, Grifith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 8, vol. v,
p. 304, 1827 ; Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 927 ; Biltimeyer,
Ahli. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. vii, p. 51, 1881 ; Lydekkcr, Deer of
All Lands, p. 33, 1898 ; Grant, Itli Bej). N. Yorl- Zool. Soc.
p. 1, 1902; Pococl; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 961 ; Miller, Cat.
Manim. West. Eiiro2>e, p. 979, 1912.
Tarandus, Billhcrg, Synoj). Faunce Scandinav. vol. i, p. 22. 1827 ;
0^7/%, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 134.
Procerus, M. de Serres, Cavernes el Ossements, eel. 3, p. 143, 1838.
Procervus, Blainville, C. E. Ac. Sci. Paris, vol. xi, p. 392, 1840.
Achlis, Eeichenbach, Siiugethiere, vol. iii, p. 12, 1845.
The range includes the northern forests and tundra of
both eastern and western hemispheres, extending in the
former as far north as Spitsbergen and perhaps Novaya
Zemlya, and southwards to central Eussia. In America as
rEnviD.^5 239
far south as northern Cohunbia, north side of Lake Superior,
and New Brunswick.
Lateral metacarpals and vomer as in Odocoileus ; a
pocket-like gland on front of hind-pasterns only ; antlers
large, complex, and situated high up on skull, usually
present in both sexes, generally with some of the tines
palmated, often unsymmetrically, and an " elbow " near the
middle of the beam, behind which is a back-tine, those of
females simpler and generally smaller ; coat unspotted at all
ages ; ears and tail short ; throat fringed ; main hoofs short
and rounded, lateral hoofs large ; large face-glands and tarsal
glands, ])ut no metatarsal glands. In the skull (in addition
to the high vomer) the gland-pits shallow and ill-defined, the
lachrymal vacuities relatively large, the nasals well developed
and expanded superiorly ; upper canines present in both
sexes ; lower incisors (fig. 40) small and forming a nearly
even and equal-sized series ; cheek-teeth small and low-
crowned, with the hind (third) lobe of the last lower molars
aborted. Size medium or large.
EANGIFER TARANDUS.
Cervus tarandus, Linii,. Sijst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 67, 1758, ed. 12,
vol. i, p. 93, 1766; F. Ciivier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. ii, pis. 223,
224, 1821 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdoin, vol. iv, p. 83,
1827; Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Begne Anim., Mamm. p. 169, 1829;
Caton, Antelope and Deer of America, p. 86, 1877 ; Nehring,
Tundren and Stejypen, p. 108, 1890.
Cervus tarandus, a rangifer, Gmelin, Liun.'s Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 177,
1789.
Cervus guettardi, Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 447, 1822.
Tarandus lapponuni, Billherg, Synop. Faiinw Scandinav. vol. i,
p. 20, 1827.
Cervus (Rangifer) tarandus, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom,
vol. V, p. 304, 1827.
Cervus tarandus schottingi, Sternberg, Isis, 1828, p. 482.
Tarandus rangifer, Ogilhy, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 134 ; Gray, ibid.
1850, p. 225, Cat. Ungiilata Brit. Mus. p. 189, 1852, Cat.
Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 66, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit.
Mus. p. 137, 1873; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus.
p. 255, 1862; Fitzinger- Sitzbcr. I: Ah. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixix.
pt. 1, p. 534, 1874.
Tarandus borealis, Rilppell, Verzeichniss Mxis. SencKenberg. vol. iii.
p. 183, 1842.
Rangifer tarandus, Jardine, Naturalises Libr., Mamm. vol. iii, p. 133,
pi. vi, 1885 ; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 181, 1843 ; Brooke,
240 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 928 ; Flower and Garsoti, Cat. Osteol.
Mus. B. Coll. Sur(]. pt. ii, p. 312, 1884 ; Flower and LydeMer,
Stiuh/ of Mammals, p. 325, 1891 ; Lydeklwr, Horns and Hoofs,
p. 326, 1893, British Mammals, p\ 253, 1935, Deer of All
Lands, p. 33, pi. i. 1898, Gi-caf and Small Game of Europe, ete.
p. 24, 1901; ScJiarff, Proc. B. Irish Ac. ser. 3^ voL iv, 473,
1897, Euro])ean Animals, p. 110, 1907 ; Grant, 1th Bep. Neiu
Yorh Zool. Soc. p. 4, 1902 ; Allen, Bull. Amcr. Mus. Nat. Hist.
vol. xix, p. 125, 1903; Wincfc, Danmarlis Fauna, Pattedyr,
p. 179, 1908 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 960 ; Troucssart,
Fanne Mamin. Etirojpe, p. 231, 1910; Ward, Becords of Biq
Game, ed. 6, p. 83, 1910, ed. 7, p. 83, 1914; Miller, Cat. Mamm.
West. Europe, p. 980, 1912.
Tarandus furcifer, Baird, Bep. Conim. Patents, 1851, vol. ii. Agric.
p. 109. 1852.
Reindekr ; Caribou.
Typical locality inountaius of Swedish Lapland.
A variable and widely-spread species, of which most of
the characters are the same as those of the genus. Coat
Fig. 40. — Lower Front Teeth of Reindeer
{Rangifcr tarandus).
From Miller, Cat. Mamui. Western Europe.
dense and compact ; general colour varying from clo^e-
brown, with more or less white or whitish grey on under-
parts, inner surfaces of limbs, above the hoofs, and on the
muzzle, and in some cases whitish rings round the eyes, to
nearly white on the one hand and to blackish brown on the
other ; typically a white area in the region of the tail, which
includes the sides but not the upper surface of the latter,
and the tarsal tuft generally white. The antlers are smooth,
and brownish wliite in colour, but the hoofs are jet black.
A height of 4 feet 10 inches at the shoulder has been
recorded in the Newfoundland race.
Tlie range is co-extensive with that of the genus.
CEKVIDiE 241
It is not at present possible to give a trustworthy " key "
to the various races. The European and West Asiatic
(exclusive of Novaya Zemlyan) races are distinguishable
as follows : —
A, Size smaller, upper length of skull less than
Scinches (225 mm.) B. t. lyJaturlnjnchus.
B, Size larger, upper length of skull ranging
from about 10| (270 mm.) to llf inches
(300 mm.).
a. Upper length of skull from about lOf to
llf inches R. t. tarandtis,
b. Upper length of skxill about 11^ inches B. t. fennicus.
East Asiatic (including Novaya Zemlyan) and American
races fall into two groups, in the first of which (a) the
antlers are short with no tineless interval on the beam, and
most of the tines much palmated, while in the second (b) the
antlers are of great length, with a long tineless interval on
the beam, and the tines themselves not greatly palmated
Intermediate forms tend to connect the extreme types.
A. Woodland (h'oup.
B,. t. sihiricus. B. f. tenrenovif.
B. t. pearsoni. B. t. montaniis.
B. t. phyllarchii.s. B. t. dawsoni.
B. t. caribou. B. t. stonei*
B. t. sylvestris. (■?) B. t. forfidens.*
B. — Barren-Group Group.
B. t. osborni. B. t. arcticus.
B. t. granti. B. t. grocnJandiciis.
B. t. excelsifrons. B. t. pearri.
A.— Rang-ifep tarandus tapandus.
Rangifer tarandus typicus, LydcMer, Deer of All Lands, p. 33, 1898 ;
Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 84, 1910, ed. 7, p. 84,
1914.
Rangifer tarandus i^rtr. cylindricornis, Camcrano, Mem. B. Ace. Sci.
Torino, aer. 2. vol. li, p. 167, 1902.
Reindeer.
Typical locality the mountains of Swedish Lapland.
Size relatively small, with subcylindrical antlers of an
* Intermediate types.
IV. H
242 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
elongated type, with both basal-tines frequently palmated
and nearly symmetrical, and a small back-tine ; those of
females small ; general colour greyish or drab l)rown, passing
into huffish white on muzzle and under-parts ; a longitudinal
darker area on sides of body ; tail liuffish white with a dark
median line.
The distribution formerly included the whole of the
mountainous tract of the Scandinavian Peninsula, but is
now restricted in the wild state to two widely separated
districts in Norway, namely, west Finmark in the north,
and the main high mountain region in the south. The race
is domesticated throughout Scandinavian Lapland and parts
of Russia.
44. 9, 26. 1. Skin, young, mounted. From an animal
bred in England : provisionally referred to this race.
Presen/cd hy Sir J. M. Wilson, 1844.
46. 6. 10. 1 (702, a). Skeleton, with antlers. Locality
unknown; reference provisional. Same donor, 184:Q.
68. 12. 29. 11 (702, c-). Skeleton, with antlers, mounted.
Xorthern Europe. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1868.
75. 10. 30. 1 (702, d'). Skull and skin, female. EiUefjeld,
Norway. Presented hy J. C. Ingram, Esq., 187o.
70. 10. 9. 1 (702, g^). Skin, mounted, and skeleton.
Same locality. Same donor, 1879.
81. 9. 28. 1 (702, i^). Skeleton and antlers. Same
locality. Presented hy Sir W. J. Ingram, Bart., 1881.
81. 9. 28. 2 (702, j^). Skin, mounted, and skeleton.
Same locality. Same history.
83. 7. 28. 1 (702, l^). Skull, with antlers, and skin,
female. Norvfay. Presented hy J. C. Ingram, Esq., 1883.
83*. 7. 28. 2 (702, P). Skull and skin, young female.
Norway. Same Idstory.
87. 9. 20. 1. Skin, mounted. Loerdal Mountains, Sogne
Fjord, Norway. Presented hy Sir W. J. Ingram, Bart., 1887.
87. 9. 20. 2. Antlers, female. Same locality.
Same history.
87. 9. 20. 3. Antlers. Same locality. Same history.
CERVID.T. 243
B.— Rangcifer tarandus fennicus.
Eangifer tarandus fennicus, Lb7inherg, Arkiv Zool. vol. vi, no. 4,
p. 10, 1909; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 84, 1910,
ed. 7, p. 84, 1914.
Eangifer fennicus, Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 981, 1912.
Typical locality Tornea, Lappmark, Finland.
The range is probably now restricted to the wooded
portions of Finland, eastward to the Kola Peninsula, but
seems to have formerly extended westwards into the wooded
portion of northern Sweden where this race may be repre-
sented by the large woodland breed of tame reindeer found
in certain districts.
Type in the Eoyal Swedish Museum of Natural History.
Size larger than in R. t. tarandus ; skull with the nasal
bones narrow and highly arched, and the teeth relatively
small, the length of the upper series of cheek-teeth being
about 3|- inches (85 mm.), and that of the lower series
about 3y^g inches (90 mm.).
No specimen in collection.
C— Rang-ifer tarandus platyrhynchus.
Cervus (Tarandus) platyrhynchus, VroliJc, Niewwe Vcrhandl. Krou.
Nederl. Inst., Eerste Klasse, pt. 2, p. 160, 1829.
Cervus tarandus, forma spetsbergensis, Andersen, Ofvers. Vet.-Ah.
Forhandl. vol. xix, p. 457, 1862 ; Nitsche, Jahresb. Ver. nat.
Wiirtt. 1893, p. 111.
[Rangifer arcticus] , var. spitzbergensis, Murray, Geogr. Distrib.
Mamm. p. 154, 1866.
Rangifer tarandus spetzbergensis, Z/i/^^^^"^'^'"' Deer of All Lands, p. 41,
1898.
Rangifer spitzbergensis, Camerano, Mcni. Ace. Set. Torino, ser. 2,
vol. li, p. 159, 1902; Grant, 1th Rep. Neto Yorh Zool. Soc.
p. 1902 ; Trouessart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 232, 1910.
Rangifer platyrhynchus. Miller, Cat. Mamnu West. Europe, p. 985,
1912.
Typical locality Spitsbergen, to which island this race is
confined.
Size considerably less than in the typical race ; nasal
bones of skull with the profile little arched, and the two
extremities expanded and the middle portion constricted ;
cheek-teeth relatively as large as in the typical race.
It 2
244 CATALOGUR OF UNGULATES
90. 12. 4. 3. Autlers, female. Spitsbergen.
Presented hj Dr. B. McCormick, 1890.
90. 12. 4. 8. Antlers. Spitsbergen. Same history.
96. 9. 23. 1. Sknll and antler.s. Spitsbergen. Noticed
in Deer of All Lands, p. 41.
Presented hj Dr. J. W. Gregory, 1890.
D.— Rangrifer tarandus sibiricus.
Cervus sibiricus, ScJireber, Sdugthiere, pi. 248, C, 1784.
[Rangifer arcticns] , var. sibiricus, Murray, Geogr. Distrib. Mamm.
p. 153, 1866.
Rangifer tarandus sibiricus, LydeMer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. ii,
p. 361 ; Lonnherg, ArTciv Zool. vol. vi, no. 4, p. 17, 1909 ; Ward,
Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 84, 1910, ed. 7, p. 84, 1914;
Hollister, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. Ivi, no. 35.
Typical locality Siberia.
Antlers approximating to those of Jr. t. caribou (infra),
but with less palmation of the basal tines ; much smaller
than B. t. lohyllarchvs.
702, h. Frontlet and antlers. Probably Siberian.
No history.
52. 1 2. 9. 4. Skull and antlers. Probably Siberian.
Purchased {Brandt), 1852.
78. 12. 21. 30. Antlers, in velvet. Salair, Altai;
collected by Dr. 0. Finsch. By exchange ivith the
Geographical Society of Bremen, 1878.
E.— Rang-ifer tarandus pearsoni.
Rangifer tarandus pearsoni, LydekJcer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. ii,
p. 361 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 84, 1910, ed. 7,
p. 84, 1914.
Typical (and only) locality Novaya Zemlya.
Type in possession of H. J. Pearson, Esq., Bramcote,
Nottinghamshire.
Distinguished from other Old World races l)y the
symmetry of the antlers (fig. 40), and the excessive palmation
of the basal and second tines and summits ; the whole antler
approximating to the B. t. carihou type.
No specimen in collection.
CEKVID^
245
Fig. 41. — Side View op Skull and Antlers op Novaya Zemlyan
Reindeer [Rangifcr tarandus pearsoni).
F.— Rangrifep tarandus phylarchus.
Rangifer phylarchus, Hollister, SviitJisoii. Misc. Collect, vol. Ivi,
no. 35, p. 6, 1912.
Typical locality Kamchatka.
Type in U.S. National Museum.
Described from a skull (without antlers), measuring
15;^ inches (387 mm.), against 14^ inches (357 mm.) in a
24() CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
skull of B. t. fennicus, and thus iudicating a race larger than
of the other Old World forms, and probably related to the
American It. t. caribou.
No specimen in collection.
G.— Rang-ifer tarandus caribou.
Cervus tarandus caribou, Gmelin, Linn.'s Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 177, 1788.
Cervus hastalis, Agassig, SilUma/ri's Journ. 1847, p. 436.
Eangifer caribou, Audubon and Bacliman, Quadrupeds N. Amer.
vol. iii, p. Ill, 1853; Baird, N. Amer. Mamm. p. 633, 1857;
J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. viii, p. 234, 1896 ;
Miller, Proc. Boston Sac. vol. xxviii, p. 40, 1897 ; Elliot, Synop.
Mamm. N. Amer. {Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. ii) p. 35, 1901,
Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (op. cit. vol. viii, p. 40, 1907); Grant,
1th Bep. New York Zool. Soc. p. 5, 1902; Stone and Cram,
American Animals, p. 47, 1903.
Tarandus hastalis, Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixviii,
pt. 1, p. 349, 1873, vol. Ixix, pt. 1, p. 542, 1874.
Eangifer tarandus caribou. True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. vli,
p. 592, 1885 ; Lydekkcr, Deer of All Lands, p. 42, 1898, Great
and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 29, 1901 ; Pocock, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 960 ; Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6,
p. 84, 1910, ed. 7, p. 84, 1914.
Eangifer caribou caribou, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 392,
1912.
Caribou, or Woodland Caribou.
Typical locality Eastern Canada.
A large-sized race, with the antlers stout, flattened, much
palmated, and not of excessive length, one of the brow-tines
being much expanded, while the other is simple; the bez-
tine is also more palmated than in the Scandinavian reindeer,
and the l)ack-tine well developed. f'emale antleis are
proportionately smaller than in the typical race. General
colour much darker than in the Newfoundland race (p. 248),
the dark area extending over the anterior half of the lower
surface of the body; and, except the extremity of the
upper lip, the muzzle as dark as the face, no light ring
round the eye; on the limbs the white restricted to a
sharply-defined band of about half-an-inch in width above
the hoofs, but ascending behind to enclose the lateral hoofs ;
lower incisors diminishing gradually in size from middle to
outer pair.
CERVID.E 247
7U2, h. Head, mounted, with the autlers in velvet
(tig-. 42). Arctic America.
Ftrscntcd hij the Hudson Bay Co., ahovt 1850.
Fig. 42. — Front Vikw of Hkad of Woodland Gakibou (Rangifer
tarandus caribou), wilh the antlers iu "velvet."
702, 6\ .Skull and autlers. North America ; collected
by Sir John Franklin, Purchased (?).
248 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
702,/. Antlers, female. Xortli America ; same collector.
Same histonj.
702, cl. Skull and antlers. North America. No Mstor//.
46. 3. 13. 1. Hkull and antlers. North America.
Piirclmscd (Argent), 1846.
46. 8. 19. 7. Front of skull and antlers. Green Pond,
Nova Scotia ; collected by Mr. J. Florence ; figured in Deer
of All Landi^, p. 4;!. Furchascd, 1846.
65. 10. 24. 6 (702, ;//). Skull and antlers, female. North
America. rresnited hy A. Mvrray, E^(p, 1865.
65. 10. 24. 8 (702, a-). Skull and antlers. North
America. Saiiic history.
3. 2. 15. 2. Skin, mounted. Canada.
l^rcscnted hy tlir Doniinion Goccrniiirnt, 1003.
H.— Rangifer tarandus sylvestris.
Cevvus tarauclus, vav. svlvestris, liicharrlson, Fauna Ijur.Ainn-.
p. 251, 1829.
Ivangifer caribou sj-lvestris, Hollister, Smithson. Misc. Collect, voL
Ivi. no. 35, p. 4. 1912; Miller, List N. Amer. Maiiim. p. 392.
1912.
Typical locality south-west shore of Hudson Ba}-.
Closely allied to last, but regarded by Hollister as
entitled to distinction, the skull being longer and more
slender, with a narrower rostrum, longer nasals, and larger
cheek-teeth ; neck, especially the sides, and head darker,
and the ears much darker, with the hairs, like those of the
sides of the neck, brown to the roots.
No specimen in collection.
I.— Rangifer tarandus terraenovae.
Eaugifer terraenovae, Bangs, Descrijjt. Ncwfoandland Caribou, 1896;
Allen, Bull. Amer. Miis. Nat. Hist. vol. viii, p. 2.S3, 1896;
Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. (Zool. Pub. Field Mas. vol. ii)
p. 36, 1901, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. {op. cit. vol. viii) p. 40,
1907; Grant, 1th Bej). Neiu York Zool. Soc. p. 5, 1902; Stone
and Cram, American Animals, p. 51, 1908 ; Miller, List N. Amer.
Matmn. p. 393,1912; Dugmore, The Newfoundland Caribou,
p. 120, 1913.
Rangifer tarandus terraenovae, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mas. Nat. Hist.
vol. viii, p. 235, 1896 ; LydeJckcr, Deer of All Lands, p. 45,
1898, Great and Small Game of Enrojje, etc. p. 31, 1901 ;
Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 85, 1910, vol. xiv, p. 85.
1914.
CERVID^ 249
Typical (and only) locality NewfoundlaiKl
Nearly allied to B. t. caribou, the bodily size being large,
and the antlers massive and much palmated, with numerous
points on all the branches and especially on the hind border
of the beam. General colour in autumn greyish brown,
becoming lighter on the flanks, and passing into nearly pure
white on the luider surface ; neck dirty white, somewhat
purer in front; a broad, ill-defined light ring round each
eye, and muzzle and lower portion of the face, as well as
extremity of lower jaw, greyisli white ; rest of head like
l)ack ; edges and lower surface of tail and buttocks wliite ;
front and outer surfaces of liml)S Ijrownish grey ; feet and
terminal third of shanks white, passing gradually into the
general colour of the limbs above. Females show rather
less white ; and the young are still darker, with a dusky
line on the flanks, and a blackish streak runniug down the
l)ack and expanding over the shoulders.
99. 2. 1. 1. Head, mounted. West Newfoundland.
Presented hj Lieut. W. G. P. Graves, B.N., 1899.
7. o. 11. 2. Skin, mounted. Newfoundland.
Presented hy F. 0. Sclou><, Esq., 1907.
8. 1. 19. 1. Skull and antlers. Newfoundland.
Presented hj St. George Littledale, Esq., 1908.
J.— Rangifep tarandus montanus.
Rangifer montanus, Seton-Tliompson, Ottawa Naturalist, vol. xiii,
p. 129, 1899 ; Elliot, Synoj}. Mamm. N. Amer. {Field Mtis. Zool.
Pub. vol. ii) p. 36, 1901, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (oj). cit.
vol. viii) p. 40, 1907 ; Grant, 1th Bep. New York Zool. Soc. p. 5,
1902; Sfonc and Cram, American Animals, p. 51, 1903; Miller,
List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 393, 1912.
Rangifer tarandus montanus, LydekJcer, Great and Small Game of
Europe, etc. p. 83, 1901, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. ii, p. 361 ;
Wa7'd, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 85, 1910, ed. 7, p. 85,
1914.
Typical locality Selkirk Eange, British Columbia.
Antlers (fig. 43) of the general type of those of the wood-
land race, but in their relative shortness and much branched
character recalling those of E. t. ferrrcnovcr, althougli lighter
and more slender ; the most distinctive feature of this
race is the dark colour of the autumn coat, which is
250 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
blackish brown all over the body and limbs, passing in some
individuals into glossy black on the middle of the back from
the withers to the rump, the shoulders, flanks, and under-
FiG. 43. — Side View of Skull and Antlers of Mountain Caribou
(Rangifer taranchis montanus), to show " Woodland" type of antlers.
From Ith Rep. X. York Zool. Sue.
parts being lighter and the neck grey. Females are much
darker than males, especially on the neck and shoulders,
but have the light ring above the hoofs, the nose and the
edges of the lips pure white instead of grey, This race may
CERVID/E 251
be diagnosed as a black caribou of the woodland type, with
the neck and shoulders, especially in males, much lighter
than the body and limbs. In general form it comes
very close to B. t. stonei, in which, however, the antlers
apj)roach the Barren-Ground type, while the colour is different.
No specimen in collection.
K.— Rangifer tarandus dawsoni.
Rangifer dawsoni, Seton-Thom/pson, Ottawa Naturalist, vol. xiii,
p. 260, 1900 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. {Field Mus. Zool.
Pub. vol. ii) p. 86, 1901 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 392,
1912.
Typical locality Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Group.
Size smaller ; colour relatively dark, but lighter than in
R. t. montanus, the general tint being mouse-colour.
No specimen in collection.
L.— Rangrifer tarandus stonei.
Rangifer stonei, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xiv, p. 143,
1901 ; Grant, 7th Bep. Netv York Zool. Soc. p. 5, 1902 ; Stone
and Cram, American Animals, Tp. 51, 1903 ; Miller, List N. Amer.
Mamm. p. 393, 1912.
Rangifer tarandus stonei, Lydehher, Great and Small Game of
Europe, etc. p. 36, 190f, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1902, vol. ii, p. 361 ;
Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 85, 1910, ed. 7, p. 85,
1914.
Typical locality Kenai Peninsula, Alaska.
Type in American Museum of Natural History, New
York.
As dark as H. t. montanus, but with a heavy white
throat-fringe ; size large ; antlers somewhat larger than
those of other members of the Woodland Group, and thus
approaching those of the Barren-Ground Group.
4. 5. 27. 1. Head, mounted. Alaska. Eeference to this
race provisional. Purchased, 1904.
M.— Rangifer tarandus fortidens.
Rangifer fortidens, HolUster, Smithsvn. Misc. Collect, vol. Ivi, no, 35,
p. 3, 1912 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 392, 1912.
Typical locality Alberta, Canada.
Type in U.S. National Museum,
252 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
The largest of tlie caribou, exceeding in point of size the
biggest examples of it. t. montanvs and R. f. osborni; general
colour, inclusive of under-parts, very dark ; lower incisors
of the type of those of R. t. caribou ; cheek-teeth larger
than in any other American race ; antlers stout and broadly
palmated, shorter and thicker than in B. t. osborni, with the
beam nearly straight ; females usually without antlers.
No specimen in collection.
N.— Rangifer tarandus osborni.
EaDgifer osborni, Allen, Bull. Ainer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, p. 149,
1992 ; Grant, 1th Bep. New York Zool. Soc. p. 5, 1902 ; Miller,
List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 393, 1912.
Rangifer tarandus osborni. Ward, Becords of Big Game, eel. 6, p. 85,
1910, ed. 7, p. 85, 1914.
Typical locality Cassiar Mountains, British Columbia.
Type in American Museum of Natural History, New
York.
This and the next race are dark-coloured mountain
caribou, with antlers of the Barren-Ground type, but the
bodily size much greater than in R. t. arcticns.
The present race is characterised by the brown colour of
the autumn coat and the large amount of white on the rump
and the hind half of the under surface of the body ; the
whole neck and shoulders, as well as the back and limbs,
being much lighter than in the Selkirk race. As the antlers
correspond in form and proportion with those of the Barren-
Ground caribou, they serve to connect the Selkirk race with
the latter.
5. 1. 16. 2. Skull and antlers, Ogilvie Mountains,
Alaska. Presented by F. G. Selous, Esq., 1905.
6. 10. 10. 1. Head, mounted, with abnormal palmation
of tips of antlers. Dease Lake, British Columbia.
Presented bij G. M. Norris, Esq., 1906.
7. 3. 11. 1. Skin, mounted. Yukon.
Presented by F. C. jScIous, Esq., 1907.
CEHVID.'^] 253
0. — Rangrifer tarandus grranti.
Rangifei- granti, Allen, Bull. Avier. Miis. Nat Hist. vol. xvi, p. 192,
1902; Orcait, 1th Bep. N. Yorh Zool. Soc. p. 5. 1902 ; Stone and
Gram, American Animals, p. 54, 1903; HolUster, Smithson.
Misc. Collect, vol. Ivi, no. 35, p. 7, 1912 ; Miller, List N. Amcr.
Mamm. p. 392, 1912.
Rangifer tarandus granti. Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6. p. 85,
1910, ed. 7, p. 85, 1914.
Western end of Alaskan Peninsula, opposite Popoff
Island.
Type in American Museum of Natural History, New
York.
Nearly related to the preceding race, but distinguislied
by details of colouring, and apparently by the markedly
hypsodont cheek-teeth. From R. t. stonci it differs not only
by its longer antlers and inferior bodily size, but also in
coloration and the characters of the skull. General colour
dark brown, varying somewhat according to season, with a
large white rump-patch and white tail, through the middle
line of the upper surface of which runs a dark streak ; this
white rump-patch serving at once to distinguish R. t. granti
from R. t. stonei, in which the whole of the hind-quarters
are dark-coloured. This caribou apparently inhabits an
isolated area formed by the treeless districts of the Alaskan
Peninsula and some of the adjacent islands, from at least
one of which it has been exterminated.
No specimen in collection.
P.— Rang-ifer tarandus excelsifrons.
Rangifer excelsifrons, HolUster, Smithson. Misc. Gollect. vol. Ivi,
no. 35, p. 5, 1912 ; Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 392, 1912.
Typical locality Meade Valley, near Point Barrow,
Alaska.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Described from the skull, which is characterised by its
shortness and breadth, with the brain-case much elevated,
and the hollow between the orbits deep and rounded ; teeth
of the general type of those of R. t. arcticus. A some-
254 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
what similar elevation of the frontal region is exhibited in
the sknll of B. t. grcenlavdicus, which is, however, of a
naiTow type.
No specimen in collection.
Q.— Rang-ifer tarandus arcticus.
Cervus tarandus arcticus, Richardson, Fauna Bor.-Amer. p. 23, 1829.
Tarandus arcticus, Baird, Bep. Comm. Patents, 1851, vol. ii, Agric.
p. 105, 1852.
Rangifer arcticus, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. viii, p. 234,
1896 ; Elliot, Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. {Field Mus. Zool. Pub.
vol. ii) p. 37, 1901, Cat. Mamm. Field Miis. {op. cit. vol. viii)
p. 41, 1907; Grant, 1th Rep. New York Zool. Soc. p. 5, 1902;
Stone and Cram, American Animals, p. 53, 1903 ; Hollister,
S77iithson. Misc. Collect, vol. Ivi, no. 35, pi. i, 1912 ; Miller, List
N. Amer. Mamm. p. 891, 1912.
Rangifer tarandus arcticus, Lydehher, Deer of All Lands, p. 47, 1898,
Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 38, 1901 ; Ward,
Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 84, 1910, ed. 7, p. 84. 1914.
Barren-Ground Caribou.
Typical locality Fort Enterprise, Macken;^ie district,
Canada.
Size relatively small. Antlers (fig. 44) very long, slender,
and rounded, with few points on the expanded portion of the
beam, which is separated by a long interval from the third
tine; the latter, which is but slightly palmated, generally
with one of the basal tines more or less expanded ; back-
tine usually, if not always, wanting; female-antlers mucli
smaller, simpler, and scarcely curved at all. Gfeneral colour
in summer clove-brown, mingled with reddish and yellowish
brown, under-parts white ; in winter entire coat dirty white ;
lower incisors diminishing suddenly in size from the middle
to the outer paii-, which are very small.
51. 10. 24. 1. Skull and antlers. Arctic America.
Purchased {Argent), 1851.
55. 5. 14. 2 (702, iv). Skeleton and antlers. Arctic
America; collected by Dr. J. Eae. Purchased, 1855.
7. 9. 4. 7. Skull and antlers. Baffinland.
Presented hy Craivford Noble, Esq., 1907.
OEllVID-E
255
Fig. 44 — Side View of Skull and Antlers op Barren-Ground Caribou
(Rangifer tarandus ardicus), to show " Barren-Ground" type of antlers.
From 7 th Rep. K. York Zool. Soc.
256 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
R.— Rang-ifer tarandus groenlandicus.
Cervus tarandus groelandicias, G-melin, Linn.'s Sysf. Nat, vol. i, p. 177,
1788.
Rangifer groenlandicus, Baird, N. Amer. Mamm. p. 634, 1857 ; Caton,
Deer and Antelope of N. America, p. 105, 1877 ; Allen, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. viii, p. 234, 1896 ; Elliot, Synop.
Mamm. N. Amer. {Field Mus. Zooh Pub. vol. ii) p. 37, 1901 ;
Grant, 1th Rep. New York Zool. Soc. p. 5, 1902; Stone and
Cram, American Animals, p. 54, 1903 ; Hollister, Smithson.
Misc. Collect, vol. Ivi, no. 35, p. 5, 1912 ; Miller, List N. Amer.
Mamm. p. 393, 1912.
Rangifer tarandus gi-oenlandicus. Lydekker, Deer of All Lands, p. 47,
1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 37, 1901 ; Ward.
Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 85, 1910, ed. 7, p. 85, 1914.
Typical locality Greenland.
Closely allied to E. t. ardicus, with a broad sharply
defined white ring ronnd each eye, and distinct broad white
bands above the hoofs ; skull with an elevated frontal region
comparable to that of R. t. cxceldfrons, Ijiit markedly narrower.
10. 1. 20. 1. Skull and antlers. Greenland.
Presented hy Sir Robert Harvey, Bart., 1910.
S.— Rangifer tarandus pearyi.
Rangifer pearyi, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, p. 409,
1902; Grant, 1th Rep. New York Zool. Soc. p. 5, 1902; Miller,
List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 893, 1912.
Typical locality EUesmereland, Lat. 79° N.
Type in American Museum of Natural History, New
York.
Wholly white at all seasons, with the exception of a
large slaty grey area, larger in females than in males, on
the middle and hind part of the back ; the long and thick
coat softer and finer than in the Greenland race, which is
much darker.
No specimen in collection.
The following specimens are not racially determined : —
46. 4. 25. 23. Frontlet and antlers. North America.
Purchased {Argent), 1846.
65. 10. 34. 5 (702, x). Skull and antlers. North
America. Presented by A. Murray, Esq., 1865..
CERVIDiE 257
XV. Genus HYDROPOTES.
Hydropotes, Swinlioe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 89 ; Brooke, ibid.
1872, p. 522, 1878, p. 916 ; Garrocl, ibid. 1877, p. 780 ; Biitimeyer,
Abli. schweiz, pal. Ges. vol. viii, p. 21, 1881 ; PococTc. Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1910, p. 956 ; nee Hydropota, Rondanl, 1861.
Hydrelaphus, LydeMer, Deer of All Lands, p. 219, 1898 ; Trouessart,
Cat. Mamm., Siippl. p. 691, 1905; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field
Mus. {Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 37, 1907.
Lateral metacarpals as in Odocoilciis, that is to say, repre-
sented by their lower extremities ; antlers wanting ; muzzle
with a large naked area surrounding nostrils ; ears moderate,
narrow, and pointed ; tail very short ; face rather long ; coat
uniformly coloured in adult, spotted in young ; no metatarsal
or tarsal glands ; lachrymal pits of skull small but deep ; face-
glands small ; hind-pasterns with a gland forming a deep
interdigital cleft, as in Dama, and hoofs united at heels by
a fold of skin, no distinct gland in fore-feet ; lateral hoofs of
moderate size ; upper canines forming long, curved, and
slightly convergent tusks (fig. 45), which grow from semi-
persistent pulps, those of females smaller ; cheek-teeth
tall-crowned. Size small. In old animals the pulp-cavity
of the upper canines obliterates. The auditory bullae are
greatly inflated, and the hind angle of the lower jaw is much
produced backwards, forming a compressed semicircular
process projecting behind the level of the condyle ; the
vomer does not divide the aperture of the posterior nostrils.
The distribution is restricted to China and Korea.
HYDEOPOTES INEEMIS.
Hydropotes inermis, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 89 ; Hamilton,
ibid. 1871, p. 258, 1873, p. 473 ; Brooke, ibid. 1872, p. 522, 1878,
p. 916; Gray, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 95, 1872, Hand-
List Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 166, 1873 ; Garrod, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1877, p. 789 ; Forbes, ibid. 1882, p. 636 ; Flower and Garson,
Cat. Ostcol. Mus. E. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 321, 1884 ; Flower and
Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p, 32S, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns
and Hoofs, p. 322, 1893 ; Hilzheimcr, Abh. Mus. Naturkunde
Magdeburg, vol. i, p. 171, 1906 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910,
p. 956.
Hydropotes affmis, Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 524 ; Hilzheimer,
Abh. Mus. Naturkunde Magdeburg, vol. i, p. 171, 1906.
IV. S
258 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
(?) Hydropotes argyropus, Heudc, C. B. Ac. Set. Paris, vol. xcviii,
p. 1017, 1884 ; Hilzheimer, Ahh. Mus. Naturkunde Magdeburg,
vol. i, p. 171, 1906.
Hydrelaphus inermis, Lydeliker, Deer of All Lands, p. 221, pi. xvii,
fig. 2, 1898, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 266, 1901 ;
Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 691, 1905; Elliot, Cat.
Mamm. Field Mus. {Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 89, 1907 ;
Allen, Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. xl, p. 204, 1912.
Hydropotes kreyenbergi, Hilzheimer, Zool. Anz. vol. xxix, p. 298,
1905, Abh. Mus. Naturkunde Magdeburg, vol. i, p. 171, pi. ii,
1906 ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. xl, p. 205, 1912.
Chinese Watek-Deer.
Typical locality Chin-kiang, China.
Height at shoulder about 20 inches ; hairs coarse and
thick, longest on neck and rump, on back and sides flattened
and undulated from side to side ; general colour light rufous
chestnut, stippled with blackish, the rufous most marked on
head and backs of ears ; the individual hairs greyish white
from the base for the greater part of theii" length, then
blackish brown, and finally light chestnut, the dark rings
giving the stippled appearance to the coat ; neck paler than
back ; shoulders, limbs, and tail 1)rownish chestnut ; under-
parts, front of thighs, chin, throat, a narrow band on muzzle,
a mark above each eye, and inner surfaces of ears white or
whitish ; young sparsely and indistinctly marked with white
spots running in longitudinal lines, especially on hind-
quarters, and the haii- of back softer than in adults, and
uniformly chestnut, without annulations.
The range extends from the Yang-tsi-kiang Valley to
Korea {II. argyropus).
70. 7. 18. 15 (1551, a). Skull and skin. Island in
Yang-tsi-kiang, near Chin-kiang; purchased in Shanghai
market,^ November, 1868, by E. Swinhoe, Esq. Type.
Purchased, 1870.
72. 9. 3. 4 (1551, V). Skull and skin. Same locality and
collector. Furcliascd, 1872.
72. 9. 3. 5 (1551, c). Skull and skin. Shanghai (? mar-
ket) ; same collector. Same history.
72. 9. 3. 6 (1551, <^). Skull and head-skin, immature.
Same locality and collector. Same history.
72. 9. 3. 7 (1551, e). Skeleton, mounted, and head-skin.
Same locality and collector. Same history.
CEKVID.K 259
76. 4. 4. 1 (1551,/). Skeleton and impeifect skin, albino.
Locality unknown. Purchased {Bartldt), 1876.
77. 7. 6. 1. Uterus, with five foetuses, in spirit. Yaug-
tsi Valley. Presented hy Dr. G. K. Barton, 1877.
80. 3. 30. 6-7. Two skulls. Wuku, near Iviu-kiang,
Hankau district ; collected by C. Maries, Esq. This is the
typical locality (misprinted Kinkian in Hilzheimer's 1906
description) of H. Irei/cnhcrgi, and is much too near Cliin-
kiang to admit of its water-deer being even racially distinct
from the typical form of the species. Purchased, 1880.
88. 11. 31. 2-3. Two foetuses, in spirit, Kiu-kiang;
collected by F. W. Styan, Esq. Purchased, 1888.
Fig. 45. — Skull of Chinese Water-Deer [Hydropotes incrmis).
0. 6. 27. 5. Skin, young. Pao-chi, Shen-si.
Presented hy Father Hvyh, 1900.
0. 10. 30. 1. Skin, female, mounted. Island in the
Yang-tsi-kiang. Presented hy the Duke of Bedford, K.G., 1900.
1. 3. 2. 22. Skull and skin. Ka-shing, Yijng-tsi Valley.
Presented hy F. W. Styan, Esq., 1901.
6. 5. 14. 3. Skull and head-skin, female, Chin-kiang.
Presented hy J. dc La Touche, Esq., 1906.
6. 12. 5. 14-15. Two skulls. Chin-kiang. Same history.
7. 7. 3. 32. Skull. North China.
Presented hy E. B. Hoivell, Esq., 1907.
8. 7. 25. 43. Skin. Kun-tun, north-western Fo-kien.
Presented hy J. de La Touche, Esq., 1908.
s 2
260 CATALOflUE OF UNGULATES
8. 11. 14. 8-12. Five skulls, of wliich at least two are
female. Shanghai. Presented h/ F. W. Siyan, Esq., 1908.
13. 9. 13. 19. Skull and skin. Hwong-ti-tsze, Hupei ;
collected by Mr. W. E. Zappey. By exchange loitli
Museum of Harvard College, U.S.A., 1913.
Section B.— TRAGULINA.
Chevrotaiiis, or Mouse-Deer, as the members of this
group ai'e commonly termed, are small artiodactyle ungulates
resembling the Pecora (vol. i, p. 8) in the absence of upper
incisors and in the possession of the power of ruminating,
l)ut differing in that the stomach has only three (in place of
four) chambers, and by the complete development of the
lateral metacarpals. Horns or antlers are invariably lacking ;
and the main metacarpals and metatarsals may either remain
separate or may be respectively fused into cannon-bones ; the
fibula of the hind-leg is complete ; and the navicular, cuboid,
and ectocuneiform elements of the tarsus are united into a
single bone. Four teats ; placenta diffuse. Face-glands,
together with lachrymal pits and vacuities in the skull,
invariably wanting, as are also tarsal and metatarsal glands.
The feet are of a primitive type, the web on the hind aspect
of the pasterns consisting of a fold of skin which stops short
midway between the lateral hoofs and the heels ; the back of
the pasterns being open in its lower half, while the front
shows a long triangular depression, with its apex reaching the
line of the lateral hoofs. Upper canines in males long and
tusk-like (fig. 46).
The range includes the tropical and subtropical forest-
tracts of south-eastern Asia and the African equatorial forest-
zone.
Family TRAGULID^.
As this is the only family of the section, its characters
may be taken to be the same as those of the latter. Tt is
divisible into the foUow^ing two generic groups : —
TRAGULTD.^^. 261
Main metacarpals and metatarsals fused, respec-
tively, into cannon-bones, feet relatively long and
slender, with the lateral toes small Tracjuhts.
Main metacarpals and metatarsals * separate, feet
shorter and stouter, with the lateral toes larger... Dorcafheriiim.
I. Genus TRAGULUS.
Tragulus, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. fasc. xiii, p. 27, 1779 ; Milne-Edwards,
Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. ser. v, vol. ii, p. 49, 1864 ; Blanford, Fauna
Brit. India, Mamm. p. 554, 1891 ; Merriam, Science, ser. 2,
vol. i, p. 375, 1895 ; Stone and Belin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad.
1902, p. 128; Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol xi,
p. 296, 1903 ; Pocock, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 979.
Memina, Gray, Med. Eejws. vol. xv, p. 307, 1821 ; nee G. Fischer,
1814.
Meminna, Agassiz, Nomenclator Zool., Mamm. p. 20, 1842 ; Gray,
List. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pp. xxvii and 172, 1843.
Size small ; main metacarpals and metatarsals fused,
respectively, into cannon-bones ; feet relatively long and
slender ; muzzle with a large bare muffle ; coat fine and
close ; with characteristic light markings on throat and chest ;
skull elongated and compressed anteriorly, with premaxilla3
reaching nasals; dentition: i. -9-, c. \, p. 3, m. ?,, the molars
selenodont and short-crowned, and the premolars in appo-
sition with one another and their crowns triangular in
profile ; tail short or medium.
Restricted to the forest-tracts of south-eastern Asia.
The typical forms of the four species here recognised are
respectively characterised as follows : —
A. Upper-parts spotted with white ; chin and throat
fully haired T. meminna.
B. Upper-parts not spotted ; skin of area between
branches of lower jaw bare and glandular.
a. General colour tending to dark smoky grey, at
least on flanks, size larger, length of hind-foot
about 5a to 6 inches T. javanicits.
b. General colour, at least on flanks and edges of
belly, rufous.
h' . General colour bright rufous ; nape not darker
than back ; size medium T. Stanley anus.
c' . Back greyish, brightening to rufous on flanks ;
a dark, sometimes black, nuchal stripe ; size
smaller ; length of hind-foot about 4 k to 5
inches T. kanchil.
* These may more or less completely fuse in old age.
262 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
In referring all tlie unspotted chevrotaius (with a possible
reservation in the case of one or two forms) to three specific
types or groups, the writer follows the lead of Bonhote, who
in 1903 stated that he could not agree with those who, while
using trinomials for continental races, refuse to allow them
for insular races, on the plea that, as intermediate forms do
not exist, they must be regarded as separate species. On the
contrary, it is in every way much simpler and easier to look
upon island forms, which are extraordinarily numerous, in
the light of local races, or incipient species, referable to a few
variable specific types. When these races are very numerous,
this renders it practically impossible to give a full definition
of the species, or a " key " to its local forms ; and in such
cases the only course is to give the leading characteristics of
the typical form under the specific heading, and the local
variations from this type under the headings of the \arious
races. Even size cannot be taken as a definite specific
character, since one of the island forms included under the
heading of the larger T. javaniciis is scarcely superior in
stature to the smaller T. kaoicJdl.
I. TEAGULUS MEMIXNA.
]\roschus meniiuna, Erxleben, Syst. Begn. Anim. p. 322, 1777 ; Si/Jces,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, p. 104 ; Elliot, Madras Joiirn. voL x,
p. 220, 1839; Ticl'dl, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. i, p. 420,
1841; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, voL xi, p. 96, 1842 ;
Tenncnt, Nat. Hist. Ceylon, p. 58, 1861.
Meminna indica, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 63, List Mamin.
Brit. Mus. p. 172, 1843, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 246, 1852,
Cat. Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 97, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants
Brit. Mus. p. 167, 1873; Kelaart, Prodromus Fauna} Zeylan.
p. 81, 1852; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 269,
1862 ; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 155, 1863 ;
Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 269, 1867; McMastcr, Notes on jcrdon,
p. 98, 1870; Sterndale, Mamm. Lidia, p. 516, 1884.
Tragulus mimenoides, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. x,
p. 914, 1841.
Meminna malaccensis, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 172, 1843.
Tragulus meminna,* Milnc-Eddvards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 5,
vol. ii, p. 160, pi. X, 1864 ; Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 483 ;
W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 189, 1891 ;
Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 385 ; Blanford, Fauna Brit.
India, Mamm. p. 555, 1891 ; Floiver and Lydehker, Study of
* Frequently spelt memminna .
TRAGULIDiE 263
Mammals, p, 306, 1893 ; Merriam, Science, ser. 2, vol. i, p. 375,
1895 ; Lydekker, Great and Small Game of India, etc. p. 253,
1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 272, 1907; Bonliote, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 296, 1903 ; Hauxwell, Journ.
Bomhaij Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xviii, p. 902, 1908.
Indian Chevrotain, or Mouse-Deer : Memminna.
Typical locality probably southern India ; the range
includes the larger forests of Peninsular India and Ceylon,
and, according to Hauxwell, Burma.
The type species (vide Merriam, op. cit.).
Size relatively large, shoulder-height 10 to 12 inches,
basal skull-length about 3|^ inches (97 mm.) ; no naked
Fig. 46. — Skull of Indian Chevrotain (Tragnlics meminna).
glandular area on under side of chin and throat ; tarsus hairy
all round, except behind, close to the hocks ; tail short ;
general colour brown, darker or paler, minutely speckled
with yellow ; the individual hairs brown at base, black
towards end, with a yellow ring a short distance from tip ;
sides spotted with white or buff on a brown ground, the spots
elongate and passing into longitudinal bands ; under-parts
white ; throat with three wliite stripes, one in the middle
pointed in front, and an oblique one on each side.
50, a. Skin, young. Madras.
Presented hi/ Sir Walter Elliot.
264 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
38. 3. 13. 47. Skin, young, formerly mounted. Northern
Circars ; collected by Mr. J. Turner. Purchased, 1838.
42. 5. 26. 19. Skin, formerly mounted. Locality
iTnknown ; collected by J. Gould, Esq. Type of M.
malacccnsis. Purchased, 1842.
45. 8. 12. 9 (679, a). I Skull and skin (formerly mounted),
46. 4. 10. 10. I immature female. Eastern Ghats.
Skull figured in Gray's Catalogue of Ungidata, 1852.
Purchased (Bartlett), 1845.
47. 4. 10. 3. Skin, female, formerly mounted. India.
Purchased (Zoological Society), 1847.
67. 4. 12. 431. Spirit-specimen. Locality unknown.
- Lidth de Jcudc Collection, imrchased, 1867.
76.5. 30. 5. Skull and skin. Peradenya, Ceylon;
collected by E. Boate, Esq. Purchased, 1876.
77. 3. 14. 1. Skull and skin, female. Kandy, Ceylon;
collected by A. Whyte, Esq. Purchased, 1877.
77. 11. 1. 8. Skin, young. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
79.11.21.588. Skin, immature. Dekhan ; collected
by Col. T. Sykes. Transferred from India Museum, 1879.
79. 11. 21. 657. Skin. Same locality and collector.
Sarae history.
91. 6. 8. 1. Spirit specimen. No locality.
Presented hy Sir W. J. Ingram, Bart., 1891.
94. 10. 21. 6. Skin, young. Trivandrum, Travancore.
Presented hy II. S. Ferguson, Esq., 1894.
1. * * *. Skull. India.
Presented hy It. Lydekker, Esq., 1901.
4. 1. 12. 1. Skin, female, mounted. Ceylon.
Purchased (Gerrard), 1904.
12. 11. 28. 124. Skin, mounted, and skull. Hulekal,
near Sirsi, Kanara ; collected by G. C. Shortridge, Esq.
Presented hy the Bombay Natural
History Society, 1912.
12. 11. 28. 125. Skull and skin, female. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
13. 8. 22. 88. Skull and skin, female. Chamarajnagar,
south Mysore ; same collector.
Presented hy E. Van Ingen, Esq., 1913.
TEAGULID.E 265
13. 8. 22. 89. Skull and skin, female. Wokkoli, south
Coorg ; same collector.
Presented hy the Boiiibay Natural History Society, 1913.
II. TRAGULUS STANLEYANUS.
Moschus (Tragulus) stanleyanus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 65.
Tragulus stanlej-anus, Gray, Knowsley Menagerie, pi. xxxiii, 1850,
Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mas. p. 249, 1852, Cat. Ruminants Brit.
Mus. p. 98, 1872, Hand-List Bicminants Brit. Mus. p. 168, 1873,
partim; Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 5, vol. ii,
p. 160, 1864 ; Blyth, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 483 ; Flower and
Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 327, 1884;
W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mtis. })t. ii, pp. 188 and 191,
1891, partim; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 385, Jouru.
Malay Mus. vol. ii, p. 106, 1908; Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 296, 1903.
Typical locality not definitely known, Init probably some
part of the Malay Peninsula.
Size medium ; a bare glandular area on under side of
chin and upper part of throat; general colour typically
bright rufous, not darker on neck than on back.
The distribution is probably restricted to the Malay
Peninsula and adjacent islands.
The races are distinguished as follows : —
A. General colour rufous.
a. Size larger T. s. Stanley amis.
h. Size smaller T. s. rufulus.
B. General colour yellower T. s. perflavus.
€. General colour orange T. s. formosus.
A.— Trag-ulus stanleyanus stanleyanus.
Typical locality as above.
Size and colouring as under heading of species.
-48. 10. 11. 6. i Skull and skin. Locality unknown.
48. 12. 12. 1 (827, a). \ Type. Skull figured in Gray's
Catalogue of Ungulata, 1852.
Presented hy the Earl of Derby, 1848.
53. 8. 29. 38. Skin, mounted ; collected by Mrs. Walk-
ingshaw. Locality unknown.
Purehased (Zoological Society), 1853.
266
CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
53. 8. 29. 40. Skin, three days' old fawn. From an
animal born in London. Same history.
67. 4. 12. 293. Skull, immature female, referable to this
or one of the allied races. Locality unknown.
Lidth de Jcvdc Collection, 'pvrcliascd, 1867.
B.— Tragulus stanleyanus perflavus.
Tragulus perflavus, Miller, Proc. IT.S. Nat. Mus. voL xxxi, p. 251,
1906; Lyoii, ibid. p. 653, 1907, vol. xxxvi, p. 481, 1909.
Tragulus stanleyanus perflavus, Thomas and Wrougliton, Journ,
Malay Mus. vol. iv, p. 128, 1909.
Typical locality Batam Island, Ehio Linga Group.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Colour a yellower rufous than in preceding races ; area
of white throat-markings small. For dimensions see p. 294.
9. 4. 1. 488. Skull and skin. Tanjong Turut, Batam
Island ; collected by H. C. Eobinson, Es(|. Presented hy
the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1 909.
9.4.1.489. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector
Same history.
Same locality and collector.
Same history.
Same locality and collector.
Same history.
Same locality and collector.
Same history.
Same locality and collector.
Same history.
Same locality and
Same Itistoi^y.
495. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and
Same history.
Same locality and
Same history.
Same locality and
Same history.
Same locality and
Same history.
Same locality and
Same history.
9. 4. 1. 490. Skull and skin.
9. 4. 1. 491. Skull and skin.
9. 4. 1. 492. Skull and skin.
9.4.1.493. Skull and skin.
9. 4. 1. 494. Skull and skin, female,
collector.
9. 4. 1
collector.
9.4. 1
collector.
9. 4. 1. 497.
collector.
9. 4. 1. 498.
collector.
9. 4. 1. 499.
collector.
496. Skull and skin, female.
Skull and skin, female.
Skull and skin, female.
Skull and skin, female.
TRAGULID/E 267'
C— Tpagfulus stanleyanus rufulus.
Tragulus rufulus, Miller, Proc. Washington Ac. Sci. vol. ii, p. 227,
1900 ; Thomas, Jonrn. Malay Mus. vol. ii, p. 106, 1908.
Tragulus javanicus rufulus, Bonliote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7,
vol. xi, p. 296, 1903.
Tragulus stanleyanus rufulus, Thomas and Wronghton, Journ. Malay
Mus. vol. iv, p. 129, 1909.
Typical locality I'ulo Tioman, off Johore.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Similar to typical T. stanleyanus in colour, but considerably
smaller in size.
8. 1. 25. 24. Skull. Juara Bay, Pulo Tioman.
Presented hi/ H. C. Robinson, Esq., 1908.
8. 2. 25. 22. Skull and skin. Tulo Tioman ; collected
by H. C. Robinson, Esq. Presented hy
the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1908.
8. 1. 25. 23. Skull and skin, femde. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
D.— Trag^ulus stanleyanus formosus.
Tragulus formosus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi,
p. 34, 1903, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 251, 1906.
Tragulus javanicus formosus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Stij^jil. p. 688,
1904,
Tragulus stanleyanus formosus. Thomas and Wrough ion, Jonrn. Malay
Mus. vol. iv, p. 129, 1909.
Typical locality Pulo Bintang, Ehio Linga Group.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
General colour bright orange ochery, darkening to ochery
rufous on neck and limbs, and lightening to orange-buff on
flanks ; hairs drab with black tips ; crown, middle line of
nape, and back black, much mingled with ochery rufous,
which renders nuchal stripe inconspicuous ; under-parts
tinged with yellowish drab. For dimensions see p. 294.
9. 4. 1. 484. Skull and skin. Pulo Bintang ; collected
by H. C. Eobinson, Esq. Presented hy
the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909.
268 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
9. 4. 1. 486. Skull and skin. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
9. 4. 1. 487. Skull and skin. Sungei Biru, Pulo
Bintang; same collector. Same Msfor]/.
111. TRAGULUS JAVANICUS.
Cervus javanicus, OsbecJi, Reisc Ostind. tind China, p. 367, 1765.
Moschus javanicus, Baffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiii, p. 262, 1822;
Graij, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 64 ; nee Gmelin, 1788.
Tragulus javanicus, Gray, List Manim. Brit. Mies. p. 173, 1843, Cat,
Ungulata Brit. Miis. p. 249, 1852, Cat. Raminants Brit. Mns.
p. 98, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit. Mns. p. 168, 1873;
Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 269, 1846; Blyth,
ibid. vol. xxvii, p. 277, 1859, Cat. Mamm. Mns. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, p. 155, 1863 ; Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8,
vol. xi, p. 296, 1903.
Tragulus fuscatus, BJytJi. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxvii, p. 278,
1859.
Tragulus napu, Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 5, vol. ii,
p. 158, 1864, and most later writers.
Typical locality Java.
Size typically large, shoulder-height about 13 inches;
a naked tract on throat ; tarsus naked behind ; tail relatively
long ; general colour typically yellowish or rufous brown,
passing into smoky grey on sides ; hairs of back black-
tipped, but without pale subterminal ring ; forehead and
nape blacker ; under-parts white ; throat and fore part of
neck brown, with five more or less distinct white stripes, a
median stripe on the chest, and two oblique white lines on
each side of front of throat, which may coalesce ; rump
rufous ; tail brown above, white below.
The distributional area extends from Sumatra, Borneo,
and Java, together with the neighbouring isles (such as those
of the lihio Linga Group), through the Malay I'eninsula and
adjacent islands, to southern Tenasserim, as well as to
Annam.
A.— Tragrulus javanicus javanicus.
Typical locality Java.
General characters those given under head of species.
No specimen in collection.
TRAGULID.E 269
B.— Tragrulus javanicus napu.
Moschus napu, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. vol. iii, livr. 37, pi. 329,
1822.
Tragulus napu, Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 7, vol. ii,
pp. 106 and 158, 1864 ; Blytli, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 483 ;
Blanford, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xlvii, pt. 2, p. 166, 1879,
Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 557, 1901 ; Floivcr and Garson,
Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 328, 1884 ; Jentinl; Notes
Leyden Mus. vol. xi, p. 25, 1889 ; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886,
p. 71, 1891, p. 585 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii,
p. 190, 1891 ; Lydekker, Great and Small Game of India, etc.
p. 256, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 275, 1907 ; Stone
and Belm, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. PJiiladeJjphia, 1902, p. 27 ; Miller,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiii, p. 186, 1900, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. vol. xxvi, p. 439, 1908, vol. xxxvii, p. 6, pi. i, 1909 ;
Schneider, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. vol. xxiii, p. 133, 1905; Lyon,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxiv, p. 628, 1908.
Tragulus javanicus napu, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7,
vol. xi, p. 296, 1903.
Typical locality Sumatra.
Very similar to typical race ; general colour orauge-buff,
faintly washed with blackish ; sides and under-parts greyish ;
a moderately distinct dark nuchal stripe, throat-markings
normal, the outer dark pair similar in colour to rest of neck ;
total length about 22;^ inches (572 mm.).
51,/>. 8kin, female. Sumatra; collected by Sir J. Stamford
Eaftles. Presented hy Lady Baffles.
51, e. Skull and skin, immature. Same locality and
collector. Same Idstory.
79. 11. 21. 243. Skin. Purlis, Malay Peninsula;
collected by Dr. J. Cantor.
Transferred from India Ihtscum, 1879.
85. 8. 1. 351. Skin. Bankasun, Tenasserim ; collected
by W. Davison, Esq.
Presented by A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1885.
85. 8. 1. 352, Skin. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
85. 8. 1. 353. Skin, female. Probably same locality ;
same collector. Same Idstory.
85. 8. 1. 354. Skin, young. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
91. 11. 6. 4. Skin, young. Same locality and collector.
Presented hy Dr. W. T. Blanford, 1891.
270 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
99. 6. 12. 4. Skin, immature female. Deli, Sumatra.
Presented by Theodore Barclay, Esq., 1899.
13. 5. 26. 1. Skin, albino, of this or one of the allied
races. Eawang, Malay Peninsula,
Presented hi/ Muncjo Park, Esq., 1913.
14. 12. 8. 225. Skull and skin. Bankachon, southern
Tenasserim. Presented hy the
Boinbay Natitral History Society, 1914.
14, 12. 8. 226. Skull and skin. Same locality.
Same history.
14. 12. 8. 227. Skull and skin. Same locality.
Same history.
14. 12. 8. 228. Skull and skin, female. Same locality.
Same history.
14. 12. 8. 229. Skull and skin, female. Same locality.
Same history.
14. 12. 8. 230. Skull and skin, female. Same locality.
Same history.
C— Tragulus javanicus canescens.
Tragulus canescens, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiii,
p. 185, 1900, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxvii, p. 5, foot-note,
1909; Tliomas and Wroughton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8,
vol. iv, p. 536, 1909.
Tragulus javanicus canescens, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7,
vol. xi, p. 296, 1903, Fasciculx Malay, vol. i, p. 41, 1903.
Typical locality Trong, Lower Siam, whence the range
extends into the Malay Peninsula.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Differs very slightly, if at all, from the Sumatran T. j.
napu ; in the original description comparison was made with
one of the Pthio Liuga races, instead of the true na^yn.
No specimen in collection.
D.— Tragulus javanicus borneanus.
Tragulus borneanus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasliington, vol. xv,
p. 174, 1902 ; Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxiii, p. 550, 1907.
Tragulus javanicus borneanus, Bonliotc, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7,
vol. xi, p. 296, 1903.
Tragulus napu borneanus, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xl, p. 64,
1911.
TRAGULID.E 271
Typical locality British North Borneo.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Closely allied to T. j. ncqni, but slightly smaller, with
the throat-markings a little darker, and the light gorget
rather wider. Specimens from the neighbouring Pulo Laut
are slightly inferior in size to those from the mainland.
90. 12. 15. 3 (1980, h). Skull and skin, female. Sarawak,
N. Borneo. Presented In/ Dr. G. D. Haviland, 1890.
92. 2. 8. 6. Skin. Baram, Sarawak ; collected by A. H.
Everett, Esq. Purchased, 1892.
94. 6. 8. 3. Skin, female. Bongou, N. Borneo; same
collector. Purchased, 1894.
0. 8. 4. 1. Skull and skin, young. Baram.
Presented hy Dr. C. Hose, 1900.
10. 4. 5. 119. Skull and skin; the latter mounted.
Poeroek Jihoe, Barito Valley, S. Central Borneo ; * collected
by G. C. Shortridge, Esq. Presented hj 0. Thomas, Esq., 1910.
10. 4. 5. 120. Skull and skin. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
10. 4. 5. 121. Skull and skin. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
10. 4. 5. 122. Skull and skin, female. Same locality
and collector. Senne history.
10. 4. 5. 123. Skull and skin. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
10. 4. 5. 124. Skull and skin, female. Same locality
and collector. Sevme history.
10. 4. 5. 125. Skull and skin, female. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
10. 4. 5. 126. Skull and skin, young female. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
10. 4. 5. 127. Skull and skin, young female. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
10. 4. 5. 129. Skull and skin. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
10. 4. 5. 130. Skin. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
* The reference of the specimens from this locality to the present
race is provisional.
272 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
E.— Tragulus javanicus nigricans.
Tragulus nigricans, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ix,
p. 254, 1892 ; Nehring, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1894, p. 223 ;
Hollister, Pliilipiiinc Journ. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii, p. 39, 1912.
Tragulus javanicus nigricans, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7,
vol. xi, p. 296, 1903.
Muntiacus nigricans, Allen, Bull. Amer. Miis. Nat. Hist. vol. xxviii,
p. 13, 1916, errorim.
Typical locality Balabac, riiilippines.
Size and colour-plan very similar to T.j. napu, but upper-
parts strongly washed with black, the hairs being white at
base, orange in middle, and black at tip ; white throat-
stripes, when present, very narrow and sharply defined, with
an arrangement recalling that obtaining in T. stanlcyanus,
there bein" a dark area between them and the white on the
under side of the lower jaw.
Typical (and only) locality Balabac Island, Philippines.
91. 11. 28. 2. Skull and skin, young. Balabac ; collected
by the Steere Expedition, 1887-88. Type. Purchased, 1891.
94. 2. 1. 16. Skull and skin. Balabac.
Purchased, 1894.
94. 6. 8. 4. Skull and skin. Balabac; collected by
A. H. Everett, Esq. The throat-markings are obsolete.
Purchased, 1894.
94. 7. 2. 45. Skin, young. Balabac ; same collector.
Same history.
F.— Tragfulus javanicus terutus.
Tragulus canescens terutus, Thomas and Wroughton, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. ser. 8, vol. iv, p. 536, 1909.
Typical locality Terutau Island, Straits of Malacca.
Smaller than, but otherwise similar to, T. j. canescens ;
the dark on tlie nape distinctive of T. j. umbrinus is
wanting.
9. 11. 1. 159. Skull and skin. Terutau Island ; collected
by H. C. Eobinson, Esq. Type. Presented hy the
Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909.
9. 11. 1. 160. Skull and .skin, immature. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
TRAGULID.E 273
9. 11. 1. 161. Skull and skin. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
9. 11. 1. 162. Skull and skin, immature. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
9. 11, 1. 163. Skull and skin of a rather younger animal
than the last. Same locality and collector. Same history.
9. 11. 1. 164. Skull and skin, subadult female. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
9. 11. 1. 165. Skull and skin, immature female. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
G.— Tragulus javanicus umbrinus.
Tragulus umbrinus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiii,
p. 191, 1900.
Tragulus javanicus umbrinus, Bonliotc, Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist. ser. 7,
vol. xi, p. 296, 1903.
Typical locality Pulo Lankawi, Straits of Malacca.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Generally similar to T. j. canescens, but smaller and much
darker, with the throat-stripes blackish brown and almost
devoid of pale speckling, and the under-parts strongly
tinged with fulvous grey. General colour deeper and brighter
orange-buff than in T. j. canescens, and the blackish clouding
much in excess of buff; sides and flanks darker than in the
latter owing to the greater admixture of brown ; entire nape
and sides of neck blackish seal-brown ; lateral dark throat-
stripes of the latter colour, with scarcely any buff speckling.
9. 11. 1. 166. Skull and skin, female. Lankawi Island;
collected by H. C. Eobinson, Esq. Presented by the
Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909.
H.— Tragulus javanicus pretiosus.
Tragulus pretiosus, Miller, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. PhiladeljjMa, 1902,
p. 144, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 253, 1906, vol. xxxvii,
p. 6, pi. ii, fig. 1, 1909.
Tragulus javanicus pretiosus, Bonhote, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7,
vol. xi, p. 296, 1903.
Typical (and only) locality Linga Island, Ehio linga
Group.
lY. T
274 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Colour richer and yellower than in T. j. napu ; black
clouding on back slightly in excess of ground-colour ; a
weli-detined narrow blackish nuchal stripe ; dark throat-
markings a mixture of black and dull ochery rufous, white
ones normal ; total length about 22-| inches (56G mm.). For
other dimensions, see p. 294.
No specimen in collection.
I.— Tragulus javanicus pretiellus.
Tragulus pretiellus, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 253,
1906, vol. xxxvii, p. 6, 1909.
Tragulus pretiellus pretiellus, Miller, Proc, Biol. Soc. Wasldngton,
vol. xxiv, p. 165, 1911.
Typical (and only) locality Pulo Bakong, Rliio Linga
Group.
Type in U.S. National Museum.
Smaller than T. j. 'pretiosus, with relatively larger cheek-
teeth ; otherwise similar ; brighter coloured than T. j. lutcscens
(infra) ; total length about 20 inches (501 mm.). For other
dimensions, see p. 294.
No specimen in collection.
J.— Trag'ulus javanicus parallelus.
Tragulus pretiellus parallelus. Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wmlnngton,
vol. xxiv, p. 165, 1911.
Typical locality Pulo Sebang, Ehio Linga Group.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Very close to T. j. pretiellus, but with less suffusion of
black on upper-parts, and less tinge of huffish on middle
portion of under-parts, where there is no greyish grizzle,
owing to absence of black tips to hairs.
No specimen in collection.
Here it may be mentioned that Tragulus formosus and
T. perjlavus, from the Ehio Linga Group, were originally
reo-arded as members of the present species, more or less
nearly related to T. j. p)retiosus, but are now classed as races
of T. stanleyanus (supra, pp. 266-67).
TRAGULID-E 27^
K.— Tragulus javanicus lutescens.
Tragulus lutescens, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi,
p. 32, 1903, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 251, 1906,
vol. xxxvii, p. 6. 1909.
Tragulus javanicus lutescens, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 688,
1904.
Pulo Sugi Bawa, Eliio Linga Group ; also occurs in
Pulo Jan.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
About the size of T. j. pretiellus, with well-defined black
nuchal stripe ; general colour paler than in preceding races,
on back orange-buff clouded with blackish brown, the latter
not in excess of former tint; on flanks the buff fading,
through straw-yellow to cream; dark throat-markings heavily
shaded with black. For dimensions, see p. 294.
No specimen in collection.
L. — Tragrulus javanicus flavicollis.
Tragulus flavicollis. Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi,
p. 33, 1903, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 251, 1906,
vol. xxxvii, p. 7, 1909.
Tragulus javanicus flavicollis, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Siipj^l. p, 688,
1904.
Typical (and only) locality Pulo Sugi, Ehio Linga Group.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Closely related to preceding race, but yellower, without
a dark nuchal stripe, and the dark throat-markings only
faintly shaded with black ; general colour essentially as in
T. j. lutescens, but the tawny element more decidedly yellow,
especially on cheeks and neck ; size proljably larger.
No specimen in collection.
M.— Tragrulus javanicus bancanus.
Tragulus bancanus Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. vol. xxxi, p. 576,
1906.
Typical locality Banka Island, east of Sumatra.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
T 2
27G CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Closely related to T. j. nrqm, hut liriglitcr in colour,
with a rather smaller skull.
No specimen in collection.
N.— Tragulus javanicus nig-ricollis.
Tragulus nigricollis, Miller, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadclpliia, 1902,
p. 145, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 253, 1906, voL xxxvii,
p. 7, pi. iii, fig. 1, 1909.
Tragulus javanicus nigricollis, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Siq^pl.
p. 688, 1904.
Typical (and only) locality Pulo Sinkep, rJiio Linga
Group.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Generally similar to T. j. pretiosns, hut slightly larger,
and ground-colour more clouded with l:)lack ; flanks light
huff, as in T. j. lute.scrns ; throat-markings normal, the dark
ones black, faintly speckled with brown, like sides of neck;
total length about 22:^ inches (5G6 mm.). For other
dimensions, see p. 294.
No specimen in collection.
0— Tragfulus javanicus nigroeinctus.
Tragulus nigrocinctus. Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat, Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 250,
1906, vol. xxxvii, pi. 7, pi. iii, fig. 2, 1909.
Typical locality Pulu Kuudur, Ehio Linga Group ; also
occurs on Pulu Karimon.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
General colour much as in T. j. 23retiosus, but the black
clouding — due to the hair-tips — so strongly developed as
almost completely to obscure the ground-colour on back ;
neck and throat black, the latter without markings ; no
white on under-parts ; tail, unlike that of all the other Ivhio
Linga races, yellow below ; total length about 19| inches
(502 mm.). This race differs from T. j. anncc (p. 279) by
the shorter ears (length about 30 mm. against 37 to 38 mm.),
the marked contrast in colour between neck and back, and
the presence of a faint eyebrow-stripe in the lighter-coloured
individuals.
TKAGULIDJ^.
277
9. -i. 1. 476. Skull and skin. Piilo Karimou, Ehio
Linga Group ; collected by H. C. Eobinson, Esq. Presented
hy the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909.
9. 4. 1. 477. Skull and skin. Same locality and
collector.
9. 4. 1. 478.
collector.
9. 4. 1. 479.
collector.
9. 4. 1. 480.
collector.
9. 4. 1. 481.
collector.
9. 4. 1. 482.
and collector.
9. 4. 1. 483.
and collector.
Same history.
Skull and skin. Pulo Kundur; same
Same history.
Skull and skin. Same locality and
Same history.
Skull and skin. Same locality and
Same history.
Skull and skin. Same locality and
Same history.
Skull and skin, female. Same locality
Same history.
Skull and skin, female. Same locality
Same history.
P.— Tragrulus javanicus sebucus.
Tragulus sebucus, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xl, p. 64, 1911.
Typical locality I'ulo Sebuko, off south-eastern Borneo.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Similar in size and general colouring to T. j. preticllus,
but blacker above, and the hindmost pair of dark throat-
markings almost clear blackish, instead of mingled blackish
and ochery. Compared with T. j. nigricans (p. 271) the
present race is smaller, with a less distinct nuchal stripe,
and a considerable difference in the throat-markings. Basal
length of skull 90 to 94 mm.
No specimen in collection.
Q.— Trag-ulus javanicus billitonus.
Tragulus napu, melanistic variety, Jentinh, Notes Leyden Mies.
vol. xiii, p. 209, 1891; Willink, Naturh. Tijdschr. Ncd.-Ind.
vol. xlv, p. 198, 1905.
Tragulus billitonus, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 578, 1906,
Typical locality Billiton Island, east of Sumatra.
Nearly related to T. j. pretiellus and T. J. mnhrinics, but
278 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
darker and duller in colour than former, and lacking the
bright tint on flanks, neck, and head, and less dark than
latter, with a well-defined nuchal stripe instead of a diffused
dark colour all over neck.
No specimen in collection.
R.— Tragfulus javanicus amoenus.
Tragulus amoenus, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxvi, p. 439, 1903,
Tragulus javanicus amoenus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Supj^l. p. 689,
1904.
Typical locality Pulo Mansalar, off Sumatra.
Type in U.S. National Museum, "Washington.
A yellowish, dark-necked race, approximating to T. j.
nigi'icollis, but smaller and more richly coloured, with
normal throat-markings, in which the dark stripes are
blackish. General colour orange ochery, darkening towards
ochery rufous on legs, and fading to yellow-buff on flanks,
with a black suffusion produced by black hair-tips. Basal
length of skull 101 to 108 mm.
No specimen in collection.
S.— Trag-ulus javanicus jug:ularis.
Tragulus jugularis, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxvi, p. 440, 1903.
Tragulus javanicus jugixlaris, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Su])]}l. p. 689,
1904.
Typical locality Tulo Mansalar, off Sumatra.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Size much the same as in T. j. amoynus ; no white
anywhere, that portion of the chin which is white in other
races being coloured like the cheeks, while the light throat -
stripes are indicated only l)y a stronger grizzling of tawny
ochery amid the black; in other respects the general
colouring, except on under-parts, inner sides of legs, and
lower surface of tail, very nearly as in T. j. amcenus, \mt
the neck less speckled with tawny ochery, and cheeks and
eyebrow-stripes rather more suffused with black,
No specimen in collection
TUAGULID.E 270
T.— Trag-ulus javanicus annae.
Tragulus aunse, Matschie, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1897, p. 157 ;
Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 250, 1906.
Tragulus javanicus annse, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Su2)2}l' p. 689, 1904.
Typical locality uuknovvn.
Type in Berlin Museum.
A small race, with dark cliestnut-Lrowu upper-parts,
suffused with l)lackish, due to the hlack-tipped hairs ; neck
deep blackish brown, without light bands on fore part, or on
anterior part of breast ; flanks dirty light brown ; under-
parts rusty grey, with a narrow blackish brown median
stripe.
No specimen in collection.
U.— Tragulus javanicus bunguranensis.
Tragulus bunguranensis, Miller, Proc. WasJdngton Ac. Sci. vol. iii,
p. 113, 1901.
Tragulus javanicus bunguranensis, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 296, 1903.
Typical locality Bunguran Island, China Sea.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Colour-pattern essentially as in T. j. nigricans, but size
greater and equal that of T. j. canesccns ; general colour
uniform ochery, fading to buff on flanks, with the bases of
the hairs grey, and both back and flanks distinctly but not
excessively darkened by the black hair-tips ; throat-markings
as in T. J. nigricans, but white stripes apparently even more
restricted.* Teeth uniformly larger than those of last-
named race.
No specimen in collection.
V.—Tragulus javanicus batuanus.
Tragulus batuanus. Miller, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. xlv, p. 2, 1903.
Tragulus javanicus ratuanus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Stippl. p. 689,
1904, errorim.
Typical locality Batu Island, off Sumatra.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
* For further details reference may be made to original description.
280 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
A large race (Ijasicranial length 102-105 mm.), with
wholly black neck and throat-stripes, and the black of the
neck extending forwards over the face and cheeks to a
greater degree than in any races, except T. j. annce, T. j.
jufjularis, and T. j. hungurancnsis, from all of which the
present form is distinguished by the normal pattern of the
throat -markings ; general colour ochery with a deep shading
due to the black hair-tips, neither colour distinctly in excess ;
on flanks the ochery fading to buff, and the black suffusion
rather less pronounced than on back.
No specimen in collection.
W.— Trag-ulus javanicus versicolor.
Tragulus versicolor, Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. v,
p. 535, 1910.
Typical locality Nhatrang, Annam.
A medium-sized chevrotain distinguishable from other
members of the genus by the marked contrast between the
colouring of the fore and hind halves of the body, the former
being fulvous and the latter grey. Although much smaller
than is usual in T. javanicus, it seems to be a member of the
present group since it has the coarse coat of T. j. najyit, and
cheek-teeth of nearly the same size. In point of size tliis
chevrotain exceeds but little the members of the T. kanchil
group, which is represented in Annam by T. h. affinis
(p. 286). Boasal length of skull 95 mm.
6.11.6.38. Skull and skin. Nhatrang, Annam;
collected by Dr. J. Vassal. Type. Purchased, 1906.
6.11.6.39. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
10. 3. 10. 6-7. Two skins. Same locality and collector.
Furchasccl, 1910.
IV. TRAGULUS KANCHIL.
Moschus javanicus, Gmelin, Linii.'s Sysf. Nat. vol. i, p. 174, 1788 ;
nee Oshech, 1765.
Moscbus kanchil, Baffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiii, p. 262, 1822 ;
Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 64 ; Jentink, Notes Leyclen Mus.
vol. V, p. 181, 1883.
TEAGULWJE 281
Tragulus kanchil, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 173, 1843;
Cantor, Journ. Asiat. 8oc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 268, 1846 ; Blyth,
ibid. vol. xxvii, p. 276, 1859, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, p. 15, 1863, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 483, Mamm. and
Birds Burma, p. 44, 1875 ; Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat.,
Zool. ser. 5, vol. ii, pp. Ill and 159, pi. ix, 1864 ; Thomas, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1886, pp. 72 and 79 ; Jentink and Bilttikofer, Notes
Leyden Mus. vol, xix, p. 64, 1897; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm.
Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 189, 1891 ; Bonliote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 7, vol. xi, p. 296, 1902 ; Stone and Eehn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
PJiiladeljjJiia, 1902, p. 128 ; Schneider, Zool. Jahrb., Syst.
vol. xxiii, p. 133, 1905 ; Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxvi,
p. 442, 1903, vol. xxxi,p. 56, 1906; Ltjon, ibid. vol. xxxiv, p. 628,
1908.
Tragulus pygmaeus (ex Moschus pygmteus, Erxleben), Gray, Cat.
Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 250, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus.
p. 99, 1872 (kanchil).
Tragulus javanicus, Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 5,
vol. ii, pp. 103 and 157, pi. ii, fig. 1, 1864 ; Blyth, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1864, p. 483 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll.
Surg. pt. ii, p. 326, 1884 ; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 385 ;
Blanford, Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 556, 1891 ; Flower and
Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 305, 1891 ; Thomas and Hartert,
Novit. Zool. vol. ii, p. 492, 1895 ; Lydekker, Great and Small
Game of India, etc. p. 257, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc.
p. 276, 1907 ; Miller, Proc. 'Washington Ac. Sci. vol. iii, p. 115,
1901.
Typical locality Sumatra.
Size relatively small, basal skull-length about 3|- inches
(85 mm.) ; a naked glandular area on lower surface of chin
and upper part of throat; tarsus bare behind, and carpus
almost so ; tail relatively long ; typically the general colour
brown, tending more or less to rufous ; back in old individuals
nearly black, but always more or less mixed with rufous or
yellow, from some of the hairs having a yellow ring near the
end ; sides paler ; nape and upper surface of neck almost or
quite black, contrasting with the light brown of sides ;
under-parts white, variously mixed with light rufous and
usually with a median narrow brown or rufous line through-
out the breast, in front of this a brown cross-band and on
fore part of neck an arrowhead-like brown mark, sometimes
incomplete, with three white stripes, one median, within the
arrow-head, the other two diverging, one on each side,
outside of it, the last two joining on throat ; rump rufous,
insides of thighs and intermediate space white ; tail rufous-
brown above, white below.
282 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Distribution very similar to that of the preceding species,
but including Cambodia and Cochin China.
A.—Tragrulus kanchil kanchil.
Tragulus kanchil kanchil, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. vol. xxxiv,
p. 628, 1908.
Typical locality Sumatra.
General characters those of the species.
1361, a. Skeleton, female, mounted. Sumatra.
Purchased ( Warwiclc).
79. 6. 28. 19. Two skins. Pajo, Sumatra ; collected by
Herr Karl Bock. Purchased, 1879.
B.— Tragrulus kanchil longfipes.
Tragulus kanchil longipes, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxiv,
p. 628, 1908, vol. xl, p. 66, 1911.
Typical locality, Little Siak Valley, eastern Sumatra.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Distinguished from typical race by greater length of
hind-foot, which ranges from 131 to 145 mm. against from
114 to 128 mm. in the former.
Whether such slight differences as distinguish this and
the next form from the typical race are worthy of recognition,
is very questionable.
No specimen in collection.
C— Tragulus kanchil luteicollis.
Tragulus kanchil, Jcntinlc, Notes Lei/den Mus. vol. xiii, p. 209, 1891.
Tragulus luteicollis, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 579,
1906.
Typical locality Banka Island, east of Sumatra.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Distinguished from typical race by slightly larger size
(basal skull-length 85-91 mm., against 84-83 mm.), generally
duller colour, especially on sides of head and neck, and less
black on upper-parts. General colour mixed dull ochery or
TRAGULIDyE 283
orange-buff and black, but nuchal stripe almost wholly black
flanks with less black, and the ochery buff paler.
No specimen in collection.
D.— Tragulus kanchil subrufus.
Tragulus subrufus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi,
p. 39, 1893, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 254, 1906.
Tragulus kanchil subrufus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Sujypl. p. 690,
1904.
Typical locality Sinkep Island, Ehio Linga Group ; also
found on Linga Island.
Very similar to typical race, but general colour slightly
more yellow, and under-parts much more strongly suffused
with fulvous ; ground colour orange-buff, slightly more
yellow than that of T. l:. Icanchil, but less bright than in
T. k. natuncc.
For dimensions, see p. 294.
No specimen in collection.
E,— Tragulus kanchil rubeus.
Tragulus rubeus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi, p. 40,
1903, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 254, 1906.
Tragulus kanchil rubeus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Sujjpl. p. 690,
1904 ; Thomas and Wroughton, Journ. Malay Mus. vol. iv, p. 128;
1910.
Typical locality Pulo Bintang, Ehio Linga Group.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Similar to T. h. suhrufus, Ijut brighter coloured, and with
rather larger skull and cheek-teeth.
For dimensions, see p. 294.
9. 4. 1. 502. Skull and skin, female. Pulo Bintanjr ;
collected by H. C. Eobinson, Esq. Fresented hy
the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909.
9. 4. 1. 503. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
9. 4. 1. 504. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and
collector, Same history.
284 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
F.— Tragulus kanchil fulvicoUis.
Tragulus fulvicollis, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Miis. vol. xxxiv, p. 650,
1908.
Typical locality Pulo Bengkalis, otf Sumatra.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Distinguished from typical T. Icanchil by its larger size
and lighter colour.
No specimen in collection.
G.— Tragulus kanchil carimatse.
Tragulus carimatse, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi, p. 55,
1906 ; Lyon, ibid. vol. xl, p. 67, 1911.
Typical locality Karimata Island, between Borneo and
Billiton ; the range also including Pulo Panebangan.
Distinguished from typical race by the slightly larger and
broader skull, and the distinctly stouter cheek-teeth. There
is a tendency to a stronger suffusion of buff on the under-
parts and to the more pronounced development of the nuchal
stripe.
No specimen in collection.
H,— Tragulus kanchil brevipes.
Tragulus brevipes. Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. vol. xxvi, p. 443,
1903.
Tragulus kanchil brevipes, Troucssart, Cat. Mamin., SujjjjI. p. 689,
1904.
Typical locality Pulo Bangkaru, near Sumatra.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Differs from typical race by the much shorter ears and
feet, the paler colouring, and the slender muzzle of skull ;
general colour a fine grizzle of black and light orange-buff,
with the former tint somewhat predominating ; flanks buflfish
yellow slightly suffused with black ; outer sides of legs
bright orange-buff; nuchal stripe clear black, contrasting
with the slightly grizzled dull orange-buff of sides of neck ;
TEAGULID^ 285
throat-markings normal, the brown stripes strongly grizzled,
darker than sides of neck, and confluent in front. The
small feet and pale colouring approximate to T. k. imllidus,
which is, however, still paler, with a short and stout muzzle
to skull.
No specimen in collection.
I.— Tragrulus kanchil pallidus.
Tragulus pallidus, Miller, Proc. Washington Ac. Set. vol. iii, p. 116,
1901.
Tragulus kanchil pallidus, Bonliote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7,
vol. xi, p. 296, 1903.
Typical locality Pulo Laut, S. China Sea.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Smaller and paler than typical race, with the black
clouding of upper-parts inconspicuous, but the dark nuchal
stripe well defined ; general colour light ochery buff, faintly
clouded by the black hair-tips, and more strongly so on mid-
dorsal line and across loins.
No specimen in collection.
J.— Tragulus kanchil fulviventer.
Tragulu3 fulviventer. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 65, Cat. Rumi-
nants Brit. Mas. p. 98, 1872 (partim), Hand-List Ruminants
Brit, Mus. p. 168, 1873 (partim) ; Stone and Relm, Proc. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Philadelpliia, 1902, p. 131; Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. vol. xxvi, p. 445, 1903.
Tragulus kanchil fulviventer, Bonliote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7.
vol. xi, pp. 292 and 296, 1903; Thomas and Wroughtoji, Journ.
Malay Mus. vol. iv, p. 128, 1810.
Typical locality apparently Singapore.
Much smaller than typical race, with the under- parts
suffused with fulvous ochery, the brown throat-markings
relatively deep in colour, with a rufous transverse stripe
under the throat at the apex of the triangular patterned area,
connecting the colour at either side of neck, and the white
stripes strongly developed ; skull intermediate between that
of T. I'. Iiosei and that of T. k. affinis.
286 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
52, a. Skull and skin. Singapore (?).*
Bequeathed hj Gen. T. Hardwickc , 1835.
53, a. Skull and skin. Singapore (?).* Type.
Barne history.
53, h. Skin, immature. Singapore (?).* Same history.
85. 8. 1. 363. Skin, female, mounted. Singapore ;
collected by W. Davison, Esq.
Presented hy A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1885.
85. 8. 1. 364. Skin, young. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
9. 4. 1. 500. Skull and skin. Changi, Singapore ; collected
by H. C. Eobinson, Esq. Trcscnted, hy
the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909.
9. 4. 1. 501. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
K.— Tragrulus kanchil affinis.
Tragulus affinis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, see also Hand-List
Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 169, 1873, where this form is included
under the heading of T. fulvivcnter.
(?) Tragulus ravus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, voh xv,
p. 163, 1902, vol. xvi, p. 41, 1903.
Tragulus kanchil affinis, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi,
pp. 293 and 296, 1903, Fascic. Malay, vol. i, p. 42, 1903 ; Thomas,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8, vol. v, p. 536, 1910.'
Typical locality probably the northern part of the Malay
Peninsula or Tenasserim (not, as stated by Gray, Singapore).
T. ravus, from Trong, Lower Siam, was identified with
tlus race l)y Bonhote, who stated that specimens from the
Malay Peninsula were inseparable from the type of T. a finis.
Thomas has, however, suggested that the latter may be a
more southern type, in which case ravus will have to stand
for the northern form.
Slightly smaller and paler than T. h. fulvivcnter, without
the transverse rufous stripe ; skull with the auditory bulke
smaller and less inflated than in T. k. liosci (p. 298), in
which the whole skull is smaller.
38. 7. 13. 2 (853, c). Skin, immature. Malay Peninsula (?).
Purchased (Stevens), 1838.
* Not Java, as originally stated.
TRAGULID^ 287
38. 8. 1. 13 (853, 0- Skin, female. Malay Peninsula.
Type. Purchased (Sotherhy), 1838.
79. 11. 21. 244. Skin, female. Malay Peninsula ; collected
by Dr. J. Cantor. Transferred from India Museum, 1879.
85. 8. 1. 355. Skull and skin. Bankaclion, southern
Tenasserim ; collected by W. Davison, Esq.
Presented hj A. 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., 1885.
85. 8. 1. 35G. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
85. 8. 1. 357. Skin. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
85, 8. 1. 358. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
85. 8. 1. 361. Skull and skin. Salanga Island, off Malay
Peninsula ; same collector. Sa7ne history.
85. 8. 1. 362. Skull and skin. Taroa, Malay Peninsula;
same collector. Sa7ne history.
3. 2. 6. 79. Skull and skin, female. Biserak, Jalor,
Malay Peninsula. Presented by If. C. Eohinson, Esq., 1903,
3. 2. 6. 80. Skull and skin, female. Same locality.
Same history.
4. 4. 7. 7. Skull and skin. Siracha, Siam. Practically
a topo-type of T. ravus. Presented hy T. H. Lyle, Esq., 1904.
6. 10. 4. 44. Skull and skin, female. Kuala Tembeling,
Pahang, Malay Peninsula ; collected by H. C. Robinson, Esq.
Presented hy the Government of the Federated
Malay States, 1906,
6.11.6.40. Skull and skin. Nhatrang, Annam ; collected
by Dr. J. Vassal. Purchased, 1906.
8. 3. 9. 22. Skin. Near Moulmeiu, Tenasserim.
Presented hy Mrs. W. T. Blanford, 1908.
14. 12. 8. 231. Skull and skin. Bankaclion, southern
Tenasserim. Presented hy
the Bombay Natural History Society, 1914.
14. 12. 8. 232. Skull and skin. Same locality.
Same history.
14. 12. 8. 233. Skull and skin. Same locality.
Same history.
14, 12, 8, 234. Skull and skin. Same locality.
Same history.
288 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
14. 12. 8. 235. Skull and skin, female. Same locality.
Same history.
14. 12. 8. 236. Skull and skin, female. Same locality.
Same history.
14. 12. 8. 237. Skull and skin, female. Same locality.
Same Jiistory.
L.— Tragulus kanchil ravulus.
Tragulus ravulus, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasldngton, vol. xvi,p. 41,
1903.
Tragulus kanchil ravulus, Troucssarf, Cat. Mamm., Sitj^pl. p. 689,
1904.
Typical locality Pulo Adang, Butang Group, off Malay
Peninsula.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Similar to T. k. affinis (ravus), but smaller, with the neck
paler and the nuchal stripe less pronounced.
No specimen in collection.
M.— Tragfulus kanchil lancavensis.
Tragulus lancavensis, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi,
p. 41, 1903.
Tragulus kanchil lancavensis, Troucssarf, Cat. Mamm., 8upiil.\). 690,
1904.
Typical locality Pulo Langkawi, Straits of Maladoa.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Similar to T. k. affinis (ravus), but general colour slightly
more yellow, and under-parts strongly suffused with orange-
buff ; upper-parts bright ocliery buff, with a yellow tinge.
9. 11. 1. 167. Skull and skin. Pulo Langkawi ; collected
by H. C. Eobinson, Esq. Frescntcd hy
the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909.
9. 11. 1. 168. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
9. 11. 1. 169. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
N.—Tragrulus kanchil lampensis.
Tragulus lampensis, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi,
p. 42, 1903.
Tragulus kanchil lampensis, Trotiessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 690,
1904.
TKAGULID.K 289
Typical locality Pulo Lampi, Mergui Archipelago.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Similar to T. Jc. lancavensis, but general colour much
more yellow, and under-parts strongly suffused with bright
orange-buff.
No specimen in collection.
0. — Tragfulus kanchil russeus.
Tragulus russeus, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xvi, p. 444, 1903.
Tragulus kanchil russeus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Su]}])l. p. 689, 1904.
Typical locality Pulo Tuangku, Banjak Group, oft' N.W.
Sumatra.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Generally similar, both in size and colouring to T. k.
fulviventcr, but the brown throat-stripes less dark, and the
light ones frequently nearly obsolete, and in some cases
wanting ; general colour orange-ochery. somewhat paler on
flanks, and darkening to raw-sienna on neck and outer sides
of legs ; back with a black suffusion (due to hair-tips),
predominating over the ochery, and deepening on shoulders
into a clear black nuchal stripe ; on neck and flanks the
suffusion much less and disappearing on lower part of latter,
where the colour passes into the raw sienna of the legs and
the pale orange-ochery suffusing the under-parts ; region
usually occupied by white throat-stripes with a peculiar
mottled appearance due to the white being mostly replaced
by clear orange-ochery, not contrasting strongly with gorget
and dark stripes, both of which are distinctly grizzled, like
sides of neck.
No specimen in collection,
P.— Tragulus kanchil russulus.
Tragulus russulus, Miller, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. xlv, p. 3,
1903.
Tragulus kanchil russulus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Supiol. p. 689
1904.
Typical locality Batu Island, near Sumatra.
Near akin to T. k. russeus, but the general colour less
dark, a less extensive yellowish suffusion on under-parts,
IV. u
290 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
and throat-markings invariably normal in pattern ; skull
and teeth rather smaller than in T. k. russeus ; general colour
rather dark orange-ochery ; neck and limbs brighter than
body, dark clouding on back only slightly developed, but
deepening anteriorly into a faintly grizzled black nuchal stripe.
No specimen in collection.
Q.— Tragfulus kanchil hosei.
Tragulus kanchil hosei, Bonhotc, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi,
p. 29B, 1903.
Tragulus virgicollis, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi,
p. 37, 1903.
Tragulus kanchil virgicollis, Trouessart,S^at. Mamm., Siqjjjl. p. 690,
1904.
Tragulus hosei, Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxiii, p. 549, 1907.
Typical locality Baram Valley, Sarawak, Borneo.
Distinguished from T. k. fulvivcntci' by its superior size,
rather paler colouring, and absence of orange throat-band ;
general colour black strongly grizzled with rufous, which
becomes yellower and predominant on flanks ; skull (basal
length 86 mm.) with very large and much inflated auditory
bullae, but otherwise very similar to that of T. k. affinis,
although larger.
79. 5. 23. 3. Skull and skin. Sarawak ; collected by
A. H. Everett, Esq. Purchased {Gcrrard), 1879.
79. 5. 23. 7. Skeleton, female, mounted. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
79. 5. 23. 8. Skeleton, female. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
0. 8. 4. 10. Skull and skin, female. Baram Valley.
Type. Presented ly Dr. C. Hose, 1900.
8. 7. 17. 21. Skull and skin, female. Borneo ; collected
by Dr. C. Hose.
Presented ty the British North Borneo Co., 1908.
8.7.17.22. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
8. 7. 17. 23. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
10. 4. 5. 128. Skull and skin. Moera Island, Barito
Elver, south-central Borneo; collected by G. C. Shortridge,
Esq. Presented by 0. Thomas, Esq., 1910.
THAGULULE 291
R.— Tragulus kanchil everetti.
Tragulus kanchil everetti, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xi,
p. 295, 1903.
Tragulus natunse, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi, p. 38,
1903.
Tragulus kanchil natunte, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Sujipl.]). 690, 1904.
Typical locality Buuguran Island, Natiina Group.
Generally similar to T. /j. hosei, but rather smaller, and
richer in colour, the flanks being rufous instead of deep
l)uff ; skull rather smaller (basal length 83 mm.), with larger
cheek-teeth, much smaller auditory bulhe, and the pre-
maxilUe continuing of the same width for some distance in
advance of nasals, and then bending sharply downwards,
instead of sloping gradually downwards as in T. k. affinis,
or narrowing abruptly as in T. k. hosei.
Miller described his T. natunce as similar to typical race
but smaller and yellower, the ground-colour of the back
being bright tawny ochre instead of yellowish buff, and the
black clouding not in excess of the ligliter colour.
94. 9. 28. 21. Skull and skin, female. Bunguran Island ;
collected (October) by A. II. Everett, Esq. Type.
Purchased, 1894.
S.— Tragrulus kanchil pierrei.
Tragulus kanchil pierrei, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, ser, 7,
vol. xi, p. 293, 1903.
Typical locality Bien Hoa, lower Cochin China.
Nearly related to T. k. affinis, with which it agrees in
size, but general colour of a uniform dull yellowish brown,
without any admixture of black ; this sufficing to distinguish
it from all other races described up to April, 1903. Basal
length of skull 76 mm.
61.4.12.6. Young skin, mounted. Cambodia ; collected
by Monsieur Mohot, 1859. Purchased, 1861.
61. 4. 12. 7. Skin, mounted. Same locality and collector.
Same hist or y.
61. 4. 12. 20 (853,/). Skull Pachebone, Cambodia;
same collector. Same history.
78. 6. 17. 18. Skull and skin. Bien Hoa, lower Cochin
China. Type. Presented hij Monsieur Pierre, 1878.
U 2
292 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
T.— Tragrulus kanchil pelandoc.
Moschus javanicus, Gmelin, Linn.'s Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 174, 1788 ;
71CC Cerviis javanicns, Osbeck.
Moschus pelandoc, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv,
p. 66, 1827.
Tragulus pelandoc, Blijtli, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxvii,
p. 277, 1858 ; Stone and Eehn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1902, p. 131 ; Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi,
p. 37, 1905.
Tragulus kanchil pelandoc, Bonhote, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 7,
vol. xi, p. 296, 1903.
Tragulus focalinus. Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xvi,
p. 35, 1905.
Tragulus kanchil focalinus, Troioessart, Cat. Mavim., Siippl. p. 690,
1904.
Typical locality Java.
Miller has stated that Hamilton Smith's Moschvs pelandoc
cannot be definitely identified, but that it appears to be
nearly allied to the typical Sumatran T. kanchil; and he
accordingly proposed a new name for such specimens of
Javau kanchils as came under his observation. Until, how-
ever, the so-called T. focalinus can be definitely proved to
be distinct from T. k. pelandoc, it may be regarded as
inseparable therefrom.
A grey-necked race specially characterised by the great
width and distinctiveness of the tawny eyebrow-stripes and
the contrast between the grizzled grey of the neck and the
tawny head and body ; no dark nuchal stripe ; throat-
markings normal. General colour raw-sienna, gradually
paling, through bufl', to creamy buff on flanks ; hairs drab
with black tips, the latter producing a faint dark clouding
on back but not on flanks ; neck coarsely grizzled grey, the
hairs black with a huffish terminal or subterminal ring;
crown blackish, its hair with inconspicuous tawny annula-
tions ; skull with a shorter muzzle and narrower auditory
bullae than in typical race.
Bonhote remarked that one specimen which came under
his notice resembled the type of the present race on the
throat and the typical kanchil on the nape.
51 a, 52. Two skins of fawns. Java ; collected by
Dr. T. Horsfield. Presented hy the Hon. East India Co.
TRAGULID.E
293
9. 1. 5. 834.
Vries Bay, Java
9. 1. 5. 837.
9. 1. 5. 838.
9. 1. 5. 839.
9. 1. 5. 840.
collector.
9. 1. 5. 841.
collector.
9. 1. 5. 842.
collector.
9. 1. 5. 843.
collector.
Skull and skin. Pangandaran, Dirk-de-
collected by G. C. Shortridge, Esq.
Presented hij W. E. Bahton, Esq., 1909.
Skull and skin. Same locality and collector.
Same liistory.
Skull and skin. Same locality and collector.
Same histori/.
Skull and skin. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
Skull and skin, female.
Skull and skin, female.
Skin, female, mounted.
Skull and skin, female.
Same locality and
Same history.
Same locality and
Same history.
Same locality and
Same history.
Same locality and
Same history.
9. 1. 5. 844. Skull and skin, very young female. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
9. 1. 5. 845. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
9. 1. 5. 847. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
9. 1. 5. 848. Skull and skin, very young female. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
9. 1. 5. 850. Skull and skin. Batavia, Java ; same
collector.
9. 1. 5. 851. Skull and skin, female.
Preanger, Java ; same collector.
9. 1. 5. 852. Skull and skin, female,
same collector.
9. 1. 5. 853. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and
collector. Sam.e history.
Same history.
Tassik-malaja,
Same history.
Tjilatjap, Java ;
Same history.
llAciALLY Undetermined Specimens, of which
THE Localities are unknown.
45. 11. 24. 2. Skin. Purchased {Thomas), 1845.
47. 4. 30. 3. I Skin, mounted, and imperfect
47. 4. 30. 9 (679, I). \ skeleton, immature female.
Purchased (Zooloyical Society),- 1847.
294
CATALOGUE OF UNGULATE!^
48. 11. 5. 2 (853, h). Skull, female. No Mdory.
50. 11. 22. 28 (853, a). Skull, immature.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1850.
53. 8. 29. 39. Skin, five-days'-old fawn.
Purchased {Zoological i^oeiety), 1853.
5G. 5. 6. 67. Skull. Prcsentedhy W. Theobald, Esc/., 185G.
GO. 3. 18. 29 (853, h). Skeleton, female, mounted.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 18G0.
G7. 4. 12. 294-6-7. Three skulls, immature.
TAdth de Jeude Collection, /purchased, 1867.
68. 12. 29. 36 (853, g). Skeleton, mounted.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1886.
Measurements, in Millimetres, of Adult Rhio-Linga Cheveotains.
(From Miller.)
Hind
Name.
Locality.
Sex.
Total
length.
Head
and
body.
Tail.
Hind
foot.
foot
with-
out
hoofs.
T. stanleyanitg fonnostis .
Pulo Bintang
Male
620
540
80
142
129
,, „
,j
600
530
70
137
124
1)
Female
C50
570
SO
143
129
,
,,
C93
593
100
145
131
T. jar aniens I utcscens
Pulo Sugi Bawa
,,
600
510
90
131
117
,, ,,
„
Male
563
488
75
131
117
>>
Pulo Jau
Female
592
505
87
129
115
)' J)
Male
575
503
72
ISO
118
T. .yfatileyanus perflavns.
Pulo Batam
Female
620
535
85
135
122
T. jaranicux jiretiosrts
Linga
Male
625
545
80
135
120
■ I I
I'emale
628
548
80
138
124
,j
675
565
90
140
125
T. ianinieiix 2n-etiellus .
Pulo Bakong
605
515
90
122
108
.
575
500
75
123
107
ij
j^
Male
533
473
00
119
105
>! J>
Pulo Sebaug
615
535
80
135
119
>1 II
,j
610
525
85
138
123
T. jaraniciis nigrocitictus
Pulo Kundur
,^
575
480
85
137
122
,, ,,
,,
,,
625
525
100
142
128
ji )j
,,
Female
537
137
120
11 .1
598
613
85
140
126
T. ja mnicus tiigricolUs .
Sinkep
Male
620
540
80
138
123
11 1)
,,
,,
655
570
85
143
130
II 11
,,
Female
645
560
85
143
128
I I
J
670
590
80
147
133
T. knnchil rvbevs .
Pulo Bintaug
Male
540
465
75
119
106
J,
612
547
05
118
105
ii I! • •
^'
Female
543
478
65
125
113
T. kanchil .svbrufvs
Sinkep
540
470
70
125
113
11 11 . •
Male
528
450
78
118
108
■1 . .
Linga
500
450
50
119
105
,1 • •
Female
500
450
50
118
105
These measurements, which are (JUly a few of those given )iy ililler, will serve as a standard
in cases when other races are contrasted with the above in the matter of size.
TRAGULID.7^. 295
II. Genus DORC ATHERIUM.
Dorcatherium, Kaui), Oss. Foss. Darmstadt, pt. 5, p. 92, 1836
bu Biltimeyer, Ahli. schtueiz. pal. Ges. vol. x, pt. 2, p. 72, 1883
LydeMer, Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mas. pt. ii, p. 153, 1885
Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 885.
Hyemosclius, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. xvi, p. 350
1845, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 96, 1872.
Hyomoschus, Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 682 ; Flower and
Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 329, 1884,
HycEmoschus, Biitimeyer, Abh. schtueiz. 2)al. Ges. vol. x, pt. 2, p. 78,
1883.
Size larger than in Tragulus ; main metacarpals and
metatarsals separate, or the latter alone uniting partially or
wholly into a cannon-hone in old age ; feet shorter and
stouter with larger lateral toes ; skull relatively short, with
premaxilloe not reaching nasals ; dentition : i. §, c. \, p. 3^5,
m. I ; tail medium.
Typified hy D. navi (Kaup, op. cit. 1836j from the Upper
Tertiary of Eppelsheim, Hesse-Darmstadt, which difi'ers from
the existing species hy the presence (at any rate in many
cases) of the first lower premolar.
At the present day the genus is restricted to the equa-
torial forest-zone of Africa.
DOECATHEEIUM AQUATICUM.
Moschus aquaticus, Ogilhy, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 35, 1841, p. 68;
Given, Anat. Vertebrates, vol. ii, p. 487, 1866.
Hyemosclius aquaticus. Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 1, vol. xvi,
p. 350, 1845, Kno'wsley Menagerie, p. 42, pi. xxxi, 1850, Cat.
Ungulala Brit. Mus. p. 248, 1852, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mas.
p. 99, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 169, 1873;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 269, 1862 ; Milne-
Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 5, vol. ii, p. 133, 1864.
Hyomoschus aquaticus, Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 682 ;
Floivcr and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 329,
1884 ; JentinTt, Notes Leydeyi Mus. vol. x, p. 26, 1887 ; Pousargues,
Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. ser. 7, vol. iv, p. 87, 1897.
Hyoemoschus aquaticus, Biitimeyer, Abh. sclnveiz. j5«Z. Ges. vol. x,
pt. 2, p. 78, 1883.
Dorcatherium aquaticum, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 385 ;
Floivcr and Lydelher, Study of Mammals, p. 306, 1891 ; Lydeklcer,
Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 515, 1899, Game Animals
of Africa, p. 386, 1908.
296 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Water-Chevrotain.
Typical locality Sierra Leone, West Africa.
The only existing species ; type of Hycmosclms.
Shoulder-height about 13 to 14 inches; three pairs of
lower premolars ; tail rather bushy ; general colour olive to
chestnut-brown, profusely spotted and striped on the body
with white or yellow, the thick and irregular stripes being
longitudinal and for the most part restricted to the Hanks ;
throat and upper part of chest with light and dark markings
comparable with those of Tragulns ; tail white below.
Distribution, at the present day, co-extensive with that
of genus.
The following races liave been named : —
A. General colour dark olive, with very little
speckling except on neck ; light markings on
back white and distinct D. a- aquaiicmn.
B. General colour more rufous, heavily speckled all
over upper-parts ; light markings on back straw-
coloured and indistinct.
a. General colour darker rufouS; with light mark-
ings extending on to shoulders, and face
with distinct dark chevron D. a. hatesi.
b. General colour lighter rufous, with light mark-
ings stopping short of shoulders, and face
without distinct dark chevron D. a. cottoni.
A.— Dorcatherium aquaticum aquaticum.
Dorcatherium aquaticum typicum, LydcHer, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906,
vol. i, p. 113.
Typical locality Sierra Leone.
General colour dark olive, without any distinct speck-
ling except on neck ; light markings on back white, distinct,
and numerous; face dark in middle line, elsewhere olive-
brown with a tinge of rufous, a distinct white flank-band
running from shoulders along flanks to join transverse loin-
band, and two flank-bands below this ; spots on back forming
distinct and continuous transverse bands ; tail with much
lirown above.
44. 8. 22. 1. I Skin, mounted, and skull, imma-
44. 9. 5. 1 (680, a). I ture female. Sierra Leone ; col-
lected.by Mr. J. Whitfield. Presented hy the Earl ofDcrhy, 1844-
TRAGULID.'E 297
44. 9. 7. 1. I Skin, mounted, skull, and scapula.
46. 2. 28. 1 (680, h). ) Same locality and collector. Type.
Scwie Jiistory.
46. 11. 2. 1 (680, d). Skull and limb-bones. Gambia;
same collector. Same liistorij.
46. 11. 2. 3 (680, g). Skull and skin, young. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
46. 11. 19. 10 (680, c). Skeleton, immature. Sierra
Leone ; same collector. Same history.
680, e. Skeleton. Gambia.
Purchased (Zoologieal Society), 1854.
58. 5. 4. 452 (680,/). Skeleton. Gambia.
Purchased (Zoological Society), 1858.
14. 1. 19. 3. Skin, mounted, and skull, female. Ashanti.
Presented hy the Zoological Society, 1914.
13. 11. 21. 16. Body-skin. Mount Barclay, Liberia;
collected by E. H. Bunting, Esq. Purchased, 1913.
B.— Dorcatherium aquaticum batesi.
Dorcatherium aquaticum batesi, Lydehher, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906,
vol. i, p. 113.
Typical locality Caraeruns, General colour rufous brown,
heavily speckled all over upper-parts; light markings on
upper surface yellowish and indistinct ; face with a blackish
chevron running from muzzle to eyes ; a distinct yellowish
flank-band joining transverse rump-band ; tail brown at base
with little white at tip.
5. 5. 23. 26. Skull and skin. Efulen, Cameruns ; col-
lected by G. L. Bates, Esq. Type. Ptirchased, 1905.
6. 4. 4. 1. Skin. Afikpo, Cross Ptiver, Southern Nigeria.
Presented by J. C. Cotton, Esq., 1906.
7.11.19.4. Skin (scalp • separate). Oban, 40 miles
from Calabar, Southern Nigeria ; collected by P. A. Talbot,
Esq. Presented hy Mrs. P. A. Talbot, 1907.
8. 6. 28. 3. Skin. Same locality and collector.
Purchased, 1908.
12. 10. 28. 57. Skull and skin, young female. Same
locality and collector. Purchased, 1912.
298 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
12. 10. 28. 74. Skull. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
14. 2. 20. 1. Body-skiu. Little Otomi Bush, Ikon
district, Southern Nigeria, north of Cameruns frontier.
Presented hi N. W. Thomas, Esq., 1914.
C— Dorcatherium aquaticum cottoni.
Dorcatherium aquaticum cottoni, Lydckker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906,
vol. i, p. 113, Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 387, 1908;
Alexander, From Niger to Nile, vol. ii, p. 393, 1907.
Typical locality Ituri Valley.
General colour still more rufous than in last, with light
markings on back and flanks less distinct, less numerous,
and not extending on to shoulders ; face without distinct
dark chevron ; flank-band yellowish and almost disappearing
nddway between fore and hind limbs, no lateral bands l^elow
it ; tail with much white and apparently more 1)usliy.
G. G. 2. 3. Skull and skin. Ituri Valley. Type.
Presented hy Major P. H. G. Poivcll-Cotton, 1906.
7. 4. 23. 2. Skin. Ituri Valley.
Presented hy R. >S'. Peid, Esq., 1907.
7. 7. 8. 229-230. Two skulls and skins. Bima, Welle
Valley ; collected by Capt. G. B. Gosling.
Presented hy Capt. Alexander Gosling, 1907.
Section C— TYLOPODA.
In this section three pairs of upper incisors are present in
the young, the outermost of which persists throughout life,
the lower canines are differentiated from the spatulate,
forwardly directed lower incisors, and the anterior pair of
premolars, when present, separated from the other cheek-
teeth, whicli are tall-crowned and selenodont ; only the two
main toes (3rd and 4th) are developed in each foot, the
terminal segments of which carry nails instead of lioofs, and
have a broad fleshy pad inferiorly on which the animal walks ;
the metacarpals and metatarsals are severally fused into
cannon-bones for the greater part of their length, but their
lower extremities (vol. i, p. 2, fig. 1, c) are divergent and
CAMELID^? 299
lack the pulley-like ridges and grooves on their articular
surfaces found in the two preceding sections ; in the tarsus
the navicular and cuboid remain distinct. The skull is
devoid of either horns or antlers. The stomach has no distinct
third compartment (maniplies), and the interior of the first
(])aunch or rumen) lacks the villi of the Pecora, while both
the first and second chamber are furnished with large cells
in which water can be stored ; the placenta is diffuse, and
the female has either four or two teats. With regard to the
structure of the feet in this group, Pocock remarks that, with
the exception of Orcotragus, all ruminating artiodactyles
" walk upon the cutaneous pad forming the sole and heel of
the hoof, and upon more or less of the inferior edge and apex
of the nail in front. The camels [and llamas] form no
exception to this rule, the only difference being that the
small nail does not invade the area of the sole to anything
like the same extent, and that the sole and the heel are
continued further backwards."
At the present day the group has a remarkably discon-
tinuous distribution, the camels being restricted to the Old
World, and the llamas to South America ; in the Tertiary
period it was, however, abundantly represented in North
America, as it also was in Eastern Europe.
Family CAMELID^E.
As this is the only existing family of the section, its
characters may be regarded as the same as those of the latter.
The two existing genera are distinguishable as follows : —
A. Size very large, back with one or two l!eshy humps, ears
small Camehis.
B. Size much smaller, back without hump, ears larger Lama.
I. Genus CAM EL US.
Camelus, Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 65, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i,
p. 90, 1776 ; H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 297,
1827 ; Gratj, Cat. Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 100, 1872 ; Lydelher,
Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pt. ii, p. 139, 1885; Blanford,
Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 558, 1891 ; Pococl-, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1910, p. 972.
300 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Typical locality probably Arabia.
Size very large, back with one or two large fleshy humps
in median line ; dentition of adult : i. ^, c. \, p. §, m. |= 34 ;
anterior premolar placed nearly midway between second
tooth of that series and canine ; lower incisors somewhat
proclivous, with outer pair the largest ; skull elongated, with
overhanging occiput, orbits encircled by bone, and premaxillai
not articulating with arched and rather long nasals; ears
relatively short and rounded ; feet broad, with toes imper-
fectly separated ; tail of medium length, tufted ; hair nearly
straight, not woolly ; teats four. No face-glands, but a pair
of occipital glands.
Eestricted at the present day to Asia and Africa, but
known in a wild state only in the neighbourhood of the Gobi
Desert of Central Asia.
The genus is typified by the single-luimped Camclus
dromedarius, but as this species is unknown in the wild
state, it does not come within the purview of this Catalogue.
CAMELUS BACTEIAmiS.
Camelus bactrianus, Linn., Syst. Nat. etl. 10, vol. i, p. 65, 1758,
ed. 12, voL i, p. 90, 1766 ; H. SmitJt, Griffitli's Animal Kingdom,
vol.-v, p. 297, 1827; Hution, Jotirn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, voL xv,
p. 162, 1846 ; Gray, Cat. Ungulafa Brit. Mus. p. 253, 1852, Cat.
Biiminants Brit. Mus. p. 100, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit.
Mus. p. 170, 1873; Radde, Reisen Ost-Siherien, p. 238, 1861;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 271, 1862 ; Scvcrtzow,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 170, 1876 ; Finscli,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 696 ; Przewalshi, Peters}}. Mitt. Erzh.
voL xii, p. 17, 1876 ; Blanford, Eastern Persia, vol. ii, p. 97,
1876, Fauna Brit, hidia, Mamm. p. 558, 1891; Flower and
Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 330, 1884 ;
W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Lid. Mus. pt. ii, p. 191, 1891;
Flower and Lydellier, Study of Mammals, p. 296, 1891 ; Little-
dale, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 446; Lcshre, Arcli. Mus. Lyon,
vol. viii, p. 1, 1903 ; Pococl-, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 973.
Typical locality Eastern Europe or Western Asia.
Larger and more clumsily built than the typical species,
with two dorsal humps, a thicker coat, shorter limbs, and
feet more callous and better adapted for hard and rocky
ground.
Camels occur wild in the neighbourhood of the Tarim
Valley and other parts of Chinese Turkestan, but it is
CAMELID.K 301
probable that these are the descendants of domesticated
herds. The same may be the case with some of the wild
camels in the vicinity of Lob Nor and on the fringes of the
Gobi, although it seems quite likely that others — like the
horses of the same area — may be truly wild.
94. 2. 8. 1. Skin, mounted, of a wild or feral individual.
East of Lob ISTor, Chinese Turkestan.
Presented hj St. George Littlcdale, Esq., 1894.
IL Genus LAMA.
Lama, Cuvicr, Lecons Anat. Comj)., Tableau gen. 1800; Desmarest,
Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. vol. xxiv, Table, p. 31, 1804; G. Fischer,
Zoognosia, vol. iii, p. 351, 1814 ; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891,
p. 386.
Lacma, Tiedemann, Zoologie, vol. i, p. 428, 1804.
Auchenia, Illigcr, Froclr. Syst. Mamm. p. 103, 1811 ; Cnvier, Begiie
Animal, vol. i, p. 25, 1817 ; H. Smith, Griffith'' s Animal Kingdom,
vol. V, p. 298, 1827 ; Floiver and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mas. B, Coll.
Surg. pt. ii, p. 338, 1884 ; nee Thunberg, 1789.
Dromedarius, Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amjjhib. j). 31, 1830.
Auchenias, Wagner, Wiegmann's Archiv Naturgesch. vol. i, p. 349,
1843.
Llama, Ch-ay, Cat. Ungulata Brit, Mas. p. 254, 1852, Cat. Biiminants
Brit. Mas. p. 101 J 1872.
Neoauchenia, Ameghino. Bev. Argent. Hist. Nat. vol. i, p. 242, 1891.
Size much smaller than in Caiaelus, and back without
hump ; adult dentition normally : i. }^, c. \, j). |, m. | = 32,
but anterior premolars sometimes wanting ; upper premolars
small ; lower incisors long and procumbent, with the outer
pair smallest ; skull with less prominent ridges and relatively
larger brain-chamber than in typical genus, and premaxillse
articulating with relatively short and broad nasals ; ears
rather long and pointed ; feet narrower, with the toes, each
of which has a distinct plantar pad, more separated than in
Camelus ; tail short ; coat long and woolly ; teats two.
Eestricted at present day to western and southern South
America.
The two species (as represented by wild forms) are
distinguishable as follows : —
A. Size larger, callosities on limbs L. glania.
B. Size smaller, no callosities on limbs L. vicugna.
302 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
I. LAMA GLAMA.
Camelus glama, Linn. Sijsf. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 65, 1758, ed, 12,
voL i, p. 91, 1766.
Lama glama, Cuvier, Lcrons Anat. Comp., Tableau gen. 1800; Thomas,
Proc. Zool'Soc. 1891, p. 387.
Lacma peruana, Tiedemann, Zoologie, vol. i, p. 428, 1804.
Auchenia lama, lUiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. p. 103, 1811.
Auchenia glama, H. Smith, Qri-ffith's Animal Kingdom, \o\.\ , p. 299,
1827.
Camelus lama, Blainville, Osteographie, Camelus, pi. ii.
Llama glama. Gray, Cat. TJngulata Brit. Mus. p. 260, 1852, Cat.
Biiminanfs Brit. Mus. p. 101, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit.
Mus. p. 172, 1878.
Neoauchenia glama, Ameghino, Bev. Argent. Hist. Nat. vol. i, p. 242,
1891.
Llama (domesticated), Guanaco or Huanaco (wild).
Typical locality Peruvian Andes.
The type species ; first known in Europe by the domesti-
cated llama (L. glama glama), and likewise including the
long-woolled alpaca (L. g. pacos).
As represented by the wild guanaco, the species is dis-
tinguished by its relatively large size (typically about 3 feet
7 inches at shoulder), stout build, long head, darkish fawn-
brown colour, blackish face, and the presence of bare callo-
sities on the limbs.
The two wild races are distinguished as follows : —
A. Size larger; basicranial length 11^ to 11§ inches. L. g. huanacus.
B. Size smaller; basicranial length 9| inches L. g. cacsilensis.
A.— Lama grlama huanacus.
Camelus huanacus, Molina, Saggio Storia Nat. Chile, vol. i, p. 817,
1782; Gmelin, Linn.'s Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 170, 1788; H. Smith,
Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 55, 1827.
Auchenia huanacus, Illiger, Abh. Ak. Sci. Berlin, 1811, pp. 108
and 111, 1815.*
Auchenia huauaca, H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v,
p. 299, 1827.
Auchenia guanaco, Meyer, Nova Acta Ac. Cms. Leojj.-Car. vol. xvi,
p. 552, 1833 ; Schreber, Sdugthiere, vol. v, pp. 1803 and 1806,
1889.
Auchenia llama, Waterhouse, Zool. Beagle, Mamm. p. 26, 1839,
Separate copies are stated to have been issued in 1811,
CAMELID-i: 303
Auchenia lama, Brandt, Mem. Ac. Sci. St. Petersh. vol. iv, p. 1, 1845 ;
Burmeister, Descript. Phys. Rep. Argent, vol. iii, p. 457, 1879.
Lama guanaco, Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. vol. i, p. 153, 1847.
Llama guauacus, Gray, Cat. TJngnlata Brit. Mus. p. 257, 1852, Cat.
Ruminants Brit. Mus. p. 101, 1872, Hand-List Ruminants Brit.
Mns. p. 171, 1873 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus.
p. 272, 1862.
Llama pacos (fera). Gray, Cat. Ungulata Brit. Mus. p. 260, 1852.
Auchenia hnanacus, Floiuer and Ly del-Jeer, Study of Mammals,
p. 300, 1891.
Lama huanachus, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 387 ; Lahille,
Ensayo Mam. Repub. Argent, p. 31, 1900; Prichard, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1902, vol. ii, p. 275, Through the Heart o/ Patagonia, p. 253,
1902 ; Scharff, Origin of Life in America, p. 406, 1911 ; Lonnberg,
Arkiv Zool. vol. viii, no. 19, p. 1, 1913.
Lama huanacos, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 669.
Lama huanacus, Matschie, Sdugeth. in Ergebnissc Hamburg. Magal-
haen. Sammelreise, vol. iii, p. 19, 1898 ; Berg, Comuii. Mas.
Buerios Aires, vol. i, p. 260, 1900 ; Lydekker, Great and Small
Game of Europe, etc. p. 375, 1901.
Lama huanacha, Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. {Field Mus. Zool,
Pub. vol. viii) p. 36, 1907.
Guanaco or Huanaco ; "Wild Llama,
Typical locality probably the Chilian Andes, whence the
range extends southwards to Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.
Size relatively large ; shoulder-height about 3 feet
7 inches; basal length of skull 11^ to llf inches (291-
295 mm.).
37. 3. 15. 46 (78, h). Skin, mounted. Southern Tierra-
del-Fuego ; collected during the voyage of H.M.S. " Beagle."
Presented hy Admiral Sir B. Fitzroy, K.C.B., 1837.
674, a. Skeleton, immature. Chile.
Purchased {Zoological Society).
674, /. Skull. From an old skin collected in Patagonia
or Tierra-del-Fuego during the voyage of H.M.S. " Beagle."
Presented hy C. it. Darwin, Esq.
44. 10. 7. 34 (674, l). Skull. Chile ; collected by Mr.
T. Bridges. Figured in Gray's Catalogue of Ungulata,
pi. xxiv, 1852. Purchased, 1844.
46. 1. 22. 4. Skin, young, mounted. Locality unknown.
Purchased ( Warwick), 1846.
54. 5, 11, 2, Skin, young, mounted. Locality unknown.
P'urchased {Baker), 1854.
304 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
55. 7. 3. 1. Skin, young. Locality unknown.
PurcluiHcd {Zooloykul Society), 1855.
90. 2. 20. 15. Skull. Fox Point, Falkland Islands;
collected during the voyage of H.M.S. " Challenger."
Presented hy the Government, 1890.
99. 2. 22. 12. Skin, female. Province of Buenos Aires.
Presented hy the La Plata Museum, 1899.
2.1.1.111. Head-skin, female. Choquecaraati, Bolivia ;
collected hy Mr. P. 0. Simons.
Presented hy 0. Thomas, Esq., 1902.
2. 10. 16. 1. Skin, mounted. Patagonia.
Presented hy the Zooloyieal Society, 1902.
B. — Lama glama cacsilensis.
Lama huanachus cacsilensis, Lonnhcrg, Arhiv Zool. vol. viii, no. 19,
p. 8, 1913.
Typical locality Cacsile, Nuiioa, Peru.
Type in Eoyal Swedish Museum of Natural History.
Considerahly smaller than preceding race, the basicranial
length being 9| inches (244 mm.) in the type specimen.
No example in collection.
II. LAMA VICUGNA.
Cauaelus vicugna, Molina, Saggio Storia Nat, Chile, p. 313, 1782 ;
H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. iv, p. 58, 1827.
Auchenia vicugna, Illiger, Ahli. Ak. Sci. Berlin, 1811, p. 108, 1815 ;
H. Smith, Griffith's Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 300, 1827 ;
Floivcr and Garson, Cat. Osteal. Mas. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii,
p. 334, 1884 ; Floiver and LydeTcher, Stiidy of Maynmals, p. 300,
1901.
Llama vicugna, Gray, Cat. TJngulata Brit. Mus. p. 256, 1852, Cat.
Buminants Brit. Mus. p. 101, 1872, Hand-List Buminants Brit.
Mus. p. 170, 1873 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus,
p. 272, 1862.
Lama vicugna, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1891, p. 387 ; LydeJcker,
Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 378, 1901 ; Elliot, Cat.
Mamm. Field Mus. {Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 37, 1907 ;
Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. viii, no. 19, p. 3, 1913.
Vicugna.
Typical locality probably Peru, whence the range extends
to southern Ecuador and central Bolivia.
Size about one-fourth less than that of L. y. huanacus
CAMELID.K 305
(slioulder-heiglit about 2 feet 9 inches ; basicrauial length
about 81^ inches = 220 mm.) ; build more slender ; liead
shorter ; colour lighter, without black on face ; no bare
callosities on limbs.
46. 7. 28. 20 (675, h). Skin, mounted, and skin, female.
Bolivia ; collected by Mi'. T. Bridges. FiLrchat^cd, 1846.
46. 10. 16. 16. Skull. Same locality and collector.
Same liistory.
61. 1. 18. 3. Skeleton, immature. Locality unknown.
Furchased (Zoological Society), 1861.
96. 10. 7. 29. Skin, mounted. Catamarca, Argentina.
Presented hy the La Plata Museum, 1896.
97. 10. 3. 18. Skin. Junin, Peru ; collected by Mr. J.
Kalinowski. Purchased, 1897.
2. 1. 1. 112-113. Two skins, female. Choquecamate,
Bolivia ; collected by Mr. P. 0. Simons.
Presented hij 0. Thomas, Esq^., 1902.
Section D.— SUINA.
Large or medium-sized Artiodactyla, with neobunodont *
molars, al)sence of complete fusion of third and fourth meta-
carpals and metatarsals to form cannon-bones, and the skin
either covered with sparse bristly hairs, or more or less
nearly naked ; no cranial appendages.
The distribution includes the greater part of the world,
exclusive of Australia and New Zealand ; but to what extent
the Suina now inhabiting south-eastern Asia liave been
introduced by human agency is uncertain.
The existing members of the section are divisible into
the two following families t : —
A. Head with an elongated mobile snout, terminating
in an expanded, truncated, nearly naked, flat,
oval disc in which the nostrils are pierced Siiidce,
B. Head with a broad and rounded bristly muzzle... Hippopotamidce.
* Stehlin, Ahli. schtveiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxviT p. 124, 1899 ; a term
denoting a type of tubercular (bunodont) dentition with traces of a
selenodont structure ; whether this is a distinct modification or a
derivative from decadent selenodontism is still uncertain.
t The writer follows Trouessart and Max Weber in regarding the
peccaris as a subfamily of Suuhf instead of a separate famil3'.
IV. X
son CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Family I.— SUIDiE.
Head terminating in an elongated mobile snont, the tip
of which forms an expanded, truncated, nearly naked, flat,
oval disc containing the nostrils, and supported by a
preuasal bone ; feet narrow, with four toes in front pair, the
hoofs of the two middle ones in each pair with their adjacent
surfaces flattened, and those of the lateral ones not applied
to the ground in walking ; teeth typically forty-four, but the
number frequently reduced by suppression of one or more
pairs ; incisors rooted ; molars elongated, with the outer and
inner pair of tubercles connected by intermediate ones, and
not forming distinct trefoils ; no descending flange to
mandible.
Distribution co-extensive with that of section.
The family is divisible into the two following sub-
families : —
A. Four toes to both fore- and hind-limbs ; upper
canines curving more or less upwards or outwards ;
stomach simple, except for a larger or smaller
cardiac pouch ; no dorsal gland ; at least 4 teats Stiinn',
B. Hind-feet with only three functional toes ; upper
canines directed downwards ; stomach complex ; a
dorsal gland ; 2 teats Dicotijlime.
Subfamily i. — SUINiE.
Four complete toes to each foot ; teeth typically forty-
four, but often reduced by the suppression of one or more
pairs ; upper canines curving more or less outwards or
upwards ; stomach simple, except for a more or less
developed cardiac pouch ; no dorsal gland ; .at least four
teats ; tail well developed ; third and fourth metacarpals
and metatarsals completely free.
The distribution is limited to the Old World, extending
at the present day so far eastward as New Guinea, although
there is very strong probability that the Papuan forms were
introduced by human agency.
The subfamily is divisilile into the following generic
groups : —
SUIDiE 307
A. Summits of upper canines of males completely
abraded by attrition of lower pair.
a. No osseous tuberosities on or above sheaths
of upper canines ; ears not distinctly tufted Sus.
h. Two pairs of osseous tuberosities on and
above sheaths of upper canines Potamoclicerus.
B. A facet worn on lower surface of upper canines
by attrition of lower pair, leaving the summits
more or less nearly entire.
a. Last molar in each jaw brachyodont and
normal Hylochoerus.
b. Last molar in each jaw hypsodont and
abnormally complex Phacoclmrus.
c. No abrasion of upper canines (which are very long
and slender) by lower pair Babirussa,
I. Genus SUS.
Sus, Li7in. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 49, 1758, ed. 12, vol. 1, p. 102,
1766 ; Blasius, Sdugeth. DeutscJilands, p. 508, 1857 ; Gray, Cat.
Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mas. p. 326, 1869 ; Stelilin, Abh. schioeiz.
pal. Oes. vol. xxvi, passim, 1899 ; Floiver and Lydekker, Study
of Mammals, p. 281, 1891 ; Miller, Cat. Mamvi. West. Europe,
p. 956, 1912.
Aper, Pallas, Misc. Zool. p. 16, 1766 ; Bafinesque, Analyse de Nature,
p. 56, 1815.
Centuriosus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 17, 1868, p. 40, Cat.
Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mas. p. 347, 1869, Hand-List Thick-
skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 66, 1873.
Scrofa, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 38, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit.
Mus. p. 345, 1869.
Euhys, Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 339, 1869,. 4/;u. Mag.
Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. x, p. 435, 1873, Hand-List Thick-skimied
Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 57, 1873.
Aulacochoerus, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xi, p. 435,
1873, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 58, 1873.
Dasychcerus, Gray, A7in. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xi, p. 435, 1873,
Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 58, 1873.
Dentition : i. f , c. -J-, p. |, m. | = 44 ; outer upper incisors
and first upper and lower premolars not infrequently
wanting in adults ; summits of upper canines completely
abraded by wearing against tbe lower pair ; molars brachyo-
dont and of the normal neobunodont type ; skull long, high,
and narrow, without osseous tuberosities above or on sheaths
of upper canines ; ears not distinctly tufted. Young usually
striped longitudinally.
The distribution is co-extensive with that of the sub-
X 2
fi08 CATALOGUE -OF UNGULATES
family, except that, with the exception of the occurrence of
one species in the Eastern Sudan, it does not include
Ethiopian Africa.
The genus is divisible into the two following subgeneric
groups : —
A. Size large or medium ; tail usually of moderate length ;
6 pairs of teats Sus.
B. Size small ; tail very short ; .'3 pairs of teats Porcnla,
1. Subgenus SUS.
Size large or medium ; tail usually of moderate length ;
six pairs of teats.* Distribution co-extensive with that of
genus.
The species here recognised f are distinguishable as
follows : —
A. Young striped ; no warts on face.
a. Lower canine with hind surface wider than outer
one.
a' . Face typically not banded ; last molars
complex.
a". Nuchal crest moderate S. scrofa.
b". Nuchal crest taller S. cristatus.
h' . Face typically banded; last molars simpler.
c'. A brownish streak on muzzle S. vittatus.
(V . A whitish streak on muzzle S. leucomystax.
h. Lower canine with hind surface narrower than
outer one.
h' . Size medium ; head moderate ; tail-tuft small (S*. celehensis.
c . Size large ; head very long ; tail-tuft large ... S.barhatus.
B. Young uniformly coloured ; face with warts S. verrucosus.
T. SUS SCEOFA.
Sus scrofa, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 49, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i,
p. 103, 1776 ; Dcsmarcsf, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 389, 1822
Griffith, Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 287, 1827 ; Jenyns, Brit
Vert. Anim. p. 39, 1835 ; Bell, British Quadrupeds, p. 358, 1837
Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamvi. and Birds, p. 426, 1846; Gray, Proc
Zool. Sac. 1856, p. 158, 1860, pp. 183 and 448, 1868, p. 30
Cat. Carnivora etc. Brit. Ahis. p. 337, 1869, Hand-List Thicl-
sMnned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 60, 1873 ; Blasius, Sdngetli
* So far as recorded.
t The views of Major are in the main followed on this subject.
SUID.E
500
Deittsclilands, vol. i, 517, 1857; Severtzow, Ami. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 4, vol. xviii, p. 387, 1876 ; Blanford, Eastern Persia, vol. ii,
^N'
z^-
FiG. 47. — Right Upper (A) and Lower (B) Cheek-Teeth of
Wild Boar (Sits scrofa). nat. size.
From Iililler, Cat. Manun. Western Eiwope.
p. 86, 1876 ; Danford and Alston, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 275 ;
Harting, Extinct Brit. Anim. p. 76, 1880 ; Thomas, Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, vol. v, p. 195, 1889, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1911, p. 140,
310 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
1912, p. 392 ; Tristram, Fauna Palestine, p. 3, 1884 ; Flower
and Garson, Cat. Ostcol. Mus. E. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 348, 1884 ;
Lataste, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. xxxix, p. 163, 1885 ;
Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pt. ii, p. 260, 1885,
Horns and Hoofs, p. 353, 1893, Brit. Mamm. p. 255, 1895, Great
and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 278, 1901, Great and Small
Game of Africa, p. 388, 1908; Eadde, Zool. JaJirb. vol. iv,
p. 1068, 1889; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii,
p. 195, 1891 ; Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 283,
1891 ; Stehlin, Ahli. schweiz. pal. Gcs. vol. xxvi, 1899, vol. xxvii,
1900, passim ; Anderson and de Winton, Mamm. Egypt, p. 354,
1902; Millais, Mamm. Gt. Britain, vol. iii, p. 63, 1906; Scharff,
European Animals, p. 44, 1907 ; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus.
' {Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 31, 1907; Ward, Records
of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 453, 1910, ed. 7, p. 452, 1914; Trouessart,
Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 225, 1910 ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West.
Eurojje, p. 957, 1912.
Siis setosus, Boddaert, Elenchtts Anim. vol. i, p. 157, 1785.
Sus setosus, var. a. aper, Boddaert, loc. cit. 1785.
A B
Fig. 49. — Transverse Sections of Lower Canines of Sus scrofa (A)
AND Sus vermcosiis (B). i, inner, /;, hind, o, outer surface.
From Stehlin.
Sus europaeus, Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. vol. i, p. 265, 1811.
Sus sci'opha, Jardine, Naturalist^ s Libr., Mamm. vol. v, p. 205, 1836.
Sus fasciatus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 184, 1843.
Sus scrofa fasciatus, Wagner, Schreber's Sdugthiere, Suppl. vol. iv,
p. 322, 1844.
Sus scrofa, var. celtica, Strobel, Atti. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. vol. xxv,
p. 79, 1882.
Wild Boar or Wild Swine.
Typical locality Germany.
Size moderately or very large ; face without warts ;
muzzle relatively short ; lower canine (fig. 48) with outer
surface markedly less in width than hind one, which is
oblique and next in width to the inner surface — the widest
of the three ; last upper molar typically large, with a
distinct third ridge (fig. 47) ; general colour brown, with an
SUID.E
311
individual tendency to blackish, greyish, or rut'ous ; face,
cheeks, and throat with a grizzling of whitish hairs, which
does not, however, form definite markings ; bristles of nape
long, but not forming a conspicuous crest ; under-fur
(occasionally wantiug) thick and woolly ; young brown with
blackish stripes.
The range formerly included the whole of the afforested
districts of temperate Europe, from Ireland and Scandinavia
Fig. 49. — Side View of Skull, with the Lower Jaw detached, of
Wild Boar {Sus scrofa). ^ nat. size.
From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe.
eastwards, but is now limited to the countries south of the
Baltic ; eastwards it appears to include all temperate Asia
north of the line of the Himalaya.
The better-known races are distinguishable as follows : —
A. Colour dark, without marked contrast between
body and limbs.
a. Size very large ; upper skull-length
171 inches *S'. s. attila.
h. Size smaller; skull-length 15 to 16J inches 8. s. scrofa.
312 CATAL0C4UE OF UNGULATES
c. Size smaller ; * skull-length 14^ inches... S. s. hjhicus.
d. Size smaller; skull-length 13| inches S. s. castilianiis.
c. Size smaller ; skull-length 11-^ inches ;
face banded >S". s. ineridionalis.
f. Size slightly smaller; skull-length 11 J
inches ; face not banded ; no under-fur S. s. boeticus.
B. Colour lighter, with a distinct contrast between
body and limbs (which are black) S. s. iiigripes.
A B
Pig. 50. — Frontal (A) and Palatal (B) Aspects of Skull of
Wild Boar {Stis scrofa). J nat. size.
From Miller, Cat. Mamm. Western Europe.
S. s. harharus, S. s. mowpincnsis, and S. s. scnnaarcnsis
(the last two of which are only provisionally included under
the present specific heading) are too imperfectly known to be
definitely classified.
* One specimen only.
SUIDyE 313
A.— Sus scFofa scrofa.
Sus scrofa ferus, Gmelin, Linn.'s Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 207, 1788;
Gi-ay, Froc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 13 ; Ncliring, Sitzber. Ges. nat.
Freunde, 1890, p. 9.
Sus scrofa scrofa, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 392.
Typical locality Germany.
Size relatively large, upper skull-length ranging from
about 15 to 16^ inches (380-410 mm.); woolly under-fur
developed ; third ridge of last upper molar distinct (fig. 47).
58, a. Skin, young. Europe (?). Ty])e o^ S. fasciat us.
No liistory.
713, y». Skeleton. Germany.
Transferred from Zoological Society s Museum.
43. 12. 29. 12. Skin, young. France.
Purchased (Lefehre), 1843.
58.5.4.38(713,/). Skull, immature female. Europe.*
Purchased (Zoological Society), 1858.
58. 5. 4. 42 (713,/.'). Skull, young. Europe.
Same Idstory.
59.9.6.100(713,7). Skull. Wiirtemberg; collected
by Dr. A. Giintlier. Purchased, 1859.
62. 3. 20. 6. Skull. Germany. Purchased, 1862.
92. 8. 3. 1. Skin. Waldleiningen, Baden. Presented
by H.P.H. the Grand Duhe Louis of Hesse, 1892.
13. 2. 22. 1. Skull and skin, young. Valescure, Var,
France. Presented hy W. E. de Winton, Esej^., 1913.
B.— Sus scrofa meridionalis.
Sus scrofa meridionalis, Major, Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. vol. iii,
P.V. p. 119, 1881, vol. vi, p. 346, 1883, Zool. Anz. vol. vi, p. 295,
1883 ; StcliUn, Ahh. schweiz. fal. Oes. vol. xxvi, p. 68, 1899.
Sus scrofa var. sardous, Strobcl, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. vol. xxv,
' p. 221, 1882 ; Troucssart, Faune Mamm. Europe, p. 226, 1910 ;
Deliaut, Hist. Zool. Pal. Corse et Sardaigne, fasc. 4, p. 64,
pis. i, ii, 1912.
Sus meridionalis. Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe, p. 960, 1912.
Typical locality Sardinia ; the range may include Corsica
{vide Dehaut, op. cit.).
* Specimens of which the locality is uncertain may belong to
other races.
314 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Smaller than typical race, the upper skull-length about
11|- inches (oOO mm.); talon of thu'd upper molar obsolete:
colour generally similar, but a light band on each side of the
face, which unites with its fellow on under surface of the
muzzle to form a chevron. Major and Dehaut regard this
race as nearly related to the Malay S. vittatus, between which
and S. scrofa it is stated by the former writer to be almost
exactly intermediate ; probably no under-fur.
No specimen in collection.
C— Sus scrofa castilianus.
Sus scrofa castilianus, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, pp. 391 and
392 (Abs. P.Z.S. 1912, p. 13) ; Miller, Cat.Mamm. West. Europe,
p. 960, 1912 ; Cabrera, Cat. Met. Mamm. Mas. Madrid, p. 133,
1912.
Typical locality Burgos, Northern Spain.
Intermediate in point of size between typical race and
the undermentioned S. s. hcetious : length of upper surface of
skull about 13f inches (353 mm.) ; under-fur present.
11. 10. 5. 3. Skull and skin. Quintanar de la Sierra,
near Burgos ; collected by Eev. S. Gonzales. Type.
Presented hj the Hon. N. C. liothschild, 1911.
8. 7. 7. 32, 33. Two skulls and skins, female. Same
locality ; collected by Srs. S. and N. Gonzales.
Purchased, 1908.
D.— Sus scrofa boBticus.
Sus scrofa boeticus, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, pp. 391 and 393
{Abs. P.Z.S. 1912, p. 14); Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Europe,
p. 960, 1912.
Typical locality Coto Donana, Huelva, Southern Spain.
Smaller than preceding race — length of upper surface of
skull about 11 f inches (324 mm.), without under-fur.
95. 9. 4. 16. Skull and skin, female. Almonte, Seville.
Presented hy the Lord^ Lilford, 1895.
8. 3. 8. 12. Skull and skin. Coto Donana. Type.
Presented hj Abel Chapman, Psq., 1908.
8. 3. 8. 13. Skull, Same locality. Same history.
SUID.E 315
E.— Sus scrofa barbarus.
Sus scrofa, var. barbarus, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 43.
Sus scrofa barbarus, Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 338,
1869; LydeH-er, Game Animals of Africa, p. 389, 1908.
Typical locality Morocco.
Imperfectly known, but stated to have a shorter and less
abundant coat than French wild boars, from which it also
frequently differs by its rather darker colour. From 33 to
35 inches is the probable shoulder-height, although a still
taller stature has been suggested.
* * * *. Skin, immature, mounted. jMorocco ; collected
by E. W. A. Drummond, Esq. Purchased {Zoological Society).
62. 12. 26. 1 (713, v). Skin and skeleton. Barbary.
Type(?). Purchased {Zoological Societg), 1862.
64. 12. 4. 1. Skeleton. Barbary.
Presented hy H. Christy, Esq., 1864.
12. 10. 17. 1. Skull and skin, immature. Morocco;
collected by Major H. F. Brooke.
Presented hy the Zoologiced Society, 1912.
F.— Sus scrofa sennaarensis.
Sus sennaarensis, Fitzinger, Sitzher. h. Ah. Wiss. Wien. vol. xix,
p. 365, 1864; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 32, Cat. Carni-
vora, etc. Brit. Mtis. p. 338, 1869; Hartmann, Zeits. Erdkunde,
vol. iii, p. 349, 1868.
Sus vittatus sennaariensis, Major, Zool. Anz. vol. vi, p. 296, 1883.
Sus scrofa, Anderson and de Winton, Mamm. Egypt, p. 354, pi. Ixiii,
1902.
Sus scrofa sennarensis, Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, p. 390,
1908.
Typical locality Sennar ; the range also including Kor-
dofan and neighbouring districts.
Imperfectly known, coat stated to be very dense and
bristly, and dull olive-black variegated with yellow in colour.
Eeference to present species provisional.
Xo specimen in collection.
)16 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
G. -Sus scrofa lybicus.
Sus lybicus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 31, Cat. Carnivora, etc.
Brit. Mas. p. 338, 1869, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamin. Brit.
Mas. p. 65, 1872.
Typical locality Xauthus, Asia jMiiior ; tlie range may
include Syria.
Described on the evidence of tlie undermentioned skull,
which measures 14^ inches in length, and is stated to differ
from all skulls of German wild boars.
44. 7. 13. 7 (713, a). Skull, female. Xanthus, Asia
Minor. Type. Presented hy Sir Charles Felloivs, 1844.
14. 4. 17. 1. Skull and skin. Karajasi, Tiflis, Asia
Minor. Presented hy the
Tifiis Muscuiii {through Col. Kaznahoiv), 1914.
14. 4. 17. 2. Skull and skin, female. Same locality.
Suriic history.
H.— Sus scrofa attila.
Sus attila, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, pp. 391 and 393 {Ahs.
P.Z.S. 1912, p. 13) ; Miller, Cat. Mamm. West. Euroi)c, p. 960,
1912.
Sus scrofa attila, Lydekker, Ward's Records of Big Game, ed. 7,
p. 452, 1914.
Typical locality Kolozsvar (or Klausenburg), Transyl-
vania ; limits of range to eastward not yet ascertained.
Considerably larger than typical race, upper skull-length
about 17f inches (452 mm.) ; woolly under-fur present ;
general colour apparently rather lighter than in typical race.
This eastern representative of the wild boar bears almost
exactly the same relation to the typical German animal as is
presented by the maral or eastern red deer (supi^a, p. 126) to
the red deer of Western Europe ; and if the maral be regarded
as a subspecies rather than a full species, the same view
must be held in the case of the eastern wild boar.
3. 3. 12. 1. Skin, mounted. Volhynia, Russian Poland,
Presented hy Count Josef Potocki, 1903.
12. 1. 23. 1. Skull and skin. Kolozsvar, Transylvania;
collected December, 1911. Type.
Presented hy Friiulcin Sctrolta con Wertheimstein, 1912.
SUIDiE 317
14. 3. 19. 1. Skull and skin. SoLorin, Comitad Arad,
Hungary. Same donor, 1914.
The following specimens are provisionally referred to
this race : —
87. 12. 22. 2. Skull, female. Northern slope of Western
Caucasus. Presented hy St. George Littledale, Esq., 1887.
91. 8. 10. 1. Head, mounted. N.W. Amurland.
Prescnicd lij the Hon. Wcdter Bothschild, 1891.
92. 3. IG. 10. Skull. Northern side of Western Cau-
casus. Presented hy St. Georeje Littledede, Esq., 1892.
I. Sus scrofa nigripes.
Sus scrofa, var. nigripes, Blanford, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
vol. xliv, pt. ii, p. 112, 1875, Zool. Second Yarl-and Mission,
Mamm. p. 79, 1879 ; W. L. Sclafer, Cat. Mamm. hid. Mus.
pt. ii, p. 195, 1891 ; J. H. Miller, Field, vol. cxx, p. 284 (fig.), 1912.
Sus scrofa nigripes, LydekA-er, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc.
p. 279, 1901.
Typical locality Tien Shan, in the Kashgar district.
Co-types in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.
Size large ; general colour light dull brown, without
admixture of ])lack hairs ; feet and much of the rest of the
legs black ; a pale hair-brown woolly under-fur present ; ears
darker than head and back, and a black ring round each eye ;
occipital plane forming a more obtuse angle with Ijase of
skull than in Hungarian race.
12. 7. 27. 1. Skull. Tien Slian ; collected by J. H.
Miller, Esq. Purehascd, 1912,
J.— Sus scrofa moupinensis.
Sus moupinensis, Milne-Edwards, Arch. Mus. Paris, vol. vii, Bull.
p. 93, 1872, Rech. Mamm. p. 377, pis. Ixxx and Ixxxi, 1874;
Lydctiker, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 288, 1907 ; Allen,
Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. liv, p. 205, 1912.
Sus vittatus moupinensis. Major, Zool. Anz. vol. vi, p. 296, 1883.
Sus cristatus moupinensis, Lydehlcer, Great and S)nall Game of
India, etc. p. 266, 1900.
Typical locality Moupin, Sze-chuan, Western China.
T3'pe in Paris Museum.
318 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Said to lie in a considerable degree intermediate between
aS^. scrofa and f>. I'ittatn^.
9G. 11. 4. 4. Skull and skin. Sze-cbuan ; collected by
Berezowski. r>y exc.lidwic irifli Trim/ Afi/smm,, 1896.
II. SU8 CEISTATUS.
Sus scrofa, Syhes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831 ; Elliot, Madras Journ.
voL X, p. 219, 1839 ; McCleland, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 150 ;
Adams, ibid. 1858, p. 531 ; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, p. 139, 1863 ; Blanford, Journ. Asiat. Bengal, vol. xxxvi,
p. 197, 1868; Anderson, Journ. Linyi. Soc. vol. xxi, p. 341, 1889;
nee Linn.
Sus cristatus, Wagner, MiincJi. Gelehrt. Anz. vol. ix, p. 535 (misprint
for 435), 1839; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 27, Cat. Carnivora,
etc. Brit. Mus. p. 333, 1869, Hand-List Thich-sMnned Mamm.
Brit. Mus. p. 62, 1873 ; Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
vol. xliv, pi. ii, 1875, Mamm. and Birds Burma, p. 43, 1875 ;
Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mas. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii,
p. 345, 1884 ; Mtirray, Zool. ofSind, p. 54, 1884 ; W. L. Sclater,
Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 193, 1891 ; Blanford, Fauna
Brit. India, Mamm. p. 560, 1891 ; Flower and. LydeTiher, Study
of Mammals, p. 283, 1891; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 354,
1893, Great and Small Game of Lidia, p. 258, 1900, Game
Animals of Lidia, p. 277, 1907 ; Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900,
p. 375 ; Wroug1ito7i, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xxi,
p. 1194, 1912 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 454, 1910,
ed. 7, p. 453, 1914.
Sus indicus. Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 185, 1843 ; Hutton and
Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xv, p. 135, 1846 ; Cantor,
ibid. p. 261, 1846; Kelaart, Prodr. Faunce Zeylan. p. 78, 1852;
Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxix, p. 105, 1857 ;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 277, 1862; Jerdon,
Mamm. India, p. 241, 1867 ; MacMaster, Notes on Jerdon,
p. 59, 1870; Stolizcka, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xli,
pt. ii, p. 228, 1873; Lydekker, ibid. vol. xlvi, p. 287, 1876;
Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 416, 1884.
Sus aper, vars, alponius et isonotus, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc,
Bengal, vol. x, p. 911, 1842.
Sus affinis. Gray, Cat. Osteol. Brit. Mus. p. 71, 1847.
Sus zeylonensis, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xx, p. 173,
1852, vol. xxi, p. 351, 1853, vol. xxix, p. 105, 1860.
Sus bengalensis, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxix, p. 105,
1860.
Sus vittatus ci'istatus, Major, Zool. Anz. vol. vi, p. 296, 1883.
Typical locality probably the Malabar coast.
Size typically large, the shoulder-height ranging from
28 to 36 inches ; distinguished from typical 8. scrofa by the
greater development of the nuchal crest, or mane, and llie
sriD.E 319
larger size and greater complexity of the last, or third, molar
in each jaw, as well as by the taller build and the scantier
coat, under-fur being absent. The trans-Gangetic form was
separated as S. hengalensis on account of the supposed less
development of the parietal constriction of the skull.
The distributional area includes India — to a considerable
height in the Himalaya — Ceylon, Burma, Tenasserim, Siam,
part of the Malay Peninsula, and some of the adjacent islands.
The Tenasserim representative of the species is small.
A.— Sus cpistatus cristatus.
Sus cristatus typicus, Lydel-ker, Oreat and Small Game of India,
p. 261, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 279, 1907.
Typical locality probably the Malabar coast.
General character those of the species.
716, h. Skull. India.
Bequeathed hj Gen. T. Hardivicke, about 1835.
716, ^. Skull, young. Nepal.
Presented hi/ B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
716, 0. Skull, wanting tusks. India.
Presented hj Sir John Boilecm.
38. 3. 13. 48 (716, v). Skull. Nilgirl Hills, Travancore.
Type of S. afinis. Purcheised (Turner), 1838.
38. 3. 13. 49 (716,;.'). Skull. Malabar.
Purchased {Turner), 1838.
45. 1. 8. 86 (716,/). SkulL Nepal.
Presented hi/ B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
45. 1. 8. 87 (716, e). Skull. Nepal. Seime history.
45. 1. 8. 88 (716, el). Skull. Nepal. Same history.
45. 1. 8. 89 (716, e). Skull, immature. Nepal.
Same history.
45. 1. 8. 91 (716, i). Skull, with milk-teeth. Nepal.
Same history.
45. 1. 8. 92 (716, y). A similar specimen. Nepal.
Same history.
52. 11. 12. 1 (716, j?). Skull. India. Purchased, 1852.
56. 5. 6. 57 (716, /). Skull. Nepal Tarai ; collected by
W. Theobald, Esq. Presented hy Dr. T. Oldham, 1856.
'^Q. 5. 6. 58 (716, m). Skull, immature female. Same
locality and collector. ■ Same history.
320 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
56. 5. 6. 50 (716, n). Skull, female. Same locality and
collector. Scnne histonj.
58. 6. 24. 123 (716, w). Skull. Sikhim.
Presented hy B. H. Hodgson, Escj^., 1858.
58. 6. 24. 124 (716, .s). Skull. Same locality.
Same Idstory.
58. 6. 24. 125 (716, t). Skull. Same locality.
Scime history.
86. 2. 1. 6. Skull. Siiid.
By exchetnge loith the Karachi Museum, 1886.
1. 6. 20. 2. -Skin, uiouuted, and skull. From a herd
kept by H.M. (^ueen Victoria in Windsor Forest.
Fresented hy H.M. King Edimrd VII., 1901.
1. 6. 20. 3. Skull and skin, female. From the Windsor
herd. Same history.
3. 2. 6. 76. Skull and head-skin, immature. Jalor,
Malay Peninsula. Presented hy Messrs. H. C. Bohinson einel
N. Annemdale, 1903.
6. 5. 28. 1. Skin, mounted, and skull. Central Provinces.
Purchased {Wetrd), 1906.
12. 11. 17. 1. Skin, mounted. Wardha district, Central
Provinces. A very large old grey boar.
Presented hy F. C. Anderson, Escj^., 1912.
B.— Sus cristatus jubatus.
Sus jubatus, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxx, p. 745, 1906.
Sus cristatus jubatus, Lydeliher, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 283,
1907.
Typical locality Trong, Lower Siam.
Type in U.S. ISTational Museum, Washington.
Smaller than typical race, with proportionately smaller
and nearly l^are ears.
No specimen in collection.
C— Sus cristatus jubatulus.
Sus jubatulus, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxx, p. 746, 1906.
Sus cristatus jubatulus, LyclcM-er, Game Animals of India, etc.
p. 283, 1907.
Typical locality Pulo Terutau, off the Malay Peninsula.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
SUID.-K 321
Similar to preceding race, but smaller.
9. 11. 1. 152. Skull. Pulo Langkawi, off the Malay
Peninsula ; collected by H. C. Robinson, Esq. Presented hy
the Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909.
9. 11. 1. 153. Skull. Pulo Terutau ; same collector.
Same history.
9. 11. 1. 154. Skull, female. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
9. 11. 1. 155. Skull, female. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
9.11.1.156. Skull, female. Same locality and collector.
Sa7ne history.
9. 11. 1. 157. Skull, young female, imperfect. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
9.11.1.158. Skull, female. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
III. SUS LEUCOMYSTAX.
Sus leucomystax, TemmincTc, SieholcVs Fauna Japon., Mamm. p, 6,
pi. XX, 1842; SwinJwe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1865, p. 466, 1870,
p. 640 ; Gray, ibid. 1868, p. 26, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus.
p. 333, 1869, Hand-List Tliich- shinned Mamm. Brit. AIus. p. 61,
1873 ; Nehring. Sitzher. Ges. nat. Freuyide, 1885, p. 142, Zool.
<?rtr^e?z, vol. xxvi, p. 325, 1885; Stehlin, Ahh. scluveiz. pal. Ges.
vol. xxvi, p. 69, 1899 ; Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1905, vol. ii,
p. 357 ; Aoki, Annot. Zool. Japan, vol. viii, p. 339, 1913.
Sus vittatus leucomystax, Major, Zool. Anz. vol. vi, p. 296, 1883.
Sus vittatus japonica, Nehring, Zool. Garten, vol. xxvi, p. 336, 1885.
Typical locality Japan, including the Islands of Hondo,
Shikoku, and Kiushiu.
Apparently allied to >S'. vittatus, but provisionally allowed
to rank as a separate species, as the fauna of Japan is in
general markedly distinct from that of Malaya.
General colour blackish brown, with a streak from angles
of mouth to lower jaw and under-parts white ; ears densely
haired ; skull relatively wider than in S. scrofa with a higher
lachrymal. The white muzzle-streak is stated by Nehring
to occur occasionally in 8. scrofa.
The range includes Formosa ; the two races usually
recognised being distinguished as follows : —
A. Size larger, ears larger S. I. leucomystax.
B. Size smaller, ears smaller «S'. I. taivanus.
IV. Y
322 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
A.— Sus leucomystax leucomystax.
Typical (and only) locality Japan.
Size large, with relatively big ears.
67. 7. 8. 22. Skeleton, young, provisionally referred to
this race. Pvrchasecl {Zoological Society), 1867.
70. 20. 10. .38 (1595, a, b). Skull and skin ; collected at
Shanghai by 11. Swinhoe, Esq. Purchased, 1870.
80. 3. 20. 29. Skull. Japan ; collected by H. Pryer, Esq.
Purchased (Janson), 1880.
5. 5. 30. 28. Skull and skin, female. Washikaguchi,
Hondo ; collected by M. P. Anderson, Esq.
Presented hj the LvM of Bedford, K.G., 1905.
B.— Sus leucomystax taivanus.
Porcula taivana, Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 360.
Sus taivanus, Sivinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 383, 1870, p. 641 ;
Gray, ibid. 1867, p. 240, 1868, p. 26, Hand-List Thick-skinned
Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 61, 1873 ; Aoki, Annot. Zool. Japon.
vol. viii, p. 340, 1913.
Sus vittatus taivanus, Major, Zool. Anz. vol. vi, p. 296, 1883.
Typical locality Formosa.
Smaller than typical race, with proportionately smaller
ears.
The under-mentioned specimens represent the type of
the race.
68. 10. 9. 1 (1594, /, rn). Skull, without lower jaw,
immature, and lower jaw of a second and older animal.
S. W. Formosa. Presented hj B. T. Collingiuood, Esq., 1868.
70. 2. 10. 39. Skin. Formosa ; collected by E. Swin-
hoe, Esq. Purchased, 1870.
70. 2. 10. 40. Skin, immature. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
70. 2. 10. 41 (1594, 1). Skin, youug. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
70. 2. 10. 42 (1594, c). Skin, young. Same locality and
collector. Satne history.
70. 2. 10. 43 (1594, /). Skin. Same locality and
collector. • Same history.
suiD.i: 323
70. 2. 10. 84 (1504,;). Skull, female. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
70. 2. 10. 85 (1594, h). Skull. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
70. 2. 10. 86 (1594, />:). Skull, young female. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
70. 2. 10. 87 (1594, i). Skull, female. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
70. 2. 10. 88 (1594, a). Skull and skin, immature female.
Same locality and collector. Same history.
96. 5. 2. 1-2. Two skins. Formosa ; collected by P. A.
Hoist, Esq. Purchased {Danfelt), 1896.
9. 4. 1. 507. Skull and skin, Palo Bintang, Ehio
Linga Archipelago ; collected by H. C. Eol)inson, Esq.
Presented ly the Government of the
Federated Malay States, 1909.
In addition to the above, the following name has been
proposed for a wild swine from Yladivostock, regarded by
its describer as a continental race of the present species : —
Sus leucomystax var. continentalis, Nehring, Sitzber. Ges. Nat.
Freunde, 1889, p. 141.
IV. sus VITTATUS.
Sus vittatus, Mailer and Schlegel, Verh. Zoogd. Ind. ArcJiip. vol. i,
p. 172, pi. xxix, 1842 ; Graij, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 442, 1868,
p. 25, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 331, 1869; Gerrard,
Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 277, 1862; Major, Zool.
Anz. vol. vi, p. 296, 1883 ; Jentink, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xiii,
p. 89, 1891, vol. xxvi, p. 175, 1905 ; Lydelcker, Horns and Hoofs,
p. 359, 1893, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 284, 1907 ; Miller,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxvi, p. 446, 1903, vol. xxx, p. 748,
1906 ; Stehlin, Abh. schiveiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvi, p. 69, 1899 ;
Volz. Zool, Jalirb., Syst. vol. xx, p. 513, 1904 ; Steele, Rev. Suisse
Zool. vol. xiv, p. 33, 1907; Lyon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol.
xxxiv, p. 628, 1908 ; Bauschhe, Arch. Naturgesch. 1911, p. 1.
Sus scrofa, var. Giebel, Sdugethiere, p. 225, 1855.
Aulacochcerus vittatus. Gray, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit.
Mus. p. 58, 1873.
Type of Aulacochcerus.
Typical locality Sumatra.
Type in Leyden Museum.
General colour dark brown variegated with reddish brown,
Y 2 •
324 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
with a black spinal stripe, rising into a crest on the neck,
where the bristles are tipped with rufous ; typically a broad
reddish brown band along middle of muzzle, broadening at
angles of mouth and on sides of upper lip, whence it extends
backwards to disappear on sides of neck, in old animals
frequently obsolete ; no warts or tufts on face; ears moderate ;
tail-tuft small and flattened ; young striped with alternating
black and reddisli brown bands ; canines as in S. scrofa
(p. 310); skull of moderate length and slenderness, but of
unusual height, owing to the depth of the lower jaw, with
a short muzzle, in which the anterior upper premolar is
approximated to the canine, while the interval between the
first and second lower premolars, like that between the
canine and outermost lower incisor, is also unusually short ;
last molar in each jaw short and simple.
The range includes Sumatra, Java, Flores, the Malay
Peninsula, etc.
The following " key " to the local races (with the exception
of the third and last) is modified from one given by Miller.
A. Upper skull-length less than 11^ inches (290
mm.).*
a. Length of upper tooth-row about Sy^ inches
(83 mm.) S. v. andamanensis.
b. Length of upper tooth-row about 3f inches
(95 mm.).
6'. Palate wider S. v. nicobaricus.
c\ Palate narrower, the width not greater
than maximum width of m. 3 S. v. mimus.
B, Upper skull-length exceeding 11^ inches (290
mm.).
a. Upper molars larger -S'. v. niadensis.
b. Upper molars smaller.
b^. "Width of palate (last molars included)
less than half the length of upper tooth -
row to point of tusk,
b". Width of parietal constriction greater.
b^. General colour yellower S. v. miller i.
c^. General coloiir redder S. v, vittatus.
C-. Width of parietal constriction less.
c^ Colour greyer, teeth smaller S. v. andersoni.
d^. Colour redder, teeth larger S. v. rhionis.
S. V. floresianus should come in this group.
8UID.E 325
c'. Width of palate (last molars included)
equal to or greater than half the length
of upper tooth-row to front of tusk,
r^ Skull-length about 13i inches (342
mm.) S. V. pen insular is.
d". Skull-length about 12| inches (310
mm.).
(l^. A small diastema behind tusk S. v. hahi.
e^. No diastema behind tusk' S. v. natunensis.
A.— Sus vittatus vittatus.
Typical locality Sumatra.
Bristles of head and body subtermiiially ringed with
reddish brown, which communicates a rufous tinge to the
entire coat.
43. 12. 27. 1 (1362. a). Skin, mounted. Locality
unknown, and reference provisional.
Furchascd (Franks), 1843.
B.— Sus vittatus milleri.
Sus milleri, Jcntink, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xxvi, p. 176, 1905.
Typical locality Java.
Type in Leyden Museum.
Yellower and lighter than typical race, with the light
band on the muzzle yellowish brown ; bristles on head and
body more sparse, with the subterminal ring yellowish
brown.
55. 4. 14. 1 (1362, h). Skull. Java ; collected by Dr. A. li.
Wallace, O.M. Noticed by Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 6, vol. xix, p. 532. Purchased, 1855.
C— Sus vittatus floresianus.
Sus floresianus, Jentinh, Notes Leyden Mas. vol. xxvi, p. 178, 1905.
Typical locality Flores.
Type in Leyden Museum.
Described from the skull, which, although smaller than
in the typical race— upper length 10^ inches (260 mm.),
against 13 inches (330 mm.)— is very thick, massive, short,
and wide, with a bony maxillary protuberance below the
326 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
infra-orbital foramen, and the premaxilla; terminating
abruptly in front of the incisors instead of being prolonged
some distance in advance.
No specimen in collection.
D.— Sus vittatus andamanensis.
Sus andamanensis, Bhjth, Journ. Asiaf. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxvii,
p. 267, 1858, vol. xxviii, p. 271, 1859, vol. xxix, p. 103, 1860, Cat.
Mamm. Mus. Asiaf. Soc. Bengal, p. 141, 1863 ; Gray, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1868, p. 29, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 336, 1869,
Hand-List ThicJi-sMnned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 64, 1873;
W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 195, 1891;
Blanford, Farina Brit. India, Mamm. p. 562, 1891 ; Lydekker,
Horns and Hoofs, p. 358, 1893 ; Stehlin, Abh. schiveiz. pal. Ges.
vol. xxvi, p. 69, 1899; Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxiv,
p. 752, 1902, vol. XXX, p. 754, 1906.
Sus cristatus andamanensis, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of
India, etc. p. 265, 1900.
Sus vittatus andamanensis, Major, Zool. Anz. vol. vi, p. 296, 1883 ;
Lydekker, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 284, 1907.
Typical locality Port Blair, S. Andaman Island.
Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.
A small race, standing about 20 inches at the shoulder,
and externally very similar to a dwarf *S'. cristatus, but
distinguished from that species by the simpler structure of
the last molar, which in the upper jaw normally carries only
two transverse ridges and a talon ; general colour blackish,
with a brown tinge on the mane.
Miller, although regarding it as a member of the
>S^. vittatus group, emphasises the affinity of this race to the
Tenasserim form of >S'. cristatus.
67. 6. 18. 1 (1497, a). Skull, wanting lower jaw.
Andaman Islands. A lower jaw (1497, /) sent with this
specimen represents another individual.
Presented hy W. Theobald, Esq., 1867.
67. 9. 28. 6 (1497, h). Skull, female, wanting tusks.
Same locality. Same history.
68. 3. 21. 78 (1479, c). Skin and skeleton. Andamans ;
collected by Capt. Frain.
Purchased (Zoological Society), 1868.
67. 10. 5. 22. Skin, very young, mounted. Zoological
Gardens. Purchased (Zoological Society), 1867.
suiD^ 32 /
70. 8. 17. 2 (1497, d). Skull, female. Andamans.
Presented ly Surgeon-General F. Day, 1870.
88. 3. 20. 3. Skull. Andamans; collected by Dr. F.
Stoliczka. Presented hy B. Lydekker, Esq., 1888.
E.— Sus vittatus nicobaricus.
Sus nicobaricus, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. vol. xxiv, p. 755, 1902,
vol. XXX, p. 754, 1906.
Sus vittatus nicobaricus, LydekJcer, Game Animals of India, etc.
p. 284, 1907.
Typical locality Great Nicobar Island.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Eather larger than >S^. v. andamanends, with markedly
larger cheek-teeth ; colour wholly black ; tail with a sparse,
nearly uniform growth of long black hairs.
No specimen in collection.
F.— Sus vittatus peninsularis.
Sub peninsularis. Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxx, p. 749, 1906.
Sus vittatus peninsularis, LydeJcker, Game Animals of India, etc.
p. 284, 1907.
Typical locality Johore, Malay Peninsula.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
The largest of all the races, the upper skull-length being
about 13^ inches (342 mm.).
No specimen in collection.
G,— Sus vittatus rhionis.
Sus rhionis, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxx, p. 749, 1906,
vol. xxxi, p. 256, 1906 ; Thomas and Wroiighton, Journ. Fed.
Malay Mus. vol. i, p. 127, 1910.
Typical locality Karimon Island, Ithio Linga Archipelago.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Skull narrower than in typical race, with the interparietal
constriction so strongly developed that its width is less than
that of the nasals at their base.
0. 4. 1. 508. Skull and skin. Karimon Island, Ehio
lAnga Group ; collected by H. C. Robinson, Esq.
Presented hythe Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909.
328 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
H.— Sus vittatus andersoni.
Sus andersoni, Thomas and Wroughton, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 8,
vol. iii, p. 441, 1909, Journ. Fed. Malay Mus. vol. iv, p. 127,
1910.
Typical locality Balam Island, Eliio Linga Archipelago ;
the range also includes Bintang and Karimon Islands.
Differs from ^S*. v. rhionis by the greyer colour of the
adult and the redder tint of the young, as well as by the
smaller teeth, especially the second upper incisor and
the premolars.
9. 4. 1. 509. Skull and skin, female. Bintang Island,
Ehio Linga Archipelago ; collected by Mr. E. Seimund.
Presented hijthe Government of the Federated Malay States, 1909.
9. 4. 1. 510. Skull and skin, female. Batam Island,
Ehio Linga Group ; same collector. Same history.
9. 4. 1. 511. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and
collector. Type. Same history.
9. 4. 1. 512. Skull and skin, female. Karimon Island,
Ehio Linga Group. Same history.
I.— Sus vittatus niadensis.
Sus niadensis. Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxx, p. 751, 1906.
Typical locality Nias Island.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Like typical race, but with larger second and third
molais.
No specimen in collection.
J.— Sus vittatus babi.
Sus babi, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxx, p. 752, 1906.
Typical locality Pulo Babi, off western Sumatra.
Type in L''.S. National Museum, Washington.
Similar in size to typical race, but colour much darker
and skull wider.
No specimen in collection.
suiD.E 320
K.— Sus vittatus natunensis.
Sus, sj)., TJwnias and Hartert, Novit. Zool. vol. i, p. 660, 1894,
vol. ii, p. 492, 1895.
Sus natunensis. Miller, Proc. Washington Ac. Sci. vol. iii, p. 117,
1901, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. vol. xxx, p. 753, 1906.
Typical locality Pulo Laut, uortliern jSTatima Islands.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Like S. V. haU, but colour lighter, and rostral portion of
skull shorter and wider. In general appearance very similar
to the small Tenasserim form of the typical race of
S. cristatus, but smaller ; general colour brownish, con-
trasting strongly with the black feet and legs.
No specimen in collection.
L.— Sus vittatus mimus.
Sus mimus. Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Alas. vol. xxx, p. 753, 1906.
Typical locality Simalur Island, off western Sumatra.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Similar in colour and skull-characters to S. v. hahi, but
much smaller.
No specimen in collection.
M.— Sus vittatus timoriensis.
Sus timoriensis, Miiller and Schlegel, Verli. Zoogd. Ind. Archip.
vol. i, pp. 42, 173 and 178, pi. xxxi, figs. 1-3, 1842; Jcntinh,
Notes Leyden Mas. vol. xiii, p. 95, 1891, vol. xxvi, p. 180, 1905.
Sus scrofa, var. Giebel, Sdiigethiere, p. 225, 1855.
Sus timorensis, Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mas. p. 278, 1862;
Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 28, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit.
Mas. p. 335, 1869, Hand-List Thick-sMnned Mamm. Brit. Mus.
p. 60, 1873.
Typical locality Timor ; the range also includes Eottia,
but not Macassar or Ternate, which are inhabited respectively
by S. celcbensis and " S. niger."
Probably a hybrid form, crossed with semi-domesticated
breeds ; the skull, according to Jentink, being markedly
different from that of the pure-bred S. v. florcsianus.
No specimen in collection.
330 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
The Papuan swine described under the following names
are regarded by Stehlin (Ahh. schweiz. jmI- Ges. vol. xxvi,
p. 292, 1899) and Bauschke {Arch. Naturgesch. vol. Ixxvii,
p. 1, 1911) as the descendants of domesticated or semi-
domesticated animals introduced by human agency ; the latter
writer considering that they are all derivatives from the
S. vittatus stock. In the Bismarck and Caroline groups
more or less pure-bred S. riftatvs occurs in a feral condition.
Sus papuensis, Lesson and Garnof, Bull. Sci. Nat. vol. vii, pp. 80
and 96, 1826, Voyage "Coquille," voL i, p. 171, pi. viii, 1826;
Gray, List Maimn. Brit. Mus. p. 135, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1858, p. 107, 1868, p. 33, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 339,
1869, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 60, 1873 ;
Peters and Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, vol. xvi, pp. 666 and 698,
1881 ; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 165 ; Flower and. Garson,
Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 347, 1884; Finsch,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 218; Jentink, Notes Lcyden Mus.
vol. xiii, p. 97, 1891, vol. xxvi, p. 188, 1905; Meyer, Ahh. Zool.
Mus. Dresden, vol. vi, p. 18, 1897 ; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field
Mus. {Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 31, 1907; Bauschke,
Arch. Naturgesch. 1911, p. 1 ; Dehaut, Zool. et Pal. Corse et
Sardaigne, p. 64, pi. iv, 1912.
Sus ternatensis, Meyer, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, vol. i, p. 276, 1877.
Sus aruensis, Bosenherg, Malay Archip. p. 862, 1878.
Sus araniensis, Rosenberg, op. cit. p. 368, 1878.
Sus niger, Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 217 ; Jentink, Notes
Leyden Mus. vol. xiii, p. 100, 1891, vol. xxvi, p. 190, 1905;
Meyer, Abh. Zool. Mus. Dresden, vol. vi, p. 18, 1896.
Typical locality New Guinea ; also recorded from the
Admiralty and Bismarck groups, Jappen, Waigiou, Misul,
Ternate, Salawatti, Tidore, Ceram, Batanta, and the Key,
Aru, Yule, and Louisiade groups.
Type in Paris Museum.
949, a. Skin, female, mounted. Xew Guinea.
Presented hi/ the Earl of Derby, 1843.
50. 7. 20. 134 (50. 9. 6. 15—949, h). Skin, mounted, and
skull, immature. Teuton Island, south coast of New Guinea.
Presented hy Capt. Owen Stanley, 1850.
60. 8. 27. 8 (1501, a). Skull, immature, provisionally
referred to the present group. Locality unknown (? Ternate) ;
collected by Dr. A. Pt. Wallace, O.M.
Purchased {Stevens), 1860.
61. 12. 11. 25 (1501, h). Skull. Ternate; same collector.
Entered in Gray's Hand-List as S. timorcnsis ; referred by
SUID.E 331
Major, Aim. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xix, p. 534, to a
species akin to B. vittatus. Purchased, 18G1.
66. 12. 30. 4 (1501, d). Skin and skeleton. Dampier
Straits, north-west New Guinea ; collected by E. Swinhoe,
Esq. Purchased {Zoological Society), 1866.
90. 2. 20. 11-13. Three skulls. Wild Island, Admiralty
group ; collected in 1875 during the cruise of H.M.S.
"Challenger." Presented hy the Government, 1890.
13. 6. 18. 113-115. Three skulls and skins. Letakusa
Valley, New Guinea ; collected by C. B. Kloss, Esq.
Presented hy the Wollaston Expedition, 1913.
13. 6. 18. 116-118. Three skulls. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
V. SUS CELEBENSIS.
Sus celebensis, Midler and Schlegel, Verh. Zoogd. Ind, Archip.
pi. xxviii bis, fig. 1, 1842 ; Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus.
p. 331, 1869; Nehring, Sitzher. Gee. nat. Freunde, 1888, p. 9,
Abh. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1889, p. 11, pis. i and ii, Zool. Anz.
vol. xiv, p. 45, 1891 ; Jentink, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xiii,
p. '96, 1891, vol. xxvi, p. 182, 1905; Meyer, Abh. Zool. Mus.
Dresden, vol. vi, p. 27, 1896 ; Stehlin, Abh. schweiz. jjal. Ges.
vol. xxvi, p. 70, pi. X, 1899; Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl.
p. 662, 1904 ; Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. {Field Mus. Zool.
Pub. vol. viii) p. 82, 1907.
Dasychcerus celebensis, Gray, Hand-List Thick-sTiinned Mamm.
Brit. Mus. p. 59, 1873.
Sus verrucosus celebensis, Major, Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist. ser. 6, vol.
xix, p. 537, 1897 ; Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. p. 895, 1898.
Typical locality Northern Celebes.
Type in Leyden Museum.
According to Jentink, the wild swine of Celebes is to a
considerable degree intermediate between aS'. vittatus and
>S^. verrucosus, having the facial markings and striped young
of the former and lower canines like those of the latter.
Typically a distinct tuft of light-coloured bristles on
hind portion of each cheek ; in half -grown individuals a
broad yellowish or brownish band on the sides of the muzzle,
and thence towards under surface of neck, this band being
more or less visible in adults ; a pair of small warts on
muzzle above angles of mouth ; a crest of long black bristles
between ears, continued along nape ; young striped ; skull
332 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
short and high ; lower canines of the type of those of
S. verrucosus (infra) ; enamel of molars thick.
In addition to Celebes, the range includes Menado,
Gorontalo, Saleyer, Batjan, Morotai, and Macassar, and the
Philippines.
The races are distinguishable as follows . —
A. Size medium ; premolars low.
a. Skull medium.
a'. Cheek-teeth larger S. c. cclebcnsis.
v. Cheek-teeth smaller S. c. nehringi.
b. Skull longer and lower S. c. pliilippinus.
c. Skull still longer and lower S. c. mindanensis.
d. Skull very narrow and relatively low S. c. ceramicus.
e. Skull broader.
e'. Skull higher S. c. aviboinensis.
e" . Skull lower S. c. horneensis.
B. Size small ; premolars tall S. c. minutus.
A. Sus celebensis celebensis.
Typical locality Northern Celebes.
General characters those of the species.
In addition to Northern Celebes, the range is taken to
include Menado, Gorontalo, Batjan, Morotai, and Macassar.
43. 12. 27. 2 (1596, h). Skin, mounted, immature.
Celebes. By exchange loith the Lryden Museum, 1843.
47. 5. 10. 2 (1596, a). Skin, mounted, and skull.
Celebes. Same history, 1847.
59. 4. 6. 4 (1501, c). Skull, immature. Macassar;
collected l>y Dr. A. E. Wallace, 0. M. Entered as
S. timorensis in Gray's Hand- List, but referred to present
species by Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xix,
p. 522. Purchased {Franks), 1859.
61. 12. 11. 26 (1362,70. Skull. Batjan (Batchian);
collected by Dr. A. E. Wallace, O.M. Entered in Gray's
Hand-List as Atdochcerus vittatus. Purchased, 1861.
72. 3. 5. 4. Skin, young. Macassar; collected by
Dr. A. B. Meyer. Pitrchased, 1872.
siJiD.E 333
B.— Sus celebensis nehringi.
Sus nehringii, Jentinh, Notes Leyden Mas. vol. xxvi, p. 186, 1905.
(?) Sus weberi, Jentinh, ojy. cit. p. 187, 1905.
Typical locality Southern Celebes.
Type in Leyden Museum.
Closely allied to typical race, but the cheek-teeth,
especially the molars, decidedly smaller. S. weberi, from the
adjacent island of Saleyer, was only provisionally separated
by Jentink.
No specimen in collection.
C— Sus celebensis philippensis.
Sus celebensis, var. philippensis, Nehring, Sitzher. Ges. nat. Freunde,
1886, p. 83. 1890, p. 9, 1894, p. 220, Abh. Zool. Ahis. Dresden,
1889, pp. 14 and 24, pis. i and ii,
Sus marchei, Huet, Le Naturaliste, vol. ii, p. 6, 1888, partim.
Sus arietinus, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Cliinois. vol. ii, p. 114,
pi. XX, fig. 1, 1892.
Sus microtis, Heude, o^'). cit. p. 115, pi. xx, b, fig. 6, 1892.
Sus frenatus, Heude, op. cit. p. 114, pi. xxvii, figs. 1-3, 1892.
Sus verrucosus philippensis, Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,
vol. xix, p. 527, 1897.
Sus philippensis, Thomas, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. xiv, p. 411, 1898;
Hollister, Philijjpine Journ. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii, p. 39, 1912 ;
Cabrera, Cat. Met. Mam. Mus. Madrid, p. 133, 1912.
Sus verrucosus philippinensis, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. p. 825, 1899.
Sus celebensis philippinensis, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm,, Siijijd. p. 662,
1904.
Typical locality Luzon, Philippines ; also recorded from
Basilan, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Saniar, etc.
Type in Berlin Museum.
Skull lower and more elongated than in typical race,
with a narrower muzzle, and a thinner and lower bony crest
above the upper canine ; molars of average size and
complexity, and premolars not abnormally tall.
54. 3. 11. 7. Young skin of this or one of the other
Philippine races. Philippines ; collected by H. Cuming, Esq.
F}(rc]iasecl, 1854.
97. 8. 4. 1. Skull and skin. Cap Ingano, North Luzon.
Presented hy J. Whitehead, Esq., 1897.
334 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
D.— Sus celebensis minutus.
Sus minutus, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii, p. 114,
pi. XX, B, fig. 1, 1892, vol. iv, p. 127, 1899 ; Major, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xix, p. 528, 1897 ; Hollister, Philippine
Journ. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii, p. 39, 1912.
Typical locality Luzon.
Smaller than the preceding and following races, with
relatively small and simple molars, and large tall premolars.
No example in collection.
E.— Sus celebensis mindanensis.
Sus incoustans, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii, p. 67,
1892, description insufficient; Hollister, Philippine Journ. Sci.
sect. D, vol. vii, p. 39, 1912.
Sus verrucosus mindanensis. Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,
vol. xix, p. 527, 1897.
Sus celebensis mindanensis, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. Suppl. p. 662,
1904.
Sus mindanensis, Hollister, Philippine Journ. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii,
p. 39, 1912.
Typical (and only) locality Mindanao, Philippines.
Skull still longer, lower, and narrower than in S. c. philip-
pensis, and the muzzle more elongated. In the Luzon race
the relative maximum width of skull is from 51*2 to 52 mm.,
and the length of the muzzle from 23-8 to 24*7 mm.,
whereas in the present race these dimensions are respectively
48*3 and 26-4 mm.
Major remarks that the characters by which S. c. philip-
pensLs and S. c. mindanensis differ from S. v. celebensis tend
to approximate the two former to S. verrucosus.
91. 11. 28. 3. Skull and skin. Ayala, Mindanao;
collected by the Steere Expedition. Type. Purchased, 1891.
7. 2. 2. 15. Skull and skin. Mount Apo, Mindanao ;
collected by M. P. Anderson, Esq.
Presented hj the Duke of Bedford, E.G., 1907.
7. 2. 2. 16. Skull, wanting nasals. Same locality and
collector. 8ame history.
7. 2. 2. 17. Skull, wanting nasals, and skin, immature.
Same locality and collector. 8ame history.
7. 2. 2. 18. Skull and skin, immature. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
suiD^ 335
F.— Sus eelebensis amboinensis.
Aulochoerus vittatus, Gray, Hand-List Thich-sTcinned Mamm. Brit.
Mas. p. 58, pi. xxiv, fig. 3, 1873 ; nee Milller and Sclilegel.
Sus verrucosus, Bolleston, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, vol. i, p. 271,
1877 ; nee Milller and Sclilegel.
Su3 verrueosus amboinensis, Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,
vol. xix, p. 527, 1897.
Sus eelebensis amboinensis, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Siip2)l. p. 662,
1904.
Sus amboinensis, Jentink, Notes Ley den Mus. vol. xxvi, p. 193, 1905.
Typical locality Amboina, west of Ceram.
Skull higher and broader than in >S'. c. pliilippensis, and
thus still more so than in >S'. c. mindancnsis, with a relatively
long postorbital region ; in length of muzzle nearly inter-
mediate between >S'. verrucosus and >S^. c. ccramicu.s.
59. 4. 6. 5* (1362, f?). Skull. Amboina; collected by
Pr. A. E. Wallace, CM. Co-type. Figured by Gray, loc. cit.
Piircliased, 1859.
59. 4. 6. 6 (1362, c). Skull. Same locality and collector.
Co-type. ^ Same history.
G.— Sus eelebensis ceramicus.
Sus verrueosus var. ceramicus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 24,
Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mns. p. 330, 1869 ; Meyer, Ahli. Zool.
Mus. Dresden, vol. vi, p. 18, 1896.
Dasychoerus vernicosi;s, Gray, Hand-List Tliiclx-sl-inned Mamm.
Brit. Mus. p. 59, 1873.
Sus verrueosus, Bolleston, Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, vol. i, p. 271,
1874.
Sus verrucosus ceramicus. Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,
vol. xix, p. 533, 1897.
Sus eelebensis ceramicus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suj^j^l. p. 662,
1904.
Sus ceramicus, Jentinli, Notes Ley den Mus. vol. xxvi, p. 193, 1905.
Typical locality Ceram.
Skull with very slender muzzle, narrower across zygomatic
arches than that of any other member of the group, and in
relative height inferior to all except S. c. mindanensis ; nasal
region extremely narrow, and crest above canine small and
* Major gave the number of this and the next specimen as
59. 6. 4. 5 and 59. 6. 4. 6.
336 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
weak ; last molar long and simple, resembling in the former
character S. verrucosus and in the latter the typical
S. c. celebensis and >S'. c. mnboinensis.
55. 4. 14. 2 {112, d). Skull. Cerara ; collected by
Dr. A. E. Wallace, O.M. Type. Purchased, 1855.
H.— Sus celebensis borneensis.
Sus vittatus, Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 277, 1862 ;
nee Milller and Schlegel.
Sus verrucosus, Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit, Mus. p. 330, 1867.
Dasychoerus verrucosus, Gray, Hand List TJdck-sMnned Mamm.
Brit. Mus. p. 59, 1873.
Sus verrucosus borneensis. Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,
vol. xix, p. 534, 1897.
Sus celebensis borneensis, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suj>pl. p. 662,
1904.
Sus borneensis, Jcntinh, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xxvi, p. 193, 1905.
Typical locality Borneo.
Skull short and broad, of the type of that of S. c. ccleljensis
and 8. c. amhoincnds (and thus altogether different from that
of S. c. ceraniicus), but less elevated, and with a shorter
incisor-area; crests above upper canines moderate, as in
S. verrucosus.
59. 8. 16. 5 (1362, «*). Skull. P.orneo ; collected by
Dr. A. i:. Wallace, O.M. Type. Purchased, 1859.
Incert.(E Sedis.
Neosus cebifrons, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. CJdnois, vol. ii,
p. 106, 1892.
Sus cebifrons. Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xix, p. 527,
1897 ; HoUister, Philijjpine Journ. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii, p. 38,
1912, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xlvi, p. 338, 1913.
Typical locality Masbate or Cebu, Philippines.
Eegarded by Major as probably a cross between a wild
and a domesticated pig.
No specimen in collection.
VI. SUS VERRUCOSUS.
Sus verrucosus, Milller and Schlegel, Verh. Zoogd. Ind. Archip.
vol. i, p. 107, pis. xxviii and xxxii, 1842 ; Gray, Cat. Carnivora,
etc. Brit. Mus. p. 330, 1869; JentinTi, Notes Leyden Mus.
* Misprinted 136, a in Gray's Hand-List.
suiD.E 337
vol. xiii, p. 93, 1891, vol. xxv, p. 168, 1905; LydeTcker, Horns
and Hoofs, p. 360, 1893, Game Animals of India, etc. p. 283,
1907 ; Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xix, p. 521, 1897 ;
Stehlin, Ahli. scMveiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvi, p. 70, 1899; Steele,
Bev. Zool. Suisse, vol. xiv, p. 33, 1907.
Sus scrofa, var. Giehel, Sdugetliiere, p. 225, 1855.
Dasyclioerus verrucosus. Gray, Hand-List TJnck-slcinned Mamm.
Brit. Mus. p. 59, 1873.
Sus mj'staceus. Gray, op. cit. p. 62, pi. xxv, 1873.
Type of Dasycliierus.
Typical locality Java.
Type in Leyden Museum.
Head elongated, with three pairs of warty protuberances,
surmounted with bristles, one situated above the upper
canines, the second and larger under each eye, and the third
and largest a little below the ears ; a nuchal and dorsal
crest, gradually diminishing in height towards the tail ; ears
relatively large and wide, with the basal portion forming a
closed cylinder ; tail without distinct terminal tuft ; general
colour black, Ijut certain bands on head and the whole
under-parts rufous ; young uniformly coloured ; muzzle bare
and flesh-coloured ; last molars very large and complex ;
lower canines (fig. 48, p. 310), with the hind surface
horizontal, and narrower than the outer one, which is the
broadest of the three ; skull of medium length and height,
with two infra-orbital foramina.
55. 4. 2. 2-3 (712, c). Skull, wanting upper canines.
Java. Purchased (Stevens), 1855.
62. 1. 22. 2 (712, c). Skin, mounted, and skeleton,
immature (? semi-domesticated). Java. Type of S. mysteieeus.
Purcluised {Zoological Society), 1862.
67. 4. 12. 211 (712,/). Skull. Java(?).
Lidth de Jeude Collection, imrchased, 1867.
67. 4. 12. 212 (712, i). Skull. Java(?). Same history.
67. 4. 12. 213 (1362, g). Skull, immature. Java(?);
entered in Gray's Hand-List as S. vittatus ; referred to the
present species by Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,
vol. xix, p. 539 (on p. 532 it is apparently referred to S. v.
celebensis). Same history.
67. 4. 12. 214 (712, h). Skull, wanting several teeth.
Java (?). Same history.
IV. z
338 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
67. 4. 12. 215 (712, g). Skull. Java (?). Same history.
67. 4. 12. 218 (1362,/). Skull, immature female. Java (?).
Entered in - Gray's Hand-List as S. vittatus ; referred to
present species by Major, op. cit. Same histonj.
9. 1. 5. 814-5. Two skulls and skins, young. Pan-
gandaran, Dirk de Vries Bay, Java; collected by CI. C.
Shortridge, Esq. Presented hy W. E. Balston, Esq., 1909.
9. 1. 5. 816. Skull and skiu(?), female. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
9. 1. 5. 817. Skvill, wanting part of lower jaw, and skin.
Same locality and collector. Same history.
9. 1. 5. 818. Skull and skin, immature. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
9. 1. 5. 819-20. Two skulls and skins, very young. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
9. 1. 5. 821. Skull and skin, immature. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
9. 1. 5. 822. Skull and skin. Tjilatjap, Java ; same
collector. Same history.
9. 1. 5. 827. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
9. 1. 5. 828-9. Two skulls and skins, very young. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
9. 1. 5. 831. Skull and skin, young. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
9. 1. 0. 832. Skull and skin. Kalipoetjang, Tji-Tandoei
Valley, Java ; same collector. Same history.
9. 1. 5. 833. Skull, imperfect, and skin, immature. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
9. 1. 5, 1120. Skull, imperfect, female. Western Java ;
same collector. Same history.
9. 1. 5. 1121. Skull, immature. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
9. 1. 5. 1222-3. Two skulls, without lower jaws, immature.
Same locality and collector. Same history.
VII. SUS BAKBATUS.
Sus barbatus, Milller, Tijdschr. Gescli. Phijsiol. vol. v, p. 149, 1839,
Verh. Zoogd. Ind. Arcliij). vol. i, pp. 42, 173 and 179, pi. xxx
and xxxi, 1842 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 278,
suiD^ 339
1862 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 32, Cat. Carnivora, etc.
Brit. Mus. p. 339, 1869; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus.
B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 347, 1884 ; Nehring, Sitzber. Ges. nat.
Freitnde, 1886, p. 82 ; Jentinh, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xiii,
p. 94, 1891, vol. xxvi, p. 161, 1905 ; Lydekher, Horns xnd Hoofs,
p. 360, 1893 ; Hose, Manim. Borneo, p. 69, 1893 ; Jentink and
Bilttikofer, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xix, p. 65, 1897 ; Stehlin,
Ahh. scliweiz. xml. Ges. vol. xxvi, p. 70, 1899 ; Volz, Zool.Jahrb.,
S7jst. vol, XX, p. 518, pi. xviii, 1904; Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. vol. XXX, p. 739, 1906 ; Lyon, ibid. vol. xxxiii, p. 550, 1907,
vol. xl, p. 74, 1911.
Euhys barbatus, G)'ay, Hand-List TJiick- skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus.
p. 57, 1873.
Sus longirostris, Nehring, Zool. Anz. vol. viii, p. 347, 1885, Sitzber.
Ges. nat. Freunde, 1886, p. 80, Abh. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1889,
p. 18 ; Spillner, Ber. Physiol. Lab. Halle, 1894, p. 81 ; Miller,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xv, p. 51, 1902; Volz, Zool.
Jalirb., Syst. vol. xx, pp. 511 and 516, 1904 {= barbatus).
Type of Euhys.
Typical locality Banjermassin, Borneo.
Type in Leyden Museum.
Size large ; head very long, low, and narrow, with the tip
of the muzzle bare, and tufts of long, curved, reddish brown
bristles on cheeks ; ears small, slit to the base ; tail with a
large black terminal tuft ; general colour varialile, ranging
from uniformly brownish yellow to black ; young striped ;
canines as in S. verrucosus {^. 310); skull long and low, with
a very slender muzzle, the tip of the premaxilla3 extending a
short distance in advance of the incisors, instead of ending
abruptly with them, and a single infra-orbital foramen on
each side. The strongly developed tufts on the cheeks, the
bare flesh-coloured muzzle, small, oval ears, and large tail-tuft
are characteristic.
The range includes Borneo, Sumatra, and the Philippines.
The races are distinguishable as follows: —
A. Upper skull-length from 18^ to 20J inches
(460 to 510 mm.).
a. Size larger.
a'. Last lower molar complex (3 ridges) S. b. barbatus.
b' . Last lower molar simple (2 ridges) S.b. oi.
b. Size smaller.
b'. Skull short and wide S.b. ahcenobarbus.
c' . Skull still wider S. b. calamianensis.
d'. Skull longer and narrower S. b. balabacensis.
B. Upper skull-length 22§ inches (570 mm.) S.b. gargantua.
Z 2
340 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
A.— Sus barbatus barbatus.
Typical locality Banjermassiu, Borueo.
Size large ; last lower molar complex, with three complete
transverse ridges and a talon.
The range includes several small islands near Borneo.
47. 5. 11. 1 (712, h). Skull, immature. Borneo.
Presented hy Capt. Sir Edward Belcher, R.N., 1847.
55. 12. 26. 153 (1982, a = 712, a). Skull, wanting some
of the anterior teeth. Borneo.
Presented hj Raja >Sir James Brooke, 1855.
90. 6. 25. 10. Skull. Baram, N.W. Borneo; collected
by A. H. Everett, Esq. Purchased, 1890.
92. 9. 4. 15. Skull. Baram ; collected by Dr. C. Hose.
Purchased, 1892.
92. 9. 4. 16. Skull. Nish, Baram ; same collector.
Same liistorij.
95. 11. 5. 8. Skeleton. Baram ; same collector.
Purchased, 1895.
97. 6. 2. 1. Skull and scalp-skin, female. Kuching,
Sarawak ; collected by Mr. E. Bartlett. Purchased, 1897.
97. 6. 2. 2. Skull, female. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
97. 6. 25. 1. Skin, mounted, and skull. Baram ; collected
by Dr. C. Hose. Purchased {Gerrard), 1897.
0. 3. 30. 10. Skeleton. Marudi, Sarawak ; same collector.
A very large boar. Purchased {Gerrard), 1900.
0. 3. 30. 11. Skull. Baram, Sarawak; same collector.
Same history.
0. 3. 30. 12. Skull. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
0. 3. 30. 13. Skull, female. Sarawak ; same collector.
Same history.
0. 3. 30. 14. Skull, female. Baram ; same collector.
Same history.
0. 3. 30. 15. Skull, female. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
0. 3. 30. 16. Skull, female. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
0. 3. 30. 17. Skull, female. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
SUID.K 341
10. 4. 5. 132. Skull, immature. Barito Valley, south-
central Borneo ; collected by G-. C. Shortridge, Esq.
Presented ly 0. Thomas, Esq., 1910.
10. 4. 5. 133. Skull of a rather older individual. Same
locality and collector. Same history.
10. 4. 5. 158. Skull. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
B.— Sus barbatus g-argrantua.
Sus barbatus, Nehrmg, Zool. Anz. vol. viii, p, 347, 1885 ; Volz, Zool.
Jahrb., Sijst. vol. xx, p. 518, 1904.
Sus gargantua, Miller, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxx, p. 743, 1906.
Typical locality S.E. Borneo.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Skull longer — upper length 22^ inches (570 mm.) — and
lower than in typical race, with marked overhanging of the
occipital surface.
No specimen in collection, nnl^^ss Nos. 10. 4. 5. 132-3
and 10. 4. 5. 158, entered under the heading of the preceding
race, should belong to the present one.
C— Sus barbatus oi,
Sus oi, Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wasliington, vol. xv, p. 51, 1902,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxx, p. 791, pis. xl, etc. 1906, vol. xxxi,
p. 255, 1906; LydeJcker, Field, vol. civ, p. 327, 1904; Jentinh,
Notes Leyden Mus. vol. xxvi, p. 155, pis. iii and iv, 1905 ; Kloss,
Journ. Straits Asiat. Soc. vol. xlv, p. 5, 1906; Lyon, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. vol. xxxiv, p. 626, 1908; Thomas and Wroughton,
Journ. Fed. Malay Mus. vol. i, p. 127, 1910.
Sus barbatus, Volz, Zool. Jahrb., Sysf. vol. xx, p. 518, 1902 ; Trouessart,
Cat. Mamm., Supj^l. p. 662, 1904 ; Schneider, Zool. Jahrb., Syst.
vol. xxiii, p. 128, 1905.
Typical locality Indragiri Valley, eastern Sumatra : also
occurs on Pulo Kundur, Pulo Batam (opposite Singapore),
and other islands in the Rhio Linga Archipelago.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Stated to differ from typical Bornean race by the
shortness of the last lower molar, which has two transverse
ridges and a talon (which may be so large as to simulate
a third ridge) ; and by the rather larger bodily size.
No specimen in collection.
342 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
D.— Sus barbatus ahsenobarbus.
Sus ahsenobarbus, Huet, Le Naturaliste, vol. ii, p. 5, 1888, partim ;
Nehring, Sitzher. Ges. nat. Freuncle, 1894, p. 190 ; Major, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. sev. 6, vol. xix, p. 535. 1897 ; Elliot, Cat. Mamm.
Field Mus. {Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 32, 1907 ; Hollister,
Philippine Jottrn. Sci. sect. D, vol. vii, p. 38, 1912, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. vol. xlvi, p. 338, 1913 ; Deliaut, Zool. et Pal. Corse et
Sardaigne, p. 64, pi. iv, A, 1912.
Sus barbatus var. palavensis, Nehring, Ahh. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1889,
pp. 22 and 32, Sitzher. Ges. nat. Freunde, 1890, p. 11 ; Major,
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xix, p. 535, 1907.
Sus barbatus ahsenobarbus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. p. 894, 1899,
Supjil. p. 662, 1904.
Sus barbatus palavensis, Hollister, Philippine Journ. Sci. sect. D,
vol. vii, p. 38, 1912, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xlvi, p. 338, 1913.
Typical locality Palawan, betw^een Borneo and Mindoro,
Philippines.
A dwarf race of the species, with a relatively short and
wide skull, measuring 12 inches (304 mm.) in length, by
5^ inches (145 mm.) in breadth.
The skull figured by Huet as that of the present race
really belongs to his S. inarclici ( = S. e. p]hilip2'>cnsis), and
vice versa.
No specimen in collection.
E.— Sus barbatus balabacensis.
Sus barbatus balabacensis. Major, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,
vol. xix, p. 534, 1897 ; Hollister, Philippine Joiirn. Sci. sect. D,
vol. vii, p. 38, 1912, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xlvi, p. 338, 1913.
Typical locality Balabac, between Borneo and Palawan,
Philippines.
Skull longer and narrower than that of S. h. alicendbarhus,
the length being 12:j inches (313 mm.), and the width
5 inches (126 mm.).
94. 6. 8. 7. Skull, aged female. Balabac ; collected by
A. H. Everett, Esq. Purchased, 1894.
94. 6. 8. 8. Skull. Same locality and collector. Type.
Same history.
94. 6. 8. 9. Skull, old female. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
94. 6. 8. 10. Skull, immature female. Same locality
and collector. • Same Idstory.
suiD.E 343
F.— Sus barbatus calamianensis.
Sus calamianensis, Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, vol. ii,
p. 114, pi. XX B, fig. 2, 1892 ; Hollistcr, Pliilippine Journ. Sci.
sect. D, vol. vii, p. 38, 1912.
Sus barbatus var. calamianensis, Nehring, Sitzber. Ges. nat. Freundc,
vol. xxxvi, p. 191, 1894, Zool. Garten, p. 46, 1895 ; Major, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. xix, p. 535, 1897.
Sus barbatus calamianensis, Trouessart, Cat. Mamvi. p. 825, 1899.
Typical locality Calamianes, Philippines ; also occurs on
Gallon Island, in the Calamianes group.
Skull broader than in S. h. ahcvnoharbus, the length being
12| inches (315 mm.), and the width 6 inches (146 mm.).
No specimen in collection.
2. Subgenus PORCULA.
Porcula, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi, p. 423, 1847 ;
Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 33.
Size very small ; tail short ; three pairs of teats,
liestricted to the forest-tract at the foot of the Eastern
Himalaya.
YIII. SUS (POECULA) SALVANIUS.
Porcula salvania, Hodgson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi,
pp. 423 and 503, pis. xii and xiii, 1847, vol. xvii, pt. 2, p. 48,
pi. xxvii, 1848, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 115 ; Horsfield, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1853, p. 192, pi. xxxvii ; Gray, ibid. 1868, p. 33, Cat.
Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mas. p. 340, 1869, Hand-List TliicTi-sTiinne^
Mamm. Brit. Mzos. p. 65, 1873 ; Jerdon, Mamm. India, p. 244,
1867 ; Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 470 ; Sclatcr, ibid.
1882, p. 546, pi. xxxvi ; Sterndale, Mamm. India, p. 421, 1884 ;
W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm.. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 195, 1891;
Stehlin, Abli. schweiz. x>al. Ges. vol. xxvi, p. 28, pi. xvii, 1899 ;
Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1909, p. 170.
Sus salvanius, Garson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 413 ; Blanford,
Fauna Brit. India, Mamm. p. 363, 1891 ; Flower and Lydel-};er,
Study of Mammals, p. 285, 1891 ; Lydehker, Great and Small
Game of India, etc. p. 266, 1900, Game Animals of India, etc.
p. 285, 1907.
Sus salvianus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm. p. 827, 1898, errorim.
Sus (Porcula) salvianus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Suppl. p. 663, 1904.
Typical locality the Sikhim Tarai ; * the range also
includes that of Nepal and Bhutan.
* The moist forest- tract at the base of the eastern Himalaj-a.
344 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Size very small, shoulder-height about 11 j inches; no
distinct spinal crest ; ears small and bare ; tail very short
(1:} inches); no woolly under-fur; general colour brown or
blackish brown ; young striped ; last upper molar in jaw
very short, its length being considerably less than that of
the two teeth immediately in front.
53. 8. 1(3. 16 (54. 6. 3. 7 [1077, o]). Skull, foot-bones, and
mounted skin. Sikhim Tarai.
Presented hi/ B. H. Hodgson, Esq., 1853.
53. 8. 16. 17. Young skull and skin. Same locality.
Same history.
1077, l>. Skull. Same locality. Same donor.
58. 6. 24. 71 (1077, ^0- ^1^"^1 ^^f^ s^'"b the latter
mounted. Same locality. Same donor, 1858.
58. 6. 24. 72 (1077, c). Skeleton. Same locality. Type;
skull figured liy Hodgson, Jonrn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvi,
pi. xxiii. Same history.
79. 11. 21. 066 (1077,/). Skin, mounted, and skull.
Same locality ; collected by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
Transferred from India Museum, 1879.
79. 11. 21. 667. Skin, young, mounted. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
II. Genus BABIRUSSA.
Babirussa, Bafinesqiic, Analyse tie Nature, p. 56, 1815 ; Lesson, Man.
Mamm. p. 337, 1827 ; Gray, Hand-List TJiick-sMnned Mamm.
Brit. Mils. p. 67, 1873.
Babiroussus, Gray, Med. Bepos. vol. xv, p. 306, 1821.
Babiroussa, F. Cuvier, Dents Mamm. p. 257, 1825.
Babyrussa, Burnett, Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. vob xxviii, -p. 352, 1830.
Porcns, Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amjiliih. p. 17, 1830 ; Stehlin, Ahh. schwciz.
X>al. Gcs. vol. xxvii. Appendix, 1900.
Babirusa, Lesson,' Nouv. Tabl. Begne Anim., Mamm. p. 162, 1842;
Deningcr, Ber. nat. Ges. Freiburg, vol. xviii, p. 1, 1910.
Dentition : i. §, c. \, j). §, m. | = 34 ; molars, especially
the last, simpler than in Siis; canines (fig. 51) long, slender,
recurved, growing from persistent pulps, and destitute of
enamel, those of the upper jaw piercing the skin of the face
some distance in advance of the eyes, and not wearing
against the lower pair ; in female canines quite small.
suiDiE 345
Young probably without stripes. The genus is regarded by
Stehliu as related to Sus vcrrucosiis.
The range is restricted to the islands of Boru and Celebes.
Deninger, who adopts Stehliu's theory of the " neobuno-
dontism " of the molar teeth of the Suina {supra, p. 305), is
of opinion that Bahirussa is nearly related to the selenodont
genus Mcrycopotamus, of the Indian Siwaliks ; both genera
agreeing in the parallelism of the two lines of cheek-teeth,
the general contour and small size of these teeth, the form
and direction of the tusks, and certain other features.
BABIRUSSA BABYRUSSA.
Sus babvrussa, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 50, 1758, ecL 12,
vol.'i, p. 104, 1766 ; Erxlehen, Syst. Begn. Anim. p. 188, 1777 ;
Dcsmarest, Maiiimalogie, vol. ii, p. 391, 1822 ; Griffith, Animal
Kingdom, \o\. iii, p. 408, 1827 ; Schinz, Nafuges. Sdugeth. p. 247,
1824, Synoj). Mamm. p. 352, 1845.
Aper orientalis, Brisson, Begn. Anim, p. 76, 1762.
Babirussa alfurns. Lesson, Nouv. Tahh Begne Aniin., Mamm. p. 162,
1849.
Babii'usa babirusa, Deninger, Ber. nat. Ges. Freiburg, vol. xviii, p. 4,
1910.
Babirusa orientalis. Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 461, 1910.
Babirusa.
Size relatively small and build slender ; ears small and
pointed ; skin rugose and nearly bare, or smooth and hairy.
Typical locality Boru.
The two races are distinguished as follows : —
A. Skin smoother, skull shorter and broader B. b. babyrussa.
B. Skin rougher, skull longer and narrower B.b. celebensis.
A.— Babirussa babyrussa babyrussa.
Typical locality Boru (between Celebes and Ceram).
Skin comparatively smooth, clothed with short bristly
hairs, thickest at root of tail ; general colour whitish grey,
tinged, especially on head, with yellow, female and young
darker ; skull short and broad, with tips of nasals not
narrowed to a point between roots of canines.
60. 8. 27. 6 (718, /). Skull. Collected by Dr. A. E.
Wallace, O.M. ; entered in Gray's Hand-List as having been
346 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
oLtained in Borneo, but probably the specimen mentioned
in Wallace's Malay Archcpclago, small ed. p. 299, as having
been collected in Born. Ptorchased, 1860.
B.— Babirussa babyrussa celebensis.
Sus babirussa, Quotj and Gaimard, Voyage Astrolabe, Zool. vol. i,
p. 125, pis. xxii and xviii, 1830; F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm.
vol. iv, pis. 300-302, 1842 ; nee Sus babirussa, Linn.
Sus babiiousa, Jardine, Naturalist's Lihr., Mamm. vol. v, p. 216,
pi. xxiii, 1836.
Porcus babyrussa, Wagner, Schreber's Saagthiere, Su2)pl. vol. iv,
p. 301, 1844, vol. V, p. 509, 1855; SteliUn, Ahh. scliweiz. pal. Gcs.
vol. xxvii. Appendix, 1900.
Sus babyrussa, Schinz, Synop. Mamm. p. 352, 1845; nee Linn.
Babirussa alfurus, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 443, pi. Ixxxiii ;
Gray, ibid. 1868, p. 42, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 349,
1869, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p, 67, 1873 ;
Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteal. Mus. E. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 356,
1884 ; nee Lesson.
Sus babirusa, Gnillemard, Cruise of " Marchesa,'" ed. 2, p. 326,
1889.
Babirusa alfurus. Flower and Lydekker, Study of Mammals, p. 287,
1891 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 364, 1893 ; Meyer, Abli.
Zool. Mus. Dresden, vol. vi. p. 15. 1897 ; Sarasin, Celebes, vol. iii,
p. 108, 1901, vol. V, p. 37, 1905 ; Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1909,
J). 172 ; nee Lesson.
Babirusa celebensis, Dcningcr. Ber. Gcs. nat. Freiburg, vol. xviii, p. 7,
1910 ; Lydekker, Ward's Records of Big Game, ed. 7, p. 460, 1914.
Typical locality Celebes ; the range includes some of the
neighbouring islands.
Skin furrowed and wrinkled, nearly bare in adult ;
general colour brownish grey ; skull narrow, with the tips of
the nasals forming a sharp point between the liases of the
canines.
60. 8. 27. 7 (718, w). Skull, immature. Collected l)y
Dr. A. R. Wallace, O.M., probably in ('elebes.
Purchased, 1860.
71. 5. 19. 7. Skin, mounted. Celebes.
Purchased (Zooloe/ical Society), 1871.
96. 6. 24. 2. Skin, mounted. Lipopang, Celebes ; col-
lected by Dr. C. Hose. Purchased (Gerrard), 1896.
0, 3. 30. 18. Skull. Same locality and collector.
Purchased {Gerrard), 1900.
suiD.E 347
Skull. Same locality and collector.
Same histonj.
Skull. Monano, Minahassa, Northern
Presented hy N. Samivcll, Usq., 1901.
Skull. Soemalta, northern coast of Celebes.
Presented hy A. S. Williams, Esq., 1909.
9. 11. 30. 2. Skull, wanting tusks. Same locality.
Same history.
0.
3. 30.
19.
1.
10.
o
O.
1.
Celebes.
9.
11.
30,
. 1.
Fig. 51. — Skull of iiABiiiusA {Uabirussa hahyrussa celebensis) .
From Gray, Uand-List of Thick-skinned Mammal.^.
Of the following specimens the localities are not definitely
known, so that they may possibly include representatives of
the preceding as well as of the present race : —
718, a. Skull. No history.
71S,j. Skull. No history.
718, i. Skeleton. Purchased (Zoological Society).
38. 4. 16. 32 (718, h). Skull. Purchased (Stevens), 1838.
46. 3. 13. 3 (718, fO. Skull (fig. 51). Figured in Gray's
Hand-List, pi. xxvii, fig. 2 Purchased (Argent), 1846.
48. 12. 6. 1 (718, c). Skull. Purchased (Stevens), 1848.
51.10.23.1(718,^). Skull
Presenteel hy G. Daniels, Esq., 1851.
348 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
58. 5. 4. 43 (718, 70- Skull.
Purchased (Zoolor/ical Society), 1858.
59. 8. 16. 4 (718, /.■). Skull. " Borneo " = (?) Boru.
Purchased {Wright), 1859.
67. 4. 12. 209. Skull, young. Figured in Gray's Hand-
Lid, pi. xxvii, fig. 1.
Lidth de Jcnde Collection, purchased, 1867.
67. 4. 12. 221 (718, o). Skull. Sccme history.
67. 4. 12. 222 (718, jj). Skull. Same history.
67. 4. 12. 223 (718, q). Skull. Figured in Seba's The-
saurus, vol. i, pi. ii, fig. 3, 1734. Same history.
III. Genus POTAMOCHCERUS.
Koiropotamus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Miis. p. xxvii, 1843, nomen
nudum.
Choiropotamus, Gray, List. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 185, 1843, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. x, p. 282, 1852 ; vcc Choeropotamus,
Cuvier, 1822.
Potamochcerus, Gray, Proc. Zoot. Soc. 1852, p. 129, 1854, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. xv, p. 65, 1855, ser. 4, vol. xi, p. 434, 1873,
Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 340, 1869, Hand List Tliicl--
shinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 56, 1873; Major, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1897, p. 359 ; SfeJilin, Al>h. schwciz. 2^at. Ges. vol. xxvi, p. 70,
1899; ir. L. Sctater, Fauna S. Africa, Mamm. vol. i, p. 273,
1900.
Nyctochoerus, Heugtin, Nova Acta Ac. d.es. Leop.-Car. vol. xxx,
Nachtrag 2, p. 7, 1863.
Dentition : i. |, c. -]-, p. 4, m. |- = 42 ; teeth of the same
general character as in Sus, but the canines (the summits of
the upper pair of which are completely abraded by the lower
ones) smaller and the molars of a relatively simple type,
with thick enamel ; in adult male skulls (fig. 52) a bony
tuberosity or ridge above the root of the upper canine and a
second on the sheath of the same, the upper ridge in aged
individuals developing a horny capsule ; ears with terminal
tufts of long hairs ; coat more abundant, less bristly, and
frequently much more brightly coloured than in Sus. Young
striped.
The thickness of the enamel of the molars, coupled with
their simple structure, suggests affinity with Sus celehensis
and >S'. verrucosus.
suiD.E 349
At the present day the genus is restricted to Ethiopian
Africa and Madagascar, but Stehlin is of opinion that certain
large swine from the lower Pliocene of Attica and India,
originally described as Sus erymanthius, S. gigantens, and
>S'. titan, really belong to PotamocJicerus.
The following is a " key " to the species : —
A. Coat long, sparse, and more or less dark in
adult ; dorsal crest long and mainly black ;
facial tuberosities strongly developed.
a. Parietal region of upper surface of skull
shorter.
a'. Muzzle more slender (?) P. larvafus.
V . Muzzle less slender (?) P. chcerojpotamus.
b. Parietal region of upper surface of skull longer P. Jiassama.
B. Coat and facial tuberosities as in a ; colour and
colour-pattern as in b P. intermedins.
c. Coat shorter, denser, and more or less rufous ;
dorsal crest short and white ; facial tuber-
osities less developed than in a P. porcus.
I. P0TAM0CH(EEU8 LARVATUS.
Sus larvatus, F. Cuvier, Mem. Mus. Paris, vol. viii, p. 447, pi. xxii,
1822.
Phascochoerus larvatus, Jardinc, NaturalisVs Libr., Mamm. vol. v,
p. 232, 1836, partim.
Choiropotamus africanus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 185, 1843,
partim.
Potamochoerus africanus. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 131, 1854,
1868, p. 34, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mas. p. 341, 1869, Ha?id-
List Tliick-sTiinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 56, 1873, partim.
Potamochoerus madagascariensis, Grandidier, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1867,
p. 85.
Potamochoerus edwardsi, Grandidier, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1867, p. 318;
Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xv, p. 45, 1875 ; Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1894, p. 92.
Potamochoerus larvatus. Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 363,
pis. XXV and xxvi, fig. 2 ; Stehlin, Abh. scliweiz. jidt. Ges.
vol. xxvi, p. 17, pi. X, 1899 ; Rothschild, Powell-Cotton's Abys-
siyiia, p. 481, 1902, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 632; Lonnberg,
ArJciv Zool. vol. vii, no. 6, p. 28, 1910.
Macrocephalus larvatus, Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field AIus. {Field Mus.
Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 34, 1907.
Typical locality Western Madagascar; the range also
including the eastern districts of that island.
Chiefly distinguished from the next, and typical, species
by its smaller size, and, it is said, the more slender muzzle.
350 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
The alleged absence of flattening and lateral angulation in
the nasal region, and the massiveness and simple character
of the premolars, do not appear to be constant characters.
Coloration almost indistinguishable from that of some of
the eastern representatives of the next species.
As the name larvatus antedates cheer oiwtamus, the former
must stand if the insular and continental forms are regarded
as specifically inseparable.
The two Malagasy races are chiefly distinguished by size.
A.— Potamochoerus larvatus larvatus.
Typical (and only) locality Western Madagascar.
Size relatively small, with the flat portion of parietal
region of skull narrow (16 mm.).
No specimen in tlie collection.
B.— Potamochoerus larvatus hova.
Potamochoerus larvatus hova, Lonnbcrg, Arkiv Zool. vol. vii, no. 6,
p. 32, 1910.
Typical (and only) locality Eastern Madagascar.
Larger than typical race, with the facial profile still
straighter, and the parietal region wider (26 to 40 mm.).
74. 3. 11. 1 (1659, a). Skin, mounted, and skull, young.
Ambodiagne, west of Antananarivo ; collected l»y Mr. E.
Bartlett. Purchased, 1874.
74. 10. 9. 1 (1659, h). Skull. Tamatave Forest ; collected
by Mr. A. Crossley. Figured by Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist,
op. cit. pi. iv. .Purchased, 1874.
97. 9. 1. 162, Skull and skin. Ampitambe, Eastern
Madagascar ; collected by Dr. C. J. Forsyth Major. Type.
Piirchmed, 1897.
8. 3. 25. 1. Skin, mounted. Madagascar.
Purchased, 1908,
II. POTAMOCH(EEUS CHCEKOPOTAMUS.
Sus africanus, Gmelin, Linn's Syst. Nat. vol. i, p, 220, 1788 ;
Schreber, SdugtJdere, vol. i, p, 327, 1791 ; Thunherg, Mem. Ac.
Sci. St. Petersb. vol. iii, p. 320, 1811 ; Blainville, Osteographie,
Siis, pi. viii, fig. 1, partim ; Floiver and LydeJiker, Study of
SUIDyE 351
Mammals, p. 286, 1891 ; Lydehker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 362,
1893.
Sus koiropotamus, Desnioulins, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. vol. xvii,
p. 139, pi. cxxxix, fig. 2, 1831.
Phascochoerus chocropotamus, Lesson, Noiiv. Tahl. JRegne Anim.,
Mamm. p. 162, 1842.
Potamochoerus africanus. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 131, 1854,
1858, p. 58, pi. lix, 1860, p. 443, 1868, p. 34, Cat. Carnivora, etc.
Brit. Mas. p. 341, 1869, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit.
Mas. p. 56, 1873 ; Floivcr and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll.
Surg. pt. ii, p. 355, 1884 ; Bocage, Jowrn. Sci. Lishoa, 1890,
p. 29 ; Matschie, Saageth. Dewtsch-Ost-Afrika, p. 101, 1895.
Sus capeusis, Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit, Mus. p. 277, 1862,
nomen nudum.
Potamochoerus chceropotamus, Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 366;
W. L. Sclater, Fauna S. Africa, Mamm. vol. i, p. 274, 1900;
Bothschild, Poivell-Cotton's Abyssinia, p. 481, 1902, Proc. Zool.
Soc. 1906, p. 632 ; Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, p. 391,
1908 ; Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. vii, no. 6, p. 14, 1910; Cabrera,
Cat. Met. Mam. Mus. Madrid, p. 133, 1912; Ward, Records of
Big Game, ed. 6, p. 456, ed. 7, p. 455, 1914.
Sus chceropotamus, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of Africa,
p. 523, 1899.
Sus larvatus, Nicolls and Eglington, Sjportsman in S. Africa, p. 78,
1892..
Potamochoerus capensis, Bothschild, Po2vell-Cotton''s Abyssinia,
p. 481, 1902.
Potamochoerus koiropotamus, Allen, Bull. Amcr, Mus. Nat. Hist.
vol. xxxiii, p. 339, 1914.
Bosch-Vark; Bush-Pig.
Typical locality probuljly South Africa.
The type species.
Larger than F. larvatus, to which it is in other respects
very similar; typically the coat long, and intermingled with
elongated bristles, between which the skin is frequently
visible ; dorsal crest strongly developed, often extending
forward to ears, its constituent bristles dark brown or
blackish, with more or less conspicuous white tips ; ears,
inclusive of margins and tufts, black externally ; forehead
generally grey ; a broad blackish ring on muzzle in advance
of the tuberosities ; general colour variable, but frequently
dark grey or blackish ; in old males the facial tuberosities
strongly developed (fig. 52), the upper ones forming a pair
of convex crests elevated considerably above the nasal plane,
and the second pair reaching that plane ; postorbital portion
of skull relatively short.
352 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
The range includes Southern, Central, and Eastern Africa
as far north as Kenia, British East Africa.
Fig. 52.— Skull of Southern Bush-Pig
{Potamoclioirus cheer opotamus).
From Gray, Hand-List of Thick-skinned Mammals.
The following is a provisional " key " to the species : —
A. Eyes not ringed with black.
a. Parietal region of skull broad (39 to 44 mm.
or more).
a' . Muzzle with a black ring P. c. char opotamus.
V . Muzzle wholly black P. c. jolinstoni.
h. Parietal region of medium width (24 to
26 mm.) P. c. maschona.
c. Parietal region very narrow (15 to 18 mm.),
c'. Colour very dark, largely black, black
and rufous when immature P. c. dctmonls.
d'. Colour less dark, mingled black and
rufous, mainly rufous when immature... P. c, nyasce.
B. Eyes with black rings P. c. Jienia'.
A.— PotamochcBPUs choeropotamus choBropotamus.
Sus choeropotamus typicus, Lydehker, Great and Small Game of
Africa, p. 52.3, 1899.
Typical locality South (?) Africa.
Colour variable, hut very generally dark grey ; parietal
region of skull relatively broad, the width in adults reaching
as much as 42 or even 47 mm,
38. 4. 16. 81 (715, a). Skull, female. Damaraland ;
sviDM 353
collected by Capt. Sir J. E. Alexander. Type of " Sus
capensis." Purchased, 1838.
40. 6. 24. 5. Skin, mounted. Cape (Jolony.
Purchased {Dr. Krauss), 1840.
40. G. 24. 6. A similar specimen. Same locality.
Same history.
40. 6. 24. 7. Skin, young, mounted. Same locality.
Same history.
43. 12. 7. 20. Skin, young. Cape Colony.
Purchased (Verreaux), 1843.
51. 5. 5. 3 (1364, a). Skull (fig. 52). South Africa.
Figured in Gray's Hand-List, pi. xxiii, fig. 2.
Purchased {Argent), 1851.
62. 3. 30. 3 (1364, h). Skeleton (diseased). Probably
South Africa. Purchased {Zooloyiccd Society), 1862.
67. 4. 12. 220 (1364, c). Skull. Probably South Africa.
Noticed by Lonnberg, op. cit. p. 16.
Lidth dc Jeude Collection, purchased, 1867.
10. 6. 17. 3. Skull. South Africa.
Presented hy 0. Thomas, Esq., 1910.
B.— Potamochcerus chcBropotamus maschona.
Potamoclicerus chceropotamns maschona, Lonnberg, Arhiv Zool.
vol. vii, no. 6, p. 20, 1910; Lydelker, Game Animals of Africa,
Sujppl. p. 21, 1911.
Typical locality Coguno, Mashonaland (west of Lake
Nyasa) ; the range includes Portuguese East Africa.
General colour as dark as in typical race, being frequently
rufous brown, more or less intermixed with blackish or black,
but parietal region of skull narrower (24 to 26 mm.) ; dorsal
crest strongly tipped with white.
3. 6. 4. 2. Skull. Mazoe, Mashonaland, K E. Ehodesia.
Noticed by Lonnberg, op. cit. p. 16.
Presented hy J. ff. Darliny, Esq., 1903.
6. 11. 8. 135. Skull, imperfect, and skin, Coguno,
Inhambane, Mashonaland. Noticed by Lonnberg, op. cit.
p. 21 ; may be regarded as the type ; collected by Mr. C. H. B.
Grant. Presented hy C. D. Rudd, Esq., 1906.
9. 12. 4. 91. Skull, imperfect, and skin, immature
IV. 2 A
354 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
female. Mperokosa, Northern Ehodesia; collected by S. A.
Neave, Esq. Noticed by Lonnberg, loc. cit. Fiirchased, 1909.
7. 10. 25. 3. Skull, very old boar. Portuguese East
Africa, probably Beira. Noticed by Lonnberg, oj). cU. p. IG.
Presented hy F. V. Kirhy, Esq., 1907.
C— Potamochoerus choeropotamus daemonis.
Potaniochcei'us chceropotamus daemonis, Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897,
p. 367, pis. XXV, fig. 1, and xxvi, fig. 3; Rothscliild, ibid. 1906,
p. 632 ; Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, p. 397, 1908 ;
Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. vii, no. 6, p. 26, 1910.
Potamochoerus daemonis, Botliscliild, Powell-Cotton's Abyssinia,
p. 481, 1902.
Potamochoerus koiropotamus daemonis, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist. vol. xxxiii, p. 339, 1914.
Typical locality Kilimanjaro, East Africa.
Smaller than the last, and darker than any of the other
races, adults being deep black, and immature individuals
mingled black and rufous, the rufous predominating on the
back and forehead, and black on sides of neck, chest, and
limbs; flat portion of parietal region narrow (about 18 mm.).
94. 4. 24. 4. Skull and skin, female. Kilimanjaro ;
collected by Eev. W. Morris. Type. Noticed by Lonnberg,
op. cit. p. IG, where a Berlin specimen is stated to be the
type. PurcJiascd, 1892.
D.— Potamochoerus choeropotamus nyasae.
Potamochoerus choeropotamus nyasae. Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897,
p. 367, pis. xxv, fig. 3, and xxvi, fig. 1 ; Thomas, ibid. p. 938 ;
Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, p. 392, 1908; Lonnberg,
Arkiv Zool. vol. vii, no. 6, p. 24, 1910 ; Ward, Records of Big
Game, ed. 6, p. 456, 1910.
Sus choeropotamus nyasaj, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of
Africa, p. 523, 1899.
Potamochoerus nyasae, Botliscliild, Powell-Cotton'' s Abyssinia, p. 481,
1902.
Typical locality Nyasaland.
General colour of adult very dark ; muzzle and fore part
of neck wholly black ; forehead dirty grey mixed with black,
and a black eyebrow-stripe ; dorsal crest commencing behind
ears, where it is much mingled with white ; back and sides
mingled rufous and black, the rufous predominating on the
suiD^ 355
former; tail huffish grey, with black tuft. In immature
individuals the rufous much more predominant. Flat portion
of parietal region of skull very narrow (about 15 mm.).
93. 5. 2. 43-44. Two skins, young. Zoraba, Nyasaland ;
collected l)y A. Whyte, Esq. rresentcd hy
Sir II. H. Johnston, G.C.M.G., K.G.B., 1893.
93. 5. G. 4. Skin, mounted, and skull. Same locality
and collector. Same histor//.
93. 7. 25. 12. Skull", female. Near Lake Mweru, N. E.
Ehodesia ; same collector. ScDiie liistory.
94. 3. 8. 19. Skull. Same locality ; collected by Sir A.
Sharpe, K.C.M.G., C.B. This and the preceding specimen
are provisionally identified by Major, op. cit. p. 3GG, with the
race represented by the undermentioned skins ; the present
skull being figured in pis. xxv, fig. 4, and xxvi, fig. 4
(wrongly numbered 94. 3. 18. 9). Both skulls are also
noticed by Lonnberg, op. cit. p. IG, under different racial
headings ; no. 94. 3. 8. 19 being regarded as the type of the
present race, which, according to Major's somewhat confused
account, it is certainly not. Same donor, 1894.
94. 6. 7. 9-10. Two skins, one immature. Zomba and
Mpimbi; collected by A. Whyte, Esq. These and one of
the preceding Nyasa skins must be regarded as the co-types.
Same liistory.
97. 1. 12. 4. Skin, female, mounted. Nyasaland ; same
collector. Same donor, 1907.
97. 10. 1. 2G0-2G2. Three skins. Zomba ; same collector.
Same history.
98. G. 23. 1. Skull. Zomba. Noticed by Lonnberg,
op. fit. p. IG. rresentcd hy Sir Alfred Sharpe,
K.C.M.G., G.B., 1898.
7. 9. 17. 7. Skin, mounted. Southern Nyasaland,
By cxehanye, 1907.
E. — Potamochoerus choeropotamus johnstoni.
Potamochcerus johnstoni, Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 367, pis.
xxv, fig. 3, and xxvi, fig. 1 ; Rotliscliilcl, Powell-Cotton's Abys-
sinia, p. 481, 1902, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 632; LydekLer,
Game Animals' of Africa, p. 395, 1908.
Potamochoerus choeropotomus johnstoni, Lonnberg, ArJciv Zool. vol. vii,
no. 6, p. 22, 1910 ; Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, Suppl.
p. 21, 1911.
2 A 2
?>oG CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Typical locality Ngaravi Valley, N. W. Nyasaland.
Size rather larger than in P. c. nyasw; general colour
very similar to that of typical race, but the muzzle, except
for a whitish spot on each side, wholly black, as are the
limbs, tail-tuft, and a patch on the cheeks ; back, on each side
of the white-tipped dorsal crest, yellowish brown, darkening,
through brown, to black on flanks; parietal region of skull
very broad (44 mm.).
91. f). 9. 5. Skull, female. Ngaravi Valley, N. W.
Nyasaland. Type. Noticed by Lounberg, op. cit. p. 16.
^ Presented ly Sir H. H. Johnston, G.O.M.G., K.C.B., 1891.
7. 2. 14. 1. Skull and mounted skin, referred to this
race by Lonnbei'g {op. cit. pp. 16 and 22). Fort Manning,
K E. Ehodesia. Purcliased (Ward), 1907.
F.— Potamochcerus choeropotamus keniae.
Potaniochoerus cha>ropotamus keniifi, Lonnherg, Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. ser. 8, vol. ix, p. 66, 1912, K. Svenslia Vet.-Ah. Handt.
voL xlviii, no. 5, p. 132, 1912.
Typical locality forests near iSTairobi, B. E. Africa.
Type in Eoyal Swedish Museum, Stockholm.
Eace white, with the ears, a patch round eyes, and a
streak above whiskers black ; dorsal crest from liehind ears
to middle of back black with long white tips, and similar
bristles on loins ; sides of back rich rufous mingled with
black ; flanks, sides of neck, under-parts, and limbs black.
4. 11. 5. 17. Skull, imperfect, and wanting lower jaw.
Kenia district, B. E. Africa. Presented by
Ceipt. Pi. Meincrtzhafjen, 1904.
12. 7. 2. 9. Skull and skin, female. Kidori, Tana Valley,
B. E. Africa. Presented hy G. Blaine, Esq., 1912.
12. 7. 28. 1. Skin. Mau Forest, above Njoro, B. E.
Africa. Presented hy C. W. Woodhouse, Esq., 1912.
13. 3. 19. 11. Skeleton and skin, old boar. Umbagasi
Valley, B. E. Africa. Presented hy the East Afriea and
Uyanda Naturcd History Society, 1913.
suiD.E 357
III. POTAMOCHCEEUS HASSAMA.
Nyctochoerus hassama, Heuglin, Nova Acta. Ac. Ca's. Leojj.-Car.
vol. XXX, Nachtrag 2, p. 7, 1863, Beise Nord-Ost Afriha, pp. 97
and 277, 1877 ; Nchring, Zool. Garten, vol. xxxvi, p. 50, 1895.
Potamochoerus hassama, Major, Proc. Zoc. Soc. 1897, p. 368 ; Botli-
scliild, Powell-Cotton'' s Abyssinia, p. 481, 1902; Lydekker, Game
Animals of Africa, p. 395, 1908 ; Ldnnbcrg, Arkiv Zool. vol. vii,
no. 6, p. 37, 1910.
Sus choeropotamus hassama, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of
Africa, p. 523, 1899.
ASSAMI.
Type of N/fdochcBri's.
Typical locality Abyssinia.
Type in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt-am-Maiu.
Apparently allied in external characters, as well as in
the development of the facial tuberosities, to P. cluvropotamus,
but the parietal region — of which the flat portion is com-
paratively narrow, although rather less so than in P. c.
nyasaj — much longer, both actually, and relatively to tlie
rest of the skull.
No specimen in collection.
lY. POTAMOCHCEEUS POECUS.
Sus porcus, Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 50, 1759, ed. 12,
vol. i, p, 108, 1766; Floiucr and Lydekker, Study of Mammals,
p. 286, 1891 ; Lydekker, Horns and Hoofs, p. 363, 1893 ; Bryden,
Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 531, 1899.
Sus penicillatus, Scliinz, Monogr. Sdugetli. pt. x, p. 12, 1848, Bev.
Zool. 1848, p. 152.
Potamochojnis penicillatus. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 131,
pi. xxxiv, 1854, 1858, p. 58 ; Sclater, ibid. 1861, p. 62, pi. xii ;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mas. p. 279, 1862 ; Noack,
Zool. Jalirb., Syst. vol. ii, p. 197, 1887 ; Pousargues, Ann. Sci.
Nat., Zool. vol. iv, p. 90, 1896; SteliUn, Abh. scliiveiz. pal. Ges.
vol. xxvi, p. 71, 1899.
Potamochffirus porcus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 36, Cat.
Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 349, 1869, Hand-List Thick-
skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 56, 1897, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 4, vol. xv, p. 45, 1875 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol.
Mus. B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 356, 1884 ; Major, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1897, pp. 363 and 369 ; Stehlin, Abh. schweiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvii,
pi. X, fig. 7, 1900 ; Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, p. 396,
1908 ; Lonnberg, Arkiv Zool. vol. vii, no. 6, p. 3, 1910 ; Ward,
Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 456, 1910, ed. 7, p. 455, 1914.
Sus choeropotamus porcus, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of
Africa, p. 523, 1899.
358 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Eed Eiver-Hog.
Typical locality West Africa.
Compared with P. cheer opotamus, the coat is shorter and
denser, so that no portion of the skin is visible ; dorsal crest
short, white, and conspicuous, commencing, as a rule, a little
behind the ears ; general colour typically reddish brown or
rufous, but in adults the upper portion of the forehead,
between the eyes and ears, black, whitish in one race ; ears
black with more or less of the upper portion of the margins
of part of the tufts whitish ; in immature individuals the
forehead, except for the admixture of black hairs, coloured
like body ; facial tuberosities generally much less developed
than in typical species, the upper pair not projecting above
nasal plane (fig. 53).
The range extends from the Gabun, Cameruns, and
adjacent districts to the Belgian Congo.
The following is a tentative " key " to the local races : —
A. Facial tuberosities of skull, when known, not
projecting above nasal plane.
a. Forehead and muzzle black.
a'. Parietal region narrower (42-47 mm.) F. j}- pofcus.
h'. Parietal region wilder (49-58 mm.) P. p. pictus.
h. Either muzzle or forehead whitish.
b'. Size smaller, muzzle whitish P. p. ahangensis.
c'. Size larger, forehead whitish P. _^j. alhifrona.
M. Facial tuberosities of skull projecting slightly
above nasal plane, and upper one of each side
connected with the lower one by a bony arch... P. p. covgicits*
A.— Potamochoerus porcus popcus.
Typical locality Upper Guinea.
General characters those of tlie species ; flat portion of
parietal region moderately wide (about 42-47 mm.) ; muzzle
black.
64. 7. 16. 2 (715, h). Skull, female. West Africa;
collected by j\[r. Dalton. Purchased, 1864.
65. 5. 3. 3 (715, c). Skull. Niger Valley ; collected by
Dr. W. B. Baikie. Noticed by Lonnberg, op. cit. p. 8.
Purchased, 1865.
* Possibly identical with alhifron^.
SUID.E
:^b^
65. 5. 3. 4 (715, d). Skull. Same locality and collector.
Noticed by Lonnberg, loc. cif. Same history.
71. 5. 27. 6 (1363, c). Skull and skin. Gabuu. Noticed
by Lonnberg, loc. cit. Presented 'by
Monsieur P. B. da Chaillu, 1871.
71. 5. 27. 6* (1363, /). Skull and skin, immature.
Same locality. Sa7ne history.
12. 6. 20. 12. Skull and skin, very young. Bibianaha,
Gold Coast. Presented by Dr. H. G. F. Spwrrcll, 1912.
B.— Potamochoerus porcus pictus.
Choiropotamus pictus, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. x,
p. 281, 1852.
Potamochoerus porcus pictus, Lonnberg, Arhiv Zool. vol. vii, no. 6,
p, 7, 1910 ; LydeJcker, Game Animals of Africa, Suppl. p. 2,
1911.
Fig. 53. — Skull op Camerun Bush-Pig, ok Red River-Hog
[Potamochoirus porcus pictus).
From Gray, Hand-Lht of Thick-skinned Mammals.
Typical locality Cameruns, W. Africa.
Flat portion oi" parietal region wider than in typical race
(49-58 mm.) ; muzzle black.
56. 12. 30. 7. Skin, young. From an animal born in
London Zoological Gardens.
Purchased (Zooloyical Society), 1856.
360 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
57. 3. 5. 2. Skin, young. This and the next specimen
were from the offspring of the animals represented by
numbers 60. 7. 22. 9 and 61. 1. 18. 7.
Purchased {Bartldt), 1857.
57. 8. 3. 1. Skin, young. Vide Xo. 57. 3. 5. 2.
Purchased {Zoologicid Society), 1857.
60. 7. 22. 9-10 (1363, a). Skin, mounted, and skeleton.
Cameruns. Type. Skull (tig. 53) ligured in Gray's Hand-
List, pi. xxiii, tig. 1 . The animal lived in the London
Zoological Gardens from 1852 to 1860.
Purchased {ZuoUujical Society), 1860.
61. 1. 18. 7. Skeleton, female. Cameruns.
Purchased (Zoological Society), 1861.
67. 10. 5. 2. Skin, young, mounted. Menagerie-born.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1867.
94. 7. 25. 1-2. Two skulls. Benin, Nigeria.
Presented hy R. Millson, Esq., 1894.
4. 10. 12. 9. Skin, immature, mounted. Cameruns.
Purchased, 1904.
6. 5. 25. 1. Skin, immature, mounted. Cameruns.
Purchased ( Ward), 1906.
12. 10. 22. 76. Skull, immature. Oban district, Southern
Nigeria. Presented hy P. A. Tedbot, Esq., 1912.
C— Potamochoerus porcus ubang-ensis.
Potamochcerus porcus, Alexander, From Niger to Nile, vol. ii,
p. 394, 1907.
Potamochcerus porcus ubangensis, Lonnbcrg, ArJciv Zool. vol. vii,
no. 6, p. 10, 1910 ; Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, Suppl.
p. 21, 1911.
Typical locality Ubangui Valley, northern Belgian Congo.
Smaller than the other races, with the flat portion of the
parietal region of the skull much narrower (26 mm.), and
the whole muzzle whitish.
7. 7. 8. 258. Skull and head-skin. Ubangui Valley.
Type. Presented hy the Alexander -Gosling Expedition, 1907.
suID.^<; 361
D.— Potamochoerus porcus albifrons.
Potamochoerus albifrons, clu Chaillu, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. 1860,
p. 301, Adventures in Equatorial Africa, p. 422, pi. Ixii, 1861.
Potamochoerus porcus albifrons, Lbnnherg, Arkiv Zool. vol. vii,
no. 6, p. 11, 1910.
Typical locality near Cape Lopez, western French Congo.
Type probably in the Boston Museum, U.S.A.
Larger than the pi'eceding race, with the muzzle Ijlack ;
forehead mainly white, except for a triangular black area
between the ears ending in a point about three inches below
the line of the eyes ; skull-characters unknown.
No specimen in collection.
E.— Potamochoerus porcus congricus.
Potamochoerus porcus congicus, Lonnherg, Arhiv Zool. vol. vii,
no. 6, p. 14, 1910.
Typical locality Lower Congo.
Type in Eoyal Swedish Museum of Natural History,
Stockholm.
A provisional race, founded on the skull, which is much
larger than that of P. p. iibangcnsis, with the flat portion of
the parietal area narrow (31 '5 mm.), and the facial tuber-
osities more developed than in any other race, the upper
ones projecting slightly above the nasal plane, and being
connected in old males by a bony arch on each side with
the lower pair ; nasal region wider than in P. p. jnctits.
Whether this type of skull is really distinct from that of
P. p. albifrons has still to be proved.
No specimen in collection.
V. POTAMOCHCERUS INTERMEDIUS.
Potamochoerus intermedius, Lonnherg, ArJciv Zool. vol. vii, pt. 6,
p. 38, 1910; Lydekker, Game Animals of Africa, Sicppl. p. 21,
1911 ; ScJionteden, Bcv. Zool. Africaine, vol. ii, p. 138, 1912.
Typical locality Euwenzori district, Upper "White Nile,
Uganda.
Intermediate in general characters between P. cliceropo-
tamus and P. p)orcus, and therefore suggestive that all the
forms of bush-pig are no more than local races of the Mala-
gasy P. larvatus, Schouteden considers this bush-pig to be
362 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
much nearer to P. chc&ropotamus than to P. porcus. Coat long
and coarse and dorsal crest long and parti-coloured, as in the
former, but general colour and colour-pattern like those of
the latter.
6. 7. 1. 188. Skull, immature, referred by Lonnberg,
op. cit. p. 1 6, to this species. Eastern Kuwenzori ; collected
by E. E. Dent, Esq.
Presented Inj the Ruwciizori Expedition, 1906.
6. 7. 1. 189. Skull, half-grown female. Same locality
and collector. Same history.
6. 12. 4. 71. Skull, old boar. Same locality; noticed
by Lonnberg, op. cit. Same history.
7. 12. 18. 1. Skin. Upper Wliite Nile, Uganda, 4000
feet; collected by E. J. Cuninghame, Esq. Purchased, 1907.
IV. Genus HYLOCHCERUS.
Hylochoerus, Thomas, Nature, vol. Ixx, p. 577, 1904, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1904, vol. ii, p. 193.
To a considerable extent intermediate between Potamo-
choirus and Phaeoclieerus, the molars lieing of the brachyodont
type of those of the former, while the upper canines are
abraded in the fashion characteristic of the latter, and there
is but one pair of upper incisors; the skull conforms in
general features to the Sus and Pota7aocho3rvs type, although
in its depressed form and the markedly lower occipital region
it foreshadows that of Phacochcerns.
Dentition : i. 2^, c. \, p. |, m. | = 32 or 34 ; outer lower
incisors frequently shed early, and in some instances perhaps
never developed ; npper canines of males very large and
thick, with facets worn on their lower surfaces by the attrition
of the lower pair, so that their summits remain more or less
nearly entire ; last molars in each jaw brachyodont and
normal in structure ; face with a pair of large fungus-like
warty growths below the eyes ; ears relatively small and not
distinctly tufted ; terminal disc of muzzle relatively large ;
coat very coarse, sparse, and uniformly dark-coloured ;
prenasal ossicle welded to nasals ; occipital surface of skull
broader and lower than in PotamocliKrus ; forehead wide and
suiD.E 363
concave, and sides of nasal region sloping evenly outwards,
as in the next, without the sharp lateral angulation of the
nasals found in FotamGchccrus and Sus. Coloration of young
apparently vmknown.
The distributional area is probably co-extensive with the
great forest-tract of equatorial Africa, in which it is known
to extend from the Cameruns in the west, to the Ituri and
Semliki A^alleys in the east, while nortliwards it reaches
southern Abyssinia.
HYLOCHCEEUS MEINERTZHAGE^^I.
Hylochcerus meinertzhageui, Thomas, Nature, vol. Ixx, p. 577, 1904,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1904, vol. ii, p. 193 ; Eothsdiild, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1906, p. 632; M. Bothscliild ami Neitville, Bull. Soc. Philom.
ser. 9, vol. viii, p. 141, pis. i-xi, 1906; Lydehkcr, Game Animals
of Africa, p. 396, 1908, SupjA. p. 22, 1911, Field, vol. cxxi,
p. 488, 1913 ; Allen, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiii,
p. 49, 1909 ; Ward, Becords of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 457, 1910,
ed. 7, p. 456, 1914 ; Lonnherg, E. SvensJui Vct.-Ah. Handl.
vol. xlviii, no. 5, p. 136, 1912.
(?) Hylocha'TOS ituriensis, Matschie, Ann. Mus. Congo, Zool. ser. 5,
vol. i, p. 9, pis. i-v, 1906.
(?) Hylochcerus nieinertzhageni ituriensis, Lydekker, Game Animals
of Africa, p. 398, 1908, ,S'»^j^;?. p. 24, 1911 ; Allen, Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, vol. xxiii, p. 49, 1909.
(?) Hylochrerus gigliolii, Balducci, Puhl. B. Prim. Stud. Sujjcr.
Firenze, 1909, p. 1.
Typical locality the Kenia district of British East Africa :
the range co-extensive with that of the genus.
Size very large, build heavy, and limbs relatively long ;
coat long, coarse, and wholly black, becoming sparse in old
age ; skin Ijlackish grey.
The external characters by which IT. ituriensis, from the
Ituri A^alley (with which i/". (jigliolii, from the Upper Congo,
is almost certainly inseparable), is stated to be distinguished
appear to be mainly features of immaturity ; the under-
mentioned skull from the Semliki does not appear to be
racially separable from that of the type.
The two races here recognised are distinguishable as
follows : —
A. Molars broad, with much cement H. ni. meinertzJiageni.
B. Molars narrower, with less cement H. ni. rimator.
364 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
A.— HylochcBPus meinertzhag-eni meinertzhageni.
Typical locality the Keuia district of British East Africa :
the range extends northwards to Abyssinia.
Cheek-teeth broad and heavy, with a large development
of cement in the valleys.
4. 11. 5. 14. Sknll and portion of skin. Nandi Forest,
B. E. Africa. Type.
Presented hy Capt. 11. Meinertzhagen, 1904,
4. 11. 5. 15. Hind half of skull, wanting lower jaw,
female. Same locality. Same history.
5. 5. 16. 1. Skeleton and skin, immature female. Nyeri,
B. E. Africa. Presented hy C. W. Haywood, Esq., 1905.
5. 10. 21. 1. Skull, Semliki Forest. Probably represents
H. ituricnsis. Presented hy Litut.-Col. J. J. Harrison, 1905.
5. 10. 21. 2. Skull. Same locality. Same history.
7. 1. 12. 1. Skull, immature, wanting lower jaw. B. E,
Africa. Presented hy C. W. Hayicood, Esq., 1905.-
12. 7. 28. 9-10. Two skins. Mau Forest, above Njoro,
B. E. Africa. Presented hy C. W. Woodhouse, Esq., 1912.
12. 7. 28. 11. Skull, imperfect, and skin, female. Same
locality. Same history.
12. 7. 28. 12. Skin. Laikipia Escarpment, L. E. Africa.
Same history.
12, 7. 28. 13-14. Two skulls and skins, young. Same
locality. Same history.
12. 7. 28. 15. Skin, mounted, and skull. Mau Forest.
Same history.
13. 3. 2. G. Fore part of skull. Salle Forest, Mount
Gore, Abyssinia. Presented hy S. C. G. Clarke, Esq., 1913,
B.— Hylochoerus meinertzhagreni rimator.
Hylochoerus rimator, Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1906, p. 2 {Abs.
P.Z.S. 1906, p. 1) ; Matscliic, Ann. Mas. Congo, Zool. ser. 5,
voL i, p. 8, 1906; Allen, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xxiii,
p. 49, 1909.
Hylochoerus lueinertzhageni rimator, Lydchher, Game Animals of
Africa, p. 398, 1908.
Typical locality Ja Valley, Cameruns.
Generally similar to typical race,* but cheek-teeth,
* Vide Allen, op. cit.
suiD.E 365
especially the last molar in each jaw, markedly narrower,
with less cement in the valleys.
6. 2. 21. 1. Skull, female. Ja Valley, Cameruns ; col-
lected by G. L. Bates, Esq. Type. Fnrchased, 1906.
8. 6. 23. 13. Skull and skin, immature. Cameruns ;
same collector. Finrha.scd, 1908.
14. 4. 16. 1. Skin, mounted. Cameruns.
Presented hy the Bowland Wurd Trustees, 1914.
V. Genus PHACOCH(ERUS.
Phacochoerus, Cuvier, Begnc Animal, vol. i, p. 236, 1817; Owen,
Phil. Trans. 1850, p. 481 ; Graij, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus.
p. 359, 1869, Hand-List Thich-shinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 69,
1873; W. L. Sclater, Fauna 8. Africa, Mamm. vol. i, p. 276,
1960 ; Stelilin, Abh. schweiz. jml. Ges. vol. xxvii, p. 376, 1900.
Phascochcerus, F. Cuvier, Mem. Mus. Paris, vol. viii, p. 451, 1817.
Eureoclon, Fischer, Mem. Soc. Moscou, vol. v, p. 373, 1817.
Phocochorvis, Voigt, XJcliersicht Naturges'-h. p. 422, 1819.
Phascochaeres, Cretzschmar, Atlas to Biijjpells Beisc nordl. Afriha,
p. 61, 1826; Jardine, Naturalisfs Libr,, Mamm. vol. v, p. 219,
1836.
Phascochaerns, Griffitli, Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 289, 1827.
Phacocherus, Smnts, Enum. Mamm. Cap. p. 60, 1832.
Phacellochoei-us and Phacellochgerus, Hemj^rich nnd Ehrentierg,
Symbol. Phys., Mamm. vol. ii, pi. xx, 1832.
Dinochcerus, Gloger, Handbuch Naturgesch. vol. i, pp. xxxii and
131, 1841.
Macrocephalus, Elliot (ex Frisch, 1775), Cat. Mamm. Field Mus.
{Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 32, 1907.
Dentition : /. ^, c. \, p. i>, m. § = 34 ; outer incisors and
anterior premolars lost early, and in some cases all the teeth
except the canines and last molars wanting; upper canines,
which are devoid of enamel except at the tips, very large,
massive, and longer than lower pair, the attrition of the
latter forming merely a facet on the lower surface of the
former and not touching their summits ; last molars in both
jaws, very large, hypsodont, and formed of a closely packed
series of small parallel and vertical subcylindrical denticules ;
canines of females relatively large ; face much flattened, with
a very wide muzzle, and two pairs of triangular warty
tubercles, the upper and larger pair situated immediately
366 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
below the eyes (fig. 54) ; ears small and triangular ; coat
sparse and bristly, almost completely shed in adults, with
the exception of a mane on the neck and a terminal tail-tuft ;
skull wide and long, much depressed, with a deeply concave
profile, a very short postorbital portion, and no lateral
angulation of the nasal region ; prenasal ossicle separate from
nasals. Young uniformly coloured.
The range embraces suitable localities throughout Ethio-
pian Africa.
PHACOCH(ERUS /ETHIOPICUS.
Aper aethiopicus, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. fasc. ii, p. 2, 1767.
Sus rethiopicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. ed, 12, voL i, p. 223, 1768 ; Erxle-
hen, Sysf. Befju. Anim. vol. i, p. 187, 1777 ; Griffith, Animal
Kingdom, vol. iii, p. 333, 1827.
Phacochoerus itthiopicus, Cuvier, Regne Animal, vol. i, p. 1817 ;
F. Cuvier, Dent. Mamni. p. 217, pi. xxviii, 1822 ; J. B. Fischer,
Synop. Mamm. p, 424, 1829 ; Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus.
p. 185, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 48, Cat. Carnivora, etc.
Brit. Mas. p. 353, 1869, Hand-List Thick-skinned Mamm. Brit.
Mus. p. 69, 1873 ; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 78, pi. xvii,
1860, p. 443 ; Gicbcl, Saugethiere, p. 236, 1855 ; Gerrard, Cat.
Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 279, 1862; Fitzinger, Sitzber. k. Ak.
Wiss. Wien, vol, xix, pt. 1, p. 39, 1864 ; Floiver and Garson, Cat.
Osteol. Mils. P. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 363, 1884 ; W. L. Sclater,
Cat. Mamm. Lid. Mus. pt. ii, p. 197, 1891, Fauna S. Africa,
Mamm. vol. i, p. 277, 1900; Flower and, Lydekkcr, Study of
Mammals, p. 289, 1891 ; Nicolls and. Eglington, Spiortsman in
S. Africa, p. 77, 1892 ; Lydekkcr, Horns 'and Hoofs, p. 370, 1893,
Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 517, 1899, Game Animals of
Africa, p. 399, 1908, Sujipl. p. 23, 1911 ; Stehlin, Abh. schiveiz.
pal. Ges. vol. xxvi, p. 276, 1899 ; Rothschild, Powell-Cotton's
Abyssinia, p. 482, 1902, Alexander, From Niger to Nile, vol. ii,
p. 394, 1907; Drake-Brockman, Mamm. Somali, p. 100, 1910;
Ward, Records of Big Game, ed. 6, p. 458, 1910, ed. 7, p. 457,
1914.
Phascochoevus fethiopicus, F. Cuvier, Mem. Mus. Paris, vol. viii,
p. 450, pi. xxiii, 1817.
Phacochoerus barbatus, Temminck, Mon. Mamm. vol. i, p. 29, 1827.
Phascochoenis edentatus, I. Geoffroy, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. vol. xiii,
p. 320, 1828.
Phacochoerus typicus, A. Smith, S. African Quart. Jouru. vol. ii,
p. 90, 1834.
Phacochoerus pallasi, Van der Hoeven, Nova Acta Ac. Cxs. Leop.-Car.
vol. xix, p. 171, 1839 ; Owen, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851, p. 63, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. xi, p. 246, 1853.
Phacochoerus aper aethiopicus, Reichcnbach, Pachyderm, p. 35, 1846.
SUID.E 367
Wart-Hog.
Typical locality South Africa ; range co-extensive with
that of the genus.
Shoulder-height reaching about 30 inches ; general colour
of the sparse coat brownish gi'ey, with a more or less distinct
%■
Fig. 54. — Head op Wart-Hog [Phacoclicenis n'tliiopicus).
rufous tinge ; very large upper tusks measure as much as
from 25 to 27 inches along the convexity, but the length of
lower ones seldom exceeds 6 inches.
The local races, according to a scheme by Lonnberg, are
distinguished as follows : —
A. Posfcorbital portion of skull very shorb and wide,
its length and breadth percentages to skull-
length being 10 and 13.^ ; interorbital width
large, 36 • 5 % B. x. nthiopicus.
B. Postorbital region less wide, 10"9-10"5andll"9-
11-5 % ; interorbital width less, 34-7-33% P. /p. delamcrei.
0. Postorbital region of medium length and width
13 "4 and 13'1%; interorbital width less than
in any other race, 30% P. k. africanus.
D. Postorbital region much the same as in last,
14 and 14 % ; interorbital width considerably
greater, 38-8 % P. sc. massaicns.
E. Postorbital region of medium length but narrow,
13-7 and 11%; interorbital width relatively
small, 32-3% P. x. sundevalli.
F. Postorbital region very long and very narrow,
15-4 and 6"3 % ; interorbital width as in last,
32-3% P. X. xliani.
A.— Phacochoerus sethiopicus sethiopicus.
Phacochcerus aethiopicus typicus, Kirbij, Great and Small Game of
Africa, p. 527, 1809.
Typical locality South Africa.
Size medium ; some of the lower anterior teeth usually
368 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
retained in old age ; postorbital portion of skull very short
and wide, the respective percentages to the skull-length being
10 • 3 X 13 • 3 ; interorbital width also great, 36 • 5 per cent.
74, a (719, /). Skull, from a stuifed specimen. South
Africa. rrcsented hy Dr. IV. J. Burchdl, 1817.
719, a. Skull, female. South Africa.
Presented hy J. C. Taunton, Esq., 1836.
50. 8. 24. 24-30. Nine imperfect skulls and upper jaws.
South Africa. Purchased {Argent), 1850.
6. 1. 22. 5 (765, h). Skeleton, female, provisionally
referred to this race. Locality unknown.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1862.
62. 9. 26. 1. Left upper tusk, from a stuffed skin, pro-
visionally referred to this race. Locality unknown. Length
along outer curve 15| inches.
Presented hy H. Merry weather, Esq., 1862.
71. 7. 3. 4 (719, o). Skull, young. Port Elizabeth, Capo
Colony. Purchased {Gernird), )S7i..
81. 5. 11. 2 (719, r). Skull. South Africa.
Presented hy 11. G. Brealces, Esq., 1881.
B.—Phacochoerus sethiopicus sundevalli.
Phacoclicerus sundevallii, Lonnherg, Sjostedt's Kilimandjaro-Meru
Exped., Mamm. p. 54, 1908, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 937.
Phacochoerus jethiopicus sundevalli, Lydchkcr, Game Animals of
Africa, Sup])!, p. 23, 1911.
Typical locality Natal ; the range probably includes at
least a portion of the Transvaal, and may extend still further
north.
Type in Eoyal Swedish Museum of Natural History,
Stockholm.
Postorbital region of skull moderately elongated but
narrow, 13-7x11 per cent.; interorbital width relatively
small, 32*3 per cent. ; the one upper and one or two pairs of
lower incisors persistent.
46. 6. 2. 75 (719, a^). Skull, female, provisionally referred
to this race. Transvaal ; collected by J. Wahlberg.
By exchange with the Stockholm 3fuseum, 1846.
83. 7. 28. 11. Skin, female, probably belonging to this or
SUID.E 369
a nearly allied race. Umfiile Valley, Mashonaland ; collected
by F. C. Selous, Esq. Purchased, 1883.
86. 5. 5. 5. Skin, mounted, racially identical with the
preceding specimen. Sarna ^'^alley, Mashonaland ; same
collector. Purchased, 1886.
The following specimens, according to Lonnherg, represent
a race allied to, and yet distinct from, P. te. sundevalli, the
intcrorhital region being still narroicer : —
91.9.5.3(719,16^). Skull. Ukanga, Nyasaland. Noticed
by Lonnberg, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 939.
Presented bij Sir H. H. Johnston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., 1891.
91. 9. 5. 4 (719, x). Skull, female. Same locality.
Same history.
93. 7. 2. 29-30. Two skulls. Shiri Highlands, Nyasaland ;
collected by A. Whyte, Esq. Same donor, 1893.
93. 7. 25. 11. Skull. Near Lake Mweru, N. W. Ehodesia ;
collected by E. Crawshay, Esq. Same history.
94.3.8.17. Skull. Same locality and collector. Noticed
l)y Lonnberg, op. cit. p. 938. Same donor, 1894.
94. 3. 8. 17. Skull, immature. Same locality and collector.
Noticed, loc. cit. Same history.
8.2.14.1. Skull. Angouiland, South Uganda. Noticed,
02J. cit. p. 937. Presented by 0. B. Storey, Esq., 1908.
8. 2. 14. 2. Skull, young. Same locality. Noticed, loc.
cit. Same history.
The folloiving specimens accord ivith this race in the relative
narrowness of the intcrorbital region : —
8. 1. 31. 6. Skull and skin, immature female. Athi
Valley, British East Africa.
Presented by the Master of Belhaven, 1908.
12. 7. 28. 2. Skull and skin, immature. Mau Forest,
above Njoro, British East Africa.
Presented by 0. W. Woodhouse, Esq., 1912.
12. 7. 28. 3. Skull and skin, immature. Same locality.
Same history.
12. 7. 28. 4. Skull, immature. Same locaHty.
Same history.
IV. 2 B
370 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
12. 7. 28. 5. Skull, immature. Same locality.
Same liiMory.
12. 7. 28. G. Skull, old boar. Same locality. luterorbital
width 4.L inclies. Same history.
12. 7. 28. 7. Skull, old l)oar. Same locality. Interorbital
width 4^ inches. Same liidory.
12. 7. 28. 8. Skull, immature. Same locality.
Sa,me Iddory.
C— Phacoehcerus sethiopicus massaicus.
Phacochoerus massaicus, Lonnherg, Sjostedt's Kilimandjaro-Meru
Exped., Mamm. p. 54, 1908, Proe. Zooh Soc. 1908, p. 937,
K. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl. vol. xlviii, no. 5, p. 142, 1912.
Phacochoerus sethiopicus massaicus, Lydekker, Game Animals of
Africa, Suppl. p. 23, 1911.
Typical locality Masailand ( Kilimanjaro-Meru district),
German East Africa.
Type in Eoyal Swedish Museum of Natural History,
Stockholm.
Postorbital region of medium length and width, 14 x
14 per cent.; interorbital width relatively great, 38-8 per
cent.
95. 4. 3. 42. Skull, immature, provisionally associated by
Lonnherg, Froc. Zool. Soe. 1908, p. 938, with this race.
Uganda. The relative shortness of the postorbital region
may be a feature of immaturity.
The following specimens accord ivith this race in the great
relaiive width of the i^iterorhital region, tvhich is considerably
greater than in the British Fast African specimens entered
under the heading of the p)receding race : — ■
1. 8. 9. 54. Skull and skin, immature. Malo, Uganda.
Presented hy Sir H. H. Johnston, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., 1901.
1. 8. 9. 55. Skull and skin, immature female. Same
locality. >SVf7?ie history.
1. 8. 9. 56. Skull and skin, immature. Same locality.
Saine history.
5. 4. 3. 41. Skull, female. S. W. Ankoli, Uganda.
Interorbital width h\ inclies.
Presented hy Lieut.-Col. C. Dclme-Piadcliffe, 1905.
SUIDiE 371
5. 4. 3. 42. Skull, female. Same locality. Interorbital
width Hi inches. Same liistory.
5. 4. 3. 43. Skull, female. Same locality. Same historij.
D.— Phacochoerus sethiopicus delamerei.
Phacochcerus delamerei, Lonnherg, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1908, p. 240,
K. Svensha Vet.-Ak. Handl. vol. xlviii, no. 5, p. 140, 1912.
Phacochoerus sethiopicus delamerei, LydeM-er, Game Animals o
Africa, Suj)])!. p. 23, 1911.
Typical locality Northern Somaliland.
I'roportions of postorLital region of skull much the same
as in typical race, although the width is rather less, 10*9-
10 • 5 X 11 •9-11' 5 per cent.; interorl)ital width relatively
great, 34 • 7-33 per cent.
There has been some doubt with regard to the locality
where this race is found, but it is practically certain that one
or other of the undermentioned skulls presented by Lord
Delamere wag taken from the north Somali animal of which
the head is figured on page 401 of Game Animals of Africa.
0. 3. 27. 16. Skull. Somaliland. Co-type. Except for
some vestiges in the mandible, both upper and lower incisors
have been worn away. Frcsented hi/ the Lord Delamere, 1900.
0. 3. 27. 17. Skull. Same locality. Co-type. Two
pairs of lower incisors are retained. Same history.
6. 5, 4. 12. Skull and skin, female, provisionally referred
to this race. S.W. of Berbera, Somaliland.
Presented hy Dr. R. E. Drake- Br ockman, 190G.
E.— Phacochoerus aethiopicus aeliani.
Phascochoeres seliani, Cretzschmar, Atlas to liiippeU's Reise nordl.
Afrika, p. 61, pis. xxv and. xxvi, 1826 ; Javdine, Naturalist's
Libr., Mamm. vol. v, p. 219, pi. xxiv, 1836.
Phacochcerus edentatus, I. Geoffroy, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat. vol. xiii,
p. 320, 1828.
Phacelochoerus haroja, Hemprich and Ehrenherg, Symbol. Phys.
pi. XX, 1836.
Phacochoerus seliani. Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mas. p. 185, 1848 ;
Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p, 280, 1862 ; Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 276, pi. xx, 1871, p. 236; Blanford,
Zool. Abyssinia, p. 241, 1870 ; Stehlin, Abh. schrveiz. pal. Ges.
vol. xxvii, pi. X, fig. 6, 1900 ; Lomiberg, SjostedVs Kilimandjaro-
Merii Exped. p. 53, 1908, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 937.
2 B 2
3'72 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Phacochoerus sclateri, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol, vi,
pp. 189 and 263, 1870 ; Sclater, ibid. p. 404, 1870.
Phacochoerus haroia, Lonnberg, SjostedVs Kilimandjaro-Meru Exped.
p. 53, 1908.
Typical locality Abyssinia.
The upper incisors shed and the lower ones usually worn
down to the roots in aged animals, which may retain only
the canines and last molars ; postorbital region very long and
very narrow, 15-4 x 6 '3 per cent.; interorbital width as in
P. ce. sundevalli, 32 • 3 per cent.
719, V. Skeleton and skin. Abyssinia ; collected by Dr.
Eiippell. Co-type. Purchased.
69. 2. 2. 12 (765, c). Skeleton, mounted. Annesley Bay,
Abyssinia ; collected by W. Jesse, Esq., during the Abyssinian
Expedition, under Lord ISTapier of Magdala.
Presented hy the Viceroy and Council of India, 1869.
69. 10. 24. 47 (719, q). Skull. Zulla, Abyssinia;
collected by Dr. W. T. Blanford during the above-mentioned
expedition. Noticed by Lonnberg, with measurements, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 937. Same history.
F.— Phacochoerus sethiopicus fossor.
Phacochoerus sethiopicus fossor, Schivarz, Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 8, vol. xi, p. 266, 1913.
Typical locality Ketekma, Bagirmi, N.W. Central Africa.
Type in Senckenbcrg Museum, Frankfurt-am-Main.
Skull heavier than in P. a;, cdiani, with the profile less
concave in the frontal but more so in the nasal region, the
occiput lower and wider, the jugal deeper and placed less
nearly vertically, and the lower canines more procumbent,
but directed more backwards at tips.
7. 7. 8. 257. Skull and skin, immature female, pro-
visionally referred to this race. Yo, Lake Chad district.
Presented hy the Alexander-Gosling Expedition, 1907.
G.— Phacochoerus sethiopicus bufo.
Phacochoerus africanus b\ifo, Heller, Sniitlison. Misc. Collect, vol. Ixi,
no. 22, p. 2, 1914 ; Allen. Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. Iviii,
p. 324, 1914.
suiD.E 373
Typical locality Lado Enclave.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Difiers from P. ce. mliani by the greater breadth and
length of the postorbital portion of the skull, the more
nearly flat interorbital region, and the greater extension of
the premaxillai beyond the sockets of the tusks, as well as
by the lack of elevation in tlie parietal and occipital crests,
and the smaller auditory bulliTe. Incisors are retained in the
adults.
9. 7. 15. 2. Skull. Lado Enclave.
Purchased (Giza Zoological Gardens), 1909.
H.— Phacochoerus aethiopicus africanus.
Sus africanus, Gmelin, Linn.'s Syst. Nat. vol. i, p. 222, 1778 ; Griffith,
Animal Kingdom, vol. iii, p. 332, 1827.
Phascochcei'us africanus, F. Cuvier, Mem. Mus. Paris, vol. viii,
p. 452, pi. xxiii, 1817 ; Desmarcst, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 593,
1822; A. Smith, Cat. S. African Mus., Mamm. p. 16, 1826;
Lesson, Man. Mamm. p. 341, 1827.
Phacochoerus africanus, F. Cuvier, Debits Mamm. p. 213, pi. Ixxxvii,
1825 ; /. B. Fischer, Synoj). Mamm. p. 424, 1829 ; Peters, Reise
Mossamh. vol. i, 181, 1852; Giebel, Saugethiere, p. 237, 1855;
Kirk, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 656; Floiuer and Garson, Cat.
Osteol. Mus. R. Coll Surg. pt. ii, p. 360, 1884; W. L. Sclater,
Cat. Mamm. Ind. Mus. pt. ii, p. 197, 1891 ; Flower and
LyddxTxcr, Study of Mammals, p. 289, 1891 ; LydeTiker, Horns and,
Hoofs, p. 370, 1893, Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 517,
1899 ; Matschie, Sdugeth. Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, p. 100, 1895 ;
Elliot, Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. i, p. 109, 1897; Lonnherg,
Sjostcdfs Kilimandjaro-Meru Exped., Mamm. p. 53, 1908, Proc.
Zool. Soc. 1908, p. 936 ; Cabrera, Cat. Met. Mam. Mus. Madrid,
p. 133, 1912 ; Newberry, Klio, vol. xii, p. 397, 1912.
Phascochaerus africanus, Griffith, Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 289,
18l7,2yartim.
Phacochoerus aethiopicus africanus, Inverarity, Great and Small
Game of Africa, p. 521, 1899 ; Lydekker, Game Animals of
Africa, p. 400, 1907, Suppl. p. 73, 1911, Ward's Records of Big
Game, ed. 7, p. 458, 1914.
Macrocephalus africanus, Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. {Field
Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. viii) p. 83, 1907.
Typical locality Cape Verd, Senegambia.
Size very large, probably greater than in any other race,
the upper skull-length being l7f inches (445 mm.) ; post-
orbital region relatively long and wide, 59 X 58 mm. =
13*4 X 13 'l per cent. ; interorbital region relatively narrow,
30 per cent,
374 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
46. 8. 7. 24 (719, h). Skull. Cape Verd. Topo-type.
Presented hj T. Tatum, Esq., 1836.
Tlie reference of the following sjjecimen to this race is
^provisional : —
65. 5. 3. 5 (719, u). Skull. Nigeria; collected by Dr.
AV. B. Baikie. Purchased (Stevens), 1865.
Subfamily ii.— DICOTYLINiE.
Fore-feet with four and hind-feet with three complete
toes ; 32 teeth, the dental formula being i. f , c. -\, i^. -|, m. f ;
upper canines comparatively short, straight, and directed
downwards ; stomach complex ; a dorsal gland ; 2 teats ;
tail rudimentary ; upper ends of third and fourth metacarpals
and metatarsals united.
The distribution is restricted to the New World, where
peccaris range from Arkansas and Texas to the Eio Negro
of Patagonia.
VI. Genus DICOTYLES.
Tayassu, Fischer, Zoognonia, vol. iii, p. 284, 1814 ; Miller, List
N, Amer. Mamm. p. 384, 1912; recommended for siqypression in
favour of Dicotyles by '■'■ fiat''' of International Commission of
Zootogical Nomenclature, 1914, vide Zool. Anz. vol. xliv, p. 285.
Dicotyles, Cuvicr, Regne Animal, vol. i, p. 237, 1817 ; GriffifJi,
Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 289, 1827 ; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1868, p. 58, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 351, 1869 ; Elliot,
Synop. Mamm. N. Amer. {Field Mus. Zool. Pub.) vol. ii, p. 33,
1901 ; Loomis, Amer. J. Sci. vol. xxx, p. 383, 1910; Houv, Anat.
Eefte Wiesbaden, Abt. 1, vol. xl, p. 717, 1910.
Notophorus, Fischer, Mem. Soc. Moscon, vol. v, p. 373, 1817.
Dicotylus, Bowdich, Anal. Nal. Classif. Mamm. p. 71, 1821.
Adenonotus, Broolces, Cat. Mus. p. 11, 1828.
Dycoteles, Jardinc, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. v, p. 234 (1836) ;
Blytli, Cuvicr's Anim. Kingdom, p. 131, 1840.
Dicotyle, Gervais and Ameejltino, Mamm. Foss. Amer. Sud. p. 110,
1880.
Dycotyles, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. viii, p. 54, 1896.
Olidosus, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiv, p. 120, 1901.
Tagassu, Elliot (ex Frisch), Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies
(Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 66, 1904.
Tayassus, Trouessart, Cat. Mamm., Sujjpl. p. 658, 1904.
suiD.E 375
Small, tailless, pig-like animals, with thick bristly coats,
small, ovate, erect ears, and a large glandular area rather
behind the middle of the back, which secretes a strongly-
smelling musky oleaginous substance.
The subfamily is divisible into the two following sub-
genera (genera of many naturalists) : —
A. Mane and dorsal crest long, and reaching rump ; nasals
and sides of cranial rostrum flattened; palate broad.... Dicotyles.
B. Mane and dorsal crest shorter and not reaching rump ;
nasals and sides of cx'anial rostrum not flattened ;
palate narrow Pecari.
1. Subgenus DICOTYLES.
Mane and dorsal crest long- and exteudincr backwards to
rump ; upper surface of nasals and sides of cranial rostrum
flattened, the latter not divided by zygomatic ridge, which
rises abruptly to top of skull, where it dies out above second
premolar ; palate broad and flat, without ridge between
anterior premolar and inner surface of canine ; no depression
on preorbital portion of zygomatic root.
The distributional area extends from Mexico to Paraguay.
I. DICOTYLES I'ECArj.
Tayassu pecari, Fisher, Zoognosia, vol. iii, p. 285, 1814; Allen,
Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xvi, p. 165, 1902 ; Miller, List
N. Amer. Mamm. p. 384, 1912.
Sus albirostris, Uliger, Ahli. AI-. Sci. Berlin, 1811, p. 115, 1815 (separate
copies are stated to have been issued in 1811).
Dicotyles labiatus, Ciivier, Regne Animal, vol. i, p. 237, 1817 ;
Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, pp. 394 and 620, 1822; Griffith.
Animal Kingdom, vol. v, p. 290, 1827 ; Bengger, Sdugeth.
Paragiiaij, p. 322, 1830; Tschudi, Fauna Peruv. p. 217, 1844;
Frantzius, Arch. Naturgesch. vol. i, p. 296, 1855 ; Burmeister,
Sgst. Uebersicht, vol. i, p. 325, 1855, Deserip. Phys. Bepuh.
Argent, vol. iii, p. 472, 1879; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 45,
Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 352, 1869, Hand-List ThicTc-
skinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 54, 1873; Alston, Biol. Centr.-
Anier., Mamm. p. 108, pi. x, 1882 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Ostcol.
Mus. R. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 343, 1884 ; LydeJcJccr, Cat. Foss.
Mamm. Brit. Mus. pt, ii, p. 251, 1885, Great and Small Game
of Europe, etc. p. 383, 1901 ; Flower and Lydehher, Study of
Mammals, p. 290, 1891 ; Stehlin, Ahh. schiveiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvi,
p. 209, 1899 ; Weber, Sdugethiere, p. 652, 1904.
Notophorus pecari, Fischer, Mem. Soc. Moscou, vol. v, p. 373, 1817.
.■•76 CATALOGUE OF UNGUl-ATES
Adenonotus labiatus, BrooJccs, Cat. Mus. p. 11, 1828.
Dycoteles labiatus, Jardiue, Naturalises Libr., Mamm. vol. v, p. 236,
pi. xxvii, 1836.
Dicotyles albirostris, Wagner, Schrebc7''s Sdugtldere, Skj)])^. vol. iv,
p. 306, 1844.
Siis labiatus, Gerrard, Cat. Bones Manint. Brit. Mus. p. 281, 1862.
Tagassu pecari, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies {Field
Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 66, 1904, ChecJc-List Mamm.N. Amer.
etc. (ibid. vol. vi) p. 35, 1905. Cat. Mamm. Field Mus. (ibid.
vol, viii) p. 35, 1907.
Tayassu albirostris, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiv,
" p. 120, 1901 ; Goldman, ibid. vol. xxv, p. 189, 1912.
Tayassus albirostris, Trouessart, Cat. Mnmm., Siqypl. p. 659, 1904.
White-lipped Peocari ; Wari.
The type species.
Typical locality Paraguay.
Size relatively large (length of head and body about
40 to 46 inches) ; general colour typically dark reddish brown
and black, passing into rufous on face and crown, with the
upper lips, top of nose, chin, throat, breast, and under-parts
white.
The folloM'ing three races are recognised : —
A. Breast and under-parts white D. j). ;pccari,
B. Breast and uuder-parts gi-izzled black and fulvous.
(/. White face-markings more extensive than in
typical race D. ^j. ringens.
b. White face-markings still more extensive D. j}' spiradens.
A.— Dicotyles pecari pecari.
Tayassu pecari pecari. Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 884, 1912.
Tayassus albirostris albirostris, Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing-
ton, vol. xxv, p. 189, 1912.
Typical locality Paraguay.
Face-markings of moderate extent ; under-parts white.
152, h. Skin, young (?). Brazil. Purchased, 1835.
42. 8. 17. 1. Skin, mounted. Brazil.
Fnrcliascd (Clavsen), 1842.
43. 2. 20. 6 (721, b). Skull, immature. Brazil.
Purchased (Sf evens), 1843.
43. 9. 27. 24. Skin, female. Bahia, Brazil.
Purchased (Brand/), 1843.
suiD/E 377
45. 2. 13. 4(721, a). Skull, immature (from an old skin).
Brazil. Purchased (Cross), 1845.
46. 6. 1. 27. Skin. Santa Catherina, Brazil.
Purchased {Parzudald), 1846.
47. 4. 6. 8 (721, d). Skeleton, female. Brazil.
Purchased (Barker), 1847.
47. 4. 6. 9 (721, c). Skeleton. Brazil. Same history.
51. 8. 27. 76 (721, c). Skull. Para, Brazil.
Purchased (Stevens), 1851.
61. 4. 8. 2 (721,/). Skeleton. Brazil.
Purchased (Zoologiad Society), 1861.
62. 12. 15. 112-113. Two young specimens, in alcohol.
British Guiana. Purchased (Leaclbeater), 1862.
84. 2. 8. 17. Skull. Taquara, Eio Grande do Sul,
Brazil ; collected hy Dr. H. von Ihering. Purchased, 1884.
84. 2. 8. 18. Skull. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
99. 2. 22. 10. Skull and skin. Entre Rios.
Presented hy tlie La Plata Museum, 1899.
3. 7. 7. 121. Skull and skin, female. Chapada, Matto
Grosso, Brazil ; collected by Mr. A. Robert.
Presented hy Mrs. Percy Sladen, 1913.
3. 7. 7. 122-123. Two young skulls. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
The folloiciny s2Kcimens from British Guiana arc pro-
visionally referred to this race : —
10. 5. 4. 67. Skull and skin, very young. Rio Supinaam
Valley, British Guiana.
Presented hy F. V. McConncU, Esc^., 1910.
10. 6. 12. 1. Skull. Lama Creek, British Guiana.
Presented hy B. Howell Jones, Escf, 1910.
10. 9. 29. 32. Skull and skin. Supinaam A^alley.
Presented hy F. V. McCoimcll, Esq., 1910.
11. 6. 7. 49. Skull and skin, very young. Moon
Mountains, southern British Guiana. Same donor, 1911.
11. 12. 15. 5. Skull, young. Bartica Grove, Essequibo
Valley, British Guiana. Same history.
12. 12. 19. 13. Skull and skin. Bonasica Creek,
British Guiana. Same donor, 1912.
378 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
12. 12. 10. 14. Skull aud skin. Same locality.
Same liistory.
12. 12. 19. 15. Skull and skin. Same locality.
Same hist or if.
13.6.8.14. Skull aud skin. Manarica Creek, Essequibo
A'alley. Same donor, 1913.
13. 12. 12. 4. Skull and skin, very young. Supinaam
Valley. Same liistory.
B. -Dicotyles pecari ringens.
Tayassu albirosti-is ringens, Mcrriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
vol. xiv, p. 121, 1901.
Tayassu pecari ringens, Allen, Bull. Anier. Mus, Nat. Hist. vol. xvi,
p. 166, 1902 ; Miller, List Mamm. N. Amer. p. 384, 1912.
Tagassu pecari ringens, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies
{Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 66, 1904, Check-List Mamm.
N. Amer. etc. {ibid. vol. vi) p. 37, 1905.
Typical locality Apazote, State of Campeche, Mexico.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Similar in general characters to typical race, but with a
greater extension of whitish face-markings — the light area
including the whole muzzle from tip to midway between
nose and eyes, and extending backwards along sides of lower
jaw to below ears — the presence of an ill-defined white band
above each pair of hind-hoofs, and the grizzled black and
fulvous under-parts.
No specimen in collection.
C— Dicotyles pecari spiradens.
Tayassu albirostris sjDiradens, Goldman, Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington,
vol. XXV, p. 189, 1912.
Typical locality Talamanca, Costa Rica.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Eesembles D. p. ringens in size and colour, but still more
white on face, sometimes extending to eyes; molars wider
and first lower premolar smaller. Distinguished from T. p.
pecari by more convex profile of brain-case, the narrower
front portion of lower premolars, and more evenly tapering
lower cheek-teeth row.
No specimen in collection.
suiD^E 379
2. Subgenus PECARI.
Pecari, Beichenbach, Bildergal. Thierwelt, pt. vi, p. 1, 1835 ; Miller,
List N. Amcr. Mamm. p. 383, 1912.
Mane and dorsal crest shorter than in typical subgenus
and not covering rump ; upper surface of nasals and sides of
cranial rostrum not flattened, the latter divided by a more
or less pronounced zygomatic ridge ; palate long and narrow,
with a more or less distinct anterior median ridge, and a
depression in preorbital portion of zygomatic root above
premolars.
Eange co-extensive with that of genus.
The two species are distinguished as follows : —
A. Skull ■with slight basal angulation of nasals,
palatal ridge, and preorbital depression D. (P.) tajacu.
V,. Skull with strongly marked basal angulation
of nasals, prominent palatal ridge, and deep
preorbital depression in anterior zygomatic
root jD. (P.) angulat as.
II. DICOTYLES (PECAEI) TAJACU.
Sus tajacu, Linn. SijsL Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 50, 1758, ed. 12, vol. i,
p. 103, 1766.
Sus tajassu, Erxleben, Sijst. Regn. Anim. p. 188, 1777.
Dicotyles torquatus, Cuvier, Begne Animal, vol. i, p. 237, 1817 ;
Desmarest, Mammalogie, vol. ii, p. 393, 1822 ; Griffith, Animal
Kingdom, vol. v, p. 289, 1827 ; Bengger, Sdngeth. Paraguay,
p. 322, 1830; Tschiuli, Fauna Peru, p. 216, 1844; Frantzius,
Arch. Naturgcsch. vol. i, p. 296, 1855 ; Burmcister, Syst. Ueber-
sicht, vol. i, p. 327, 1855, Descrij). Phys. Bepub. Argent, vol, iii,
p. 473, 1879 ; Baird, Mamm. N. Amer. p. 627, 1857 ; Sclater,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 206 ; Tomes, ibid. 1861, p. 287 ; Stehlin,
Abh. schiveiz. pal. Ges. vol. xxvi, p. 208, 1899.
Adenonotus tajacu, Brookes, Cat. Mus. p. 11, 1828.
Dycoteles torquatus, Jardine, Naturalist's Libr., Mamm. vol. v,
p. 234, pi. xxvi, 1836.
Dicotyles tajacu, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 186, 1843 ; Gerrard,
Cat. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 280, 1862 ; Sclater, List Anim.
Zool. Gardens, p. 19, 1862 ; Alston, Biol. Centr.-Anier., Mamm.
p. 102, 1882 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll. Surg.
pt. ii, p. 344, 1884 ; Lydelker, Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pt. ii,
p. 252, 1885, Great and Small Game of Europe, etc. p. 371, 1901 ;
IF. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Ind. 'Mus. pt. ii, p. 196, 1891 ;
Flower and Lydckker, Study of Mammals, p. 290, 1891 ; Elliot,
Synof. N. Amer. Mamni. (Field. Mus. Zool Pub. vol. ii) p. 33,
1901 ; Weber, SdugetUere, p. 652, 1904.
380 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Notophorus torqtiatus, Gray, Proe. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 44, Cat.
Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 351, 1871 ; Hand-List Thick-
sHnned Mamm. Brit Mus. p. 53, 1873.
Tayassu tayassu. Stone and Cram, American Animals, pi. facing
p. 30, 1903.
Pecari Tajacu.
Typical locality Brazil.
Smaller than I), pcmri, the average length of the head
and body being about 36 inches ; general colour dark blackish
grey, with a white or whitish band passing across the chest
from shoulder to shoulder.
The following races are recognised : —
A. General colour grizzled grey or tawny.
a. Skull relatively large, long, naiTOw, and vaulted.... D. t. tajacu.
h. Skull smaller, shorter, wider and depressed D. t. torvus.
B. General colour almost uniform black D. t. niger.
A.— Dicotyles tajacu tajacu.
Typical locality southern Brazil.
Skull relatively large, long, narrow, and vaulted ; general
colour grizzled grey or tawny.
720, i. Skull. Locality unknown.* No Ivldory.
38. 4. 16. 86. Skull. Locality unknown.
Purchased (Stevens), 1838.
41. 12. 20. 1 (35, h). Skin, mounted. Locality unknown.
Frcscntcd Ivj B. Cross, Esq., 1841.
55, li. Skin, immature, mounted. No history.
43. 5. 16. 8 (720, a). Skull. Organ Mountains, Brazil ;
collected by Dr. Gardner. Purchased, 1843.
44. 2. 7. 11. Skin, young. Locality unknown.
Purchased (Leadheater), 1844.
50. 11. 22. 49 (720, c). Skull. Locality unknown.
Purchased (Zooloyiccd Society), 1850
55. 12. 26. 154 (720, d), Skull. Locality unknown.
Same history, 1855.
56. 12. 30. 2 (720, e). Skeleton. Locality unknown.
S((mc history, 1856.
* The reference to this race of specimens of unknown locality is
provisional.
SUID.'E 381
58. 5. 4. 44 (720,/). Skull. Locality unknown.
Same history, 1858.
58. 5. 4. IIG (720, g). Skeleton, mounted, Locality
unknown. Same history.
60.2.11.15. Skin, young, mounted. Locality unknown.
Pnrchased (Venravx), 1860.
67. 4. 12. 207. Skin. Locality unknown.
Presented by Capt. Milncr, 1867.
84. 2, 8. 19. Skull, immature female. Taquara, Eio
Grande do Sul ; collected by Dr. H. von Iliering.
Purchased, 1884.
97. 10. o. 17. Skull. Chanchamayo, Peru; collected
by Mr. J. Kalinowski. Purchased, 1897.
1. 2. 7. 53. Skull and skin, young. Pereque, Sao Paulo,
Brazil; collected by Mr. A. Robert. Purchased {Beckett), 1901.
I. 6. 6. 80. Skull and skin, somevvliat older. S.
Francisco, Sao Paulo ; same collector. Same history.
3. 7. 7. 126. Skull and skin. Cliapada, Matto Grosso,
Brazil; same collector. Presented by Mrs. Percy Sladen, 1903.
3. 7. 7. 127. Skull and skin. Same locality and collector.
Same history.
3. 7. 7. 128. Skull and skin, female. Same locality and
collector. Same history.
8. 8. 19. 1. Skull and skin. Villa Rica, Paraguay.
Presented by the Hon. W. H. Hugcsscn, 1908.
8. 8. 19. 2. Skull, imperfect, and skin. Same locality.
Same history.
10. 5. 4. 56. Skull and skin. Rio Supinaam, British
Guiana. Presented by F. V. McConnell, Esc[., 1910.
10. 11. 10. 10. Skull and skin. Bartica Grove, Essequibo
Valley, British Guiana. Same history.
II. 12. 15. 3. Skull and skin. Same locality.
Same donor, 1911.
11. 12. 15. 4. Skull and skin. Same locality.
Same history.
12. 6. 5. 31. Skull and skin. Bonasica Creek, British
Guiana. Same donor, 1912
12. 12. 19. 10. Skull and skin. Bonasica Creek,
British Guiana. Same history.
5. 11. 1. 20. Skull and skin, young. Georgetown,
Demerara; collected by S. B. Warren, Esq. Purchased, 1905.
382 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
B.— Dicotyles tajacu topvus.
Tayassu tor\ns, Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. WasJiinqton, vol. xii, p. 164,
1898. '■
Dicotyles tajacu iovxus, LydeJcker, Great and Small Game of Europe,
etc. p. 382, 1901.
Tagassu torvus, Elliot, Cat. Mamm. Field Mas. {Field Mas. Zool.
Pub. vol. viii) p. 35, 1907.
Tayassu torvum, Osgood, Field Mas. Zool. Pub. vol. x, p. 46, 1912.
Typical locality Santa Marta district, Colombia.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Skull relatively small, short, wide, and depressed.
The reference of the follovd));! ^^pecimem io fin's r((ce /.s-
jyrovisional : —
97. 11. 7. 5G. Skull and skin, young. Cachavi, Ecuador ;
collected by Mr. W. F. H. Eosenberg. PurcJmsed, 1897.
99. 10. 3. 65. Skull and skin, young. Near Bogota,
Colombia ; collected by Mr. G. D. Child.
Presented hy 0. Thomas, Esq., 1899.
14. 11. G. 2. Skull and skin. Eio Cesar Valley,
Colombia ; collected by W. K. Pomeroy, Esq.
Presenied h>/ the Zoological Society, 1914.
C— Dicotyles tajacu niger.
Dicotyles torquatus, Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 262 ; nee Cuvier.
Tayassu niger, Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. xxxii, p. 476,
1913.
Typical locality Esnieraldas, Ecuador.
Type in American Museum of Natural History, New
York.
Differs from both the preceding races liy the general
colour being nearly uniform black instead of grizzled grey
or tawny.
97. 11. 7. 56. Skin, young female, provisionally referred
to this race. Cachavi, Ecuador.
Presented h/ 0. Thomas, Esq., 1897
suiD.^ 383
III. DICOTYLES (PECAPJ) ANGULATUS.
Dicotyles angulatus, Cope, Amer. Nat. vol. xxiii, p. 147, 1889 ; Weber,'
Sdugethiere, p. 652, 1904.
Tayassu angulatus, Bangs, Proc. Biol, Soc. Washington, vol. xii,
p. 165, 1898 ; Merriam, ibid. vol. xiv, p. 120, 1901 ; Stone and
Cram, American Animals, p. 30, 1903 (angulatum).
Dicotyles tajacu angulatus, Lydekker, Great and Small Game of
Europe, etc. p. 381, 1901.
Tagassu angulatum, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies {Field
Mtis. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 63, 1904, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus.
{ibid. vol. viii) p. 34, 1907.
Pecari angulatus. Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 383, 1912.
Typical locality Guadeliipe Valley, Texas.
General characters those of D. tajacu, but palate with
sharp ridge reaching from first premolars to bases of sockets
of canines ; nasal bones more augulated in median line ; last
upper premolar quadrangular, with four main tubercles and
intermediate tubercles ; molars wrinkled ; sides of cranial
rostrum deeply excavated above premolars. When only one
form of peccari with this type of skull and dentition was
known, the writer regarded it as a race of D. tajacu, now
that a number are recognised, it is convenient to allow
specific rank to this type, of which the local races are
distinguishable as follows : —
A. Size larger.
a. Shoulder- stripe white ; sides of body black
and white D. a. angulatus.
b. Shoulder-stripe yellowish ochery, narrow ;
sides greyer D. a. humeralis.
c. Shoulder-stripe broad ; sides whitish D. a. yucatanensis.
d. Shoulder-stripe indistinct, very narrow ; sides
grizzled grey D. a. crassus.
e. Shoulder-stripe indistinct; sides mixed greyish
and brownish black D. a. sonoriensis.
f. Shoulder-stripe wide and tawny D. a. crusnigruvt.
B. Size smaller; sides grizzled black and buff D. a. nanus.
A.— Dicotyles angulatus angulatus.
Pecari angulatus angulatus. Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 383,
1912.
Typical locality Guadelupe Valley, Texas.
General colour black and white, shoulder-stripe white.
The range includes Texas and north-eastern Mexico.
No specimen in collection.
384 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
B. — Dicotyles angulatus sonoriensis.
Dicotyles angulatus sonoriensis, Mearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Miis.,
vol. XX, p. 469, 1897.
Dicotyles tajacu sonoriensis, LydeTcli-cr, Great and Small Game of
^Hro;;r,V/r. p. 382, 1901.
Tayassu angulatus sonoriensis, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
vol. xiv. p. 120, 1901.
Tagassu angulatum sonoriense, Elliot, Mamvi. Mid. Amer. and
W. Indies (Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 64, 1904.
Pecari angulatus sonoriensis, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamni. p. 383,
1912.
Typical locality San Bernadino Valley, Sonora, Mexico.
Type in U.S. National Museum, "Washington.
Larger and paler than typical race, with bigger ears and
feet, and smaller and simpler molars ; general colour greyish
and brownish black, with a sharply contrasting black dorsal
stripe, and the light shoulder-stripe indistinct ; young pale
reddish brown, with a black dorsal stripe.
12. 7. 3. 1. Skin, mounted. Sonora.
PycxcnUd hy I. N. Dracopoli, Esq., 1912.
C- Dicotyles angulatus humeralis.
Tayassu angulatus humeralis, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
vol. xiv, p. 122, 1901.
Tagassu angulatum liumerale, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W.
Indies {Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 63, Check-List Mamm.
N. Amer. etc. {ibid. vol. vi) p. 35, 1905, Cat. Mamm. Field Mus.
(ibid. vol. viii) p. 34, 1907.
Pecari angulatus humeralis, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 383,
1912.
Typical locality America, State of Colima, Mexico.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
GTcnerally similar to typical race, but flanks greyer, head
yellower, dorsal stripe more pronounced, and shoulder-stripe
yellowish ochery ; skull of female larger, with longer row of
cheek-teeth.
The range extends from Colima to Tehuantepec.
98. 3. 2. 151. Skull and skin. Sinaloa, Southern
Mexico ; collected by Mr. P. 0. Simons.
Purchased (Price), 1898.
suiD.E 385
D.— Dicotyles angulatus crassus.
Tayassu angulatus crassus, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
" vol. xiv, p. 124, 1901.
Tagassu angulatum crassuni, Elliot, Manun. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies
[Field Mils. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 64, 1904.
Pecavi angulatus crassus, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 383, 1912.
Typical locality Metlaltoyuca, State of Puebla, Mexico.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Size larger and coat coarser than in typical race ; general
colour grizzled grey, with a black dorsal stripe ; shoulder-
stripe very narrow and indistinct.
No specimen in collection.
E.— Dicotyles angulatus yucatanensis.
Taj'assu angvilatus yucatanensis, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washiny-
ton, vol. xiv, p. 123, 1901.
Tagassu angulatum yucatanense, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Anicr. and
W. Indies {Field Miis. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 63, 1904.
Pecari angulatus yucatanensis. Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 383,
1912.
Typical locility Tunkas, Yucatan.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
General colour much wdiiter than in typical race, with
the shoulder-stripe very wide and conspicuous ; female not
larger than male ; nasals more acute and shorter than in
D. a. angulatus.
F.— Dicotyles angulatus crusnigrum.
Tayassu crusnigrum. Bangs, Ball. Mas. Harvard Coll. vol. xxxix,
p. 20, 1902.
Tagassu crusnigrum, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Amer. and W. Indies
{Field Mus. Zool. Pub. vol. iv), p. 65, 1904.
Pecari crusnigrum, Miller, List N. Amer. Mamm. p. 383, 1912.
Typical locality Boquete, Chiriqui, Panama.
Type in Harvard College Museum.
Specially distinguished by the width and tawny colour of
the shoulder-stripe.
No specimen in collection.
IV. 2 c
386 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
G.— Dicotyles angulatus nanus.
Tayassu nanus, Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xiv,
p. 102, 1901.
Tagassu nanus, Elliot, Mamm. Mid. Anier. and W. Indies {Field
Mas. Zool. Puh. vol. iv), p. 62, 1904.
Pecari nanus, Miller, List N. Amcr. Mamm. p. 384, 1912.
Typical locality Cozumel Island, off Yucatan.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
A dwarf island-race, characterised by its grizzled black
and buff general colour, dark dorsal stripe, and wide huffish
shoulder-stripe.
No specimen in collection.
Family IL— HIPPOPOTAMIDJ^.
Head terminating in a broad, rounded muzzle, at the
summit of which are the nostrils ; feet four-toed, with the
middle pair, at least, connected by membrane, and all four
touching the ground in the ordinary standing posture ;
incisors and canines growing from persistent pulps, the
upper curved and directed downwards, the lower incisors
straight and procumbent, and the canines curved and directed
upwards ; molars with trefoil-shaped dentine islands (fig. 55) ;
a descending flange to hind part of mandible, and lateral
aspect of gape S-shaped.
Restricted at the present day to Ethiopian Africa, but in
the Pleistocene and Pliocene spread over a large part of the
Old World, including England.
I. Genus HIPPOPOTAMUS.
Hippopotamus, Liint. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, vol. i, p. 74, 1758, ed. 12,
vol. i, p. 101, 1766 ; Giehel, Sdugethiere, p. 217, 1855 ; Gray, Cat.
Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 356, 1869 ; Lydehher, Pal. Indica
(Mem. Geol. Surv. India), ser. 10, vol. iii, p. 47, 1884, Cat. Foss.
Mamm. Brit. Mks. pt. ii, p. 277, 1885, Game Animals of Africa,
p. 403, 1908; W. L. Sclater, Fauna S. Africa, Mamm. vol. i,
p. 269, 1900; Anderson and dc Winton, Mamm. Fyypt, p. 856,
1902.
HIPPOPOTAMID.^. 387
Tetrapi'otodou, Falconer and Caittley, Asiatic Besearches, vol. xix,
p. 51, 1836; Oiven, Odontography, p. 566, 1840-45.
Tetraproctodon, Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mas. p. 356, 1869,
errorim.
Dentition : i. f^f, c \, p. |, m. f = 42 or 44 ; size, at least
in the existing species, very large, and the head dispro-
portionately big, with an extremely broad muzzle, very
prominent eyes, and small rounded ears ; body elongated ;
tail and limbs short, the latter with the digits closely
approximated, connected up to the hoofs by membrane, and
thus almost incapable of lateral expansion.
Distribution co-extensive with that of the family. The
Pliocene subgenus Hexap^otodon, as typified by H. sivalensis,
has three pairs of subequal incisors in each jaw.
HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS.
Hippopotamus amphibius, Linn. Syst. Nat. «d. 10, vol. i, p. 75, 1758,
ed. 12, vol. i, p. 101, 1769; Schreber, Sdugthiere, pi. cccviii,
1791; A. Smith, Illustr. Zool. S. Africa, vol. i, pi. vi, 1838:
Gray, List Mamm. Brit. AIus. p. 188, 1843, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868,
p. 491, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 356, 1869, Hand-List
Thich-skinned. Mamm. p. 71, 1873; Peters, Sdugeth. Mossamhigue,
p. 180, 1852, Monatsher. Ah. Berlin, 1854, p. 367 ; Wolf, Zool.
Sketches, vol. i, pi. xxvii, 1861 ; Gerrard, Cat. Bones Mamm.
p. 284, 1862; Garrod, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. xi, p. 11, 1880;
Lydekher, Pal. Indica {Mem. Geol. Surv. India), ser. 10, vol. iii,
p. 47, 1884, Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pt. ii, p. 277, 1885,
Great and Small Game of Africa, p. 532, 1899, Game Animals
of Africa, p. 403, 1908; Floiucr and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus.
B. Coll. Surg. pt. ii, p. 365, 1884 ; Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887,
" p. 619 ; W. L. Sclater, Cat. Mamm. Lid. Mus. pt. ii, p. 197,
1891, Fauna S. Africa, Mamm. vol. i, p. 269, 1900; Nicolls and
Eglington, Sportsman in S. Africa, p. 65, 1892; Matschie,
Sdugeth. Deutsch-Ost-Africa, p. 98, 1895 ; Selous, Great and
Small Game of Africa, p. 533, 1899; Bothschild, Powell-Cotton's
Abyssinia, p. 480, 1902 ; Anderson and de Winton, Mamm,
Egypt, p. 356, 1902 ; Boussac, Rev. Scient. ser. 5, vol. i, p. 425,
1904 ; Wolf, Ber. Senckenb. Ges. vol. xli, p. 7, 1910 ; Beddard,
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, p. 270, Cambridge Nat. Hist., Mamm.
p. 273, 1902; Miller, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. Ixiv, no. 7,
p. 3, 1910 ; Maurer, Anat. Anz. vol. xxxviii, p. 145, 1911 ;
Lonjiberg, K. Svenska Vet.-Ak. Handl. vol. xlviii, no. 5, p. 136,
1912 ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Harvard Coll. vol. Iviii, p. 323, 1914.
Hippopotamus abyssinicus, Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Begne Anim., Mamm.
p. 158, 1842 ; nomen nudum.
Hippopotamus typus, Diivcrnoy, C. B. Ac. Sci. Paris, vol. xiv, p. 33,
1846.
2 c 2
388
CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Hippopotamus (Tetraprotodon) aniphibius, Falconer. Journ. Ac. Sci.
Pliilad. ser. 2, voL i, p. 237, 1849, Pal. Mem. vol. ii, p. 405, 1868.
Hippopotamus senegalensis, Falconer, Journ. Ac. Sci. Philad. ser. 2,
vol. i, p. 237, 1849 ; Gratj, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 357,
1869 : quoted — but not recognised as a species, as if from
Desmoulins, Journ. Physiol, vol. v, p. 354, 1825, where, however,
according to Miller (1910), no such name was given.
Typical locality Nile Valley.
Size very large — length of head and body about 14 feet ;
two pairs of incisors in each jaw, the inner pair in lower jaw
Fig. 55. — Palatal Aspect of Skull and Lower Jaw of Hippopotamus
{Hippopotamus amphihius).
much larger than the outer ; neck very short and line of
back but little arched ; skin, with the exception of bristles
on the muzzle and tail, nearly naked, and forming heavy
folds on neck, shoulders, and sides of chest.
The distriljutional area formerly included suitable locali-
HIPPOPOTAMID^E 3<S9
ties over the greater part of Ethiopian Africa, exclusive of
the forest-tract, and in the Pleistocene eml)raced a large
part of Europe.
The five following races are recognised : —
A. Width of orbit not exceeding height.
a. Skull with moderate preorbital constriction
and convex upper surface H. a. amphibms.
a'. Size larger, colour darker.
a~. Orbits less prominent H. a. amphihius.
b'^. Orbits more prominent H. a. tschadensis.
h' . Size smaller, colour lighter H. a. kohoko.
b. Skull with deeper preorbital constriction and
flatter upper surface H. a. constrictus.
B. Width of orbit exceeding height, and flattening
of skull still greater than in 6 H. a. australis.
A.— Hippopotamus amphibius amphibius.
Hippopotamus amphibius amphibius, Scliwarz, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 8, vol. xiii, p. 31, 1914.
Typical locality Nile Valley.
Skull with moderate preorbital constriction, convex upper
surface, long mandibular symphysis, and relatively large
cheek-teeth.
The reference to this race of the undermentioned Gambiau
specimens, and also of those of which the locality is unknown,
is provisional.
726, h. Fore part of lower jaw, with canines and incisors.
Locality unknown. JVo history.
726, d. Skull. Gambia, West Africa.
Presented ly the Earl of Derhy, about 1848.
726, J. Skeleton, imperfect. West Africa (?), Gambia ;
collected by Mr. Dalton. Same history.
41. 1. 14. 45 (726, c). Lower canine, immature. Locality
unknown ; collected by Dr. G. Mantell. Purchased, 1841.
46. 3. 19. 1 (726, c). Lower canine. Locality unknown ;
collected by Mr. Harnett. Purchased, 1846.
51. 11. 10. 12 (726, b). Skull, young. Locality unknown.
Purchased {Zoological Society), 1851.
68. 2. 12. 1. Skull, female. Locality unknown.
Presented by Executors of Dr. H. Falconer, 1868.
390 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
74. 6. 4 2. Skull. White Nile.
rrcsentcd hy Sir Samuel Baker, 1874.
83. 12. 20. 1. Skiu, mounted. Nile, from an animal
presented to the Zoological Society by the Pasha of Egypt.
Furchased (Zoological Society), 1883.
87. 12. 29. 1. Skull. Kilwa Kisi-wani, south of Zan-
zibar. Presented hy Lieut. W. C. Reid, B.N., 1887.
87. 12. 29. 2. Skull, female. Same locality.
Same history,
* * * *. Foetus in alcohol. Figured Proc. Zool. Soc.
1868, p. 491, and Cat. Carnivora, etc., p. 357. Pnrchased.
5. 8. 25. 1. Skin, mounted. Lower Zambesi. Miller,
op. cit. refers the Zambesi hippopotamus to the present, and
not to the southern race.
Presented hy J. Rowland Ward, Esq., 1905.
7. 10. 25. 2. Skull. Portuguese East Africa (? Beira).
Presented hy F. Van glean Kirhy, Fsq., 1907.
7. 11. 17. 2. Skull, immature. Pangani Valley, Por-
tuguese East Africa.
Presented hy Rear-Admiral R. Montgomerie, C.B., 1907.
8. 4. 3. 8-9. Two skulls. Luenta Valley, Portuguese
Zambesia. Presented hy Mr. G. H. B. Grant, 1908.
12. 12. 8. 1, Skull, with damaged 1)rain-case. Inham-
bane, Portuguese East Africa.
Presented hy T. Thompsori, Fsq., 191 2.
12. 12 8. 2. Skull, in very similar condition to the last.
Same history.
726, h. Eront of lower jaw, with canines and incisors.
Locality unknown. No history.
41. 1. 14. 45 (726, c). Lower canine, immature. Locality
unknown ; collected by Dr. G. Mantell. Purchased, 1841.
46. 3. 19. 1 (726, c). Abnormally elongated lower canine,
from an aged animal. Locality unknown.
Furchased (Harnett), 1846.
B.— Hippopotamus amphibius tschadensis.
Hippopotamus amphibius tschadensis, Scliwarz, Ann, Mag, Nat,
Hist, ser. 8, vol. xiii, p. 31, 1914.
Typical locality Katuna, Bornu, N.W. Africa.
Type in Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt-am-Main.
HIPPOPOTAMIP.E 391
Nearly allied to typical race, but with the orbits more
prominent; distinguished from H. a. aiistrcdis (infra) by the
much shorter and wider facial region and the more forward
direction of the orbits.
10. 9. 30. 1. Skull, provisionally referred to this race.
Lagos, Southern Nigeria.
Presented hy J. B. Norvnem, Esq., 1910.
15. 2. 3. 1. Skull, very large, j^rovisionally referred to
this race. Zaria Province, Nigeria ; collected by Capt. G. F.
Abadie. Presented hy Mcijor-Gen. H. R. Abadie, C.B., 1915.
C— Hippopotamus amphibius kiboko.
Hippopotamus amphibius kiboko, Heller, Smithson. Misc. Collect.
vol. Ixi, no. 22, p. 1, 1914.
Typical locality Lake Naivasha, British E. Africa.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Size smaller than in typical race, colour lighter, and ears
and tail-tip more thickly haired th?n in H. a. emstrcdis ;
skull with very broad nasals, relatively small rostral con-
striction, and great elevation of orbits and occipital crest
above the deeply hollowed interorbital region. The orbits
are more nearly circular than in //. a. austrcdis, and more
prominent than in H. a. constrictus, which also differs by the
greater rostral constriction and shorter maudiluilar symphysis.
14. 1. 7. 1-2. Two skulls, provisionally referred to this
race. Lower Baringo Valley, B. E. Africa.
Presented ly G. Blaine, Esq., 1914.
D.— Hippopotamus amphibius constrictus.
Hippopotamus constrictus, Miller, Smithson. Misc. Collect, vol. liv,
no. 7, p. 1, 1910.
Hippopotamus amphibius constvictns, Heller, Smithson. Misc. Collect.
vol. Ixi, no. 22, p. 1, 1914.
Typical locality Angola.
Type in U.S. National Museum, Washington.
Skull lighter than in typical race, with the preorbital
constriction deeper, the upper surface more flattened, the
muzzle less expanded, the mandibular symphysis shorter,
and the cheek-teeth smaller.
No specimen in collection.
392 CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
E.— Hippopotamus amphibius australis.
Hippopotamus australis, Duvernoy, C. E. Ac. Set. Paris, voL xiv,
p. 333, 1846 ; Miller, Smitlison. Misc. Collect, vol. liv, no. 7, p. 3,
1910.
Hippopotamus capensis. Falconer, Journ. Ac. Sci. Philad. ser. 2,
vol. i, p. 237, 1849 ; Blyth, Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
p. 142, 1863 ; Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mas. p. 3,57, 1869 ;
quoted — although not recognised as a species— as from Des-
moiilins, Journ. Physiol, vol. v, p. 354, 1825, where, however,
according to Miller (1910), no such name was given.
Hippopotamus amphibius capensis, Heller, Smithson. Misc. Collect.
vol. Ixi, no. 22, p. 1, 1914.
Hippopotamus amphibius australis, Schwarz, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 8, vol. xlii, p. 32, 1914.
Typical locality Cape Colony.
Skull apparently still more flattened than in H. a.
tschadensis, so that the width of the orbit is greater than the
height.
726, «. Skull. South Africa. JVo hutonj.
51. 12. 23. 4. Skull, young. South Africa.
Purchased (Stevens), 1851.
63. 11. 12. 51. Skull. Cape Colony. Formerly in
Museum of Linnean Society. Purclutsed (Stevens), 1863.
69. 8. 13. 2. Skull. Natal ; collected by Mr. B. Isaacson.
Purchased, 1869.
13. 1. 31. 1. Pair of lower tusks. South Africa.
Presented hj J. C. Lyell, Esq., 1913.
II. Genus CHCEROPSIS.
Diprotodon, Duvernoy, C. B. Ac. Sci. Paris, vol. xxix, p. 277, 1849 ;
nee Oiven, 1838.
Choerodes, Leidy, Proc. Ac. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 52 ; nee White, 1846.
Choeropsis, Leidy, Journ. Ac. Sci. Philad. ser. 2, vol. ii, p. 213, 1853 ;
Gratiolet, Recherches Anat. Hij)poj)otame, p. 202, 1867 ; Milne-
Edwards, EecJi. Mamm. p. 77, 1868; Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc.
Brit. Mus. p. 357, 1869 ; Macalister, Proc. B. Irish Ac. ser. 2,
vol. i, p. 494, 1873 ; Peters, Monatsher. Ah. Berlin, 1873, p. 445 ;
Chapman, Proc. Ac. Sci. Philad. 1893, p. 185 ; Beaux, Zool.
Anz. vol. xl, p. 227, 1912 ; Pocock, Field, vol. cxxi, p. 336, 1913.
Ditomeadon, Gratiolet, Gervais' Zool.et Pal. Gen.sev. 1, p. 250, 1860,
Becherches Anat. Hippopotame, p. 202, 1867.
Diproctodon, Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 357, 1869,
errorim.
IIIPPOPOTAMID.^^ 393
Dentition : /. f , c. \, jx |, wi. ^ = 38 ; build comparatively
light ; bodily size and head relatively small ; eyes not markedly
prominent ; limbs proportionately much longer than in
typical genus, with the feet (fig. 56) approximating in
general characters to those of pigs, tlie lateral digits,
although touching the ground, free from webbing, and the
two middle toes, in spite of a basal web, subspatulate, and
capable of a considerable amount of lateral spreading.
Eestricted at the present day to West Africa.
CH.CEEOPSLS LIBEEIENSIS.
Hippopotamus minor, Morton, Proc. Ac. Sci. PJiilad. 1844, p. 14; uec
Desmarest, 1882,
Hippopotamus liberiensis, ilfor^o/i, Journ. Ac. Sci. Philad. ser. 2, vol. i,
p. 232, 1849 ; Flower and Garson, Cat. Osteol. Mus. B. Coll.
Surg. -pt. ii, -p. 365, 1884 ; Lydekher, Pal. hid. {Mem. Gcol. Siirv.
India), ser. 10, vol. iii, p. 47, 1884, Great and Small Game of
Africa, p. 532, 1999, Game Animals of Africa, p. 412, 1908 ;
Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 612; Flower and LydeMer,
Study of Mammals, p. 280, 1891 ; liendall. Great and Small
Game of Africa, p. 543, 1899 ; Weher, Sdugethiere, p. 646, 1904.
Diprotodon liberiensis, Duvernoy, C. R. Ac. Sci. Paris, vol. xxix,
p. 277, 1849.
Hippopotamus (Tetraprotodon) liberiensis. Falconer, Journ. Ac. Sci.
Philad. ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 237, 1849, PaL Mem. vol. ii,p. 405, 1868.
Choerodes liberiensis, Leidy, Proc. Ac. Sci. Philad. 1852, p. 52.
Choeropsis liberiensis, Leidy, Journ. Ac. Sci. Philad. ser. 2, vol. ii,
p. 213, 1853; Milne- Edwards, Rech. Mamvi. p. 77, 1868; Gray,
Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 357, 1869, Hand-List Thick-
shinned Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 79, 1873 ; Macalister, Proc. B.
Irish Ac. ser. 2, vol. i, p. 494, ]873; Peters, Monatsher. Ak.
Berlin, 1873, p. 445 ; Jentink, Notes Leyden Mus. vol. x, p. 29,
1885; Chapman, Proc. Ac. Sci. Philad. 1893, p. 185; Beaux,
Zool. Anz. vol. xl, p. 227, 1912.
Ditomeadon liberiensis, Gratiolet, Gervais' Zool. et Pal, Gen. ser. 1,
p. 250, 1860, Becherches Anat. Hi^ypopotame, p. 202, 1867.
Hippopotamus (Tetraprotodon) liberianus, Gerrard, Cat. Bones
Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 284, 1862, errorim.
Tetraproctodon liberiensis. Gray, Cat. Carnivora, etc. Brit. Mus.
p. 357, 1869, misquotation of Falconer's Hippopotamus (Tetra-
protodon) liberiensis.
Hippopotamus (Choeropsis*) liberiensis, Lydekker, Ward's Becords
of Big Game, ed. 7, p. 451, 1914.
Typical locality St. Paul's Eiver, Liberia.
Type in Museum of Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Science.
* Errorim, Choeropotamus.
394
CATALOGUE OF UNGULATES
Size approximately that of a large wild boar ; body
shorter than in Eippopotamu><, with the line of the back
much arched, and the croup sloping away behind ; skin
much as in typical genus.
Distribution, at the present day, co-extensive with that of
the genus.
50. 7. 5. 1 (1312, a). Cast of type skull. Original from
St. Paul's River, Liberia.
Presented hy Dr. S. G. Morton, 1850.
Fig. 56. — Fore-feet of Pigmy Hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis), A,
AND OUDINARY HIPPOPOTAMUS (Hippopofamus amphibius) , B.
From Pocock, The Field, 1913.
87. 9. 15. 1 (1312, h). Skin and skeleton, mounted. Du
Queah Eiver, Liberia ; collected by Dr. J. Biittikofer.
Noticed by Flower, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1887, p. 612.
Purchased, 1887.
8. 10. 22. 1. Skin, immature, mounted. Liberian frontier
of Sierra Leone. Presented Ijj J. Roivland Ward, Esq., 1908.
14. 6. 21. 1. Skull and skin, old and large female. Moa
Valley, Daru, Sierra Leone ; collected by E. M. S. Baynes,
Esq. Purchased, 1914.
INDEX
OF GENERA AND SPECIES
abyssinicus, Hippopotamus, 387
acapulcensis, Cervus, 167
acapulcensis, Odocoilei;s, 167
acapulcensis, Odocoileus vii-gini-
anus, 167
aceros, Sikaillus, 107
Achlis, 238
acuticornis, Dama, 100
acuticornis, Panolia, 100
Adenouotus, 374
Adenonotus labiatus, 376
Adenouotus tajacu, 379
feliani, Phacochoerus, 371
ieliani, Phacochoerus tethiopicus,
371
aeliani, Phascoch ceres, 371
aethiopicus ajliani, Phacochoerus,
371
aethiopicus aethiopicus, Phaco-
choerus, 367
aethiopicus africanus, Phaco-
choerus, 373
aethiopicus, Aper, 366
aethiopicus bufo, Phacochoerus,
372
aethiopicus delamerei, Pliaco-
choerus, 371
aethiopicus fossor, Phacochoerus,
372
aethiopicus massaicus, Phaco-
choerus, 370
aethiopicus, Phacochoerus, 366
aethiopicus, Phacochoerus aethio-
picus, 367
aethiopicus, Phacochterus aper,
366
aethiopicus, Phascochoerus, 366
aethiopicus sundevalli, Phaco-
choerus, 368
aethiopicus, Sus, 366
aethiopicus typicus, Phacochoerus,
367
affinis, Cervus, 141, 142, 185
afl&nis, Cervus walliclii, 142
aflfinis, Hydropotes, 257
afl&nis, Sus, 318
affinis, Tragulus, 286
affinis, Tragukis kanchil, 286
africanus bufo, Phacochoerus, 372
africanus, Choiropotamus, 349
africanus, Macrocephalus, 373
africanus, Phacochoerus, 373
africanus, Phacochoerus aethiopi-
cus, 373
africanus, Phascochaerus, 373
africanus, Phascochoerus, 373
africanus, Potamochoerus, 349,
351
africanus, Sus, 350, 373
ahaeiiObarbus, Sus, 342
ahasnobarbus, Sus barbatus, 342
Ahu, 226
ahu, Cervus, 226
albicornis, Cervus, 71
albicus, Cervus, 124, 221
albifrons, Cervus elaphus, 124
albifrons, Potamochoerus, 331
albifrons, Potamochoerus porcus,
361
albipes, Cervus, 24
albipes, Prox, 21
albirostris albirostris, Tavassus,
376
albirostris, Cervus, 149
albirostris, Dicotyles, 376
albirostris ringens, Tayassu, 378
albirostris spiradens, Tayassu,
378
albirostris, Sus, 375
albirostris, Tayassu, 376
albirostris, Taj'assus, 376
albii'ostris, Taj^assus albirostris,
376
albus, Cervus capreolus, 219
albus, Cervus elaphus, 124
Alee, 229
alee, Alcelaphus, 230
Alee alces, 230
(Alee) alces, Cervus, 230
Alee americanus, 234
396
INDEX
alee, Cervus, 230
(Alee) coronatus, Cervus, 230
Alcelaphus, 229
Alcelaphus alee, 230
Alees, 228
alces. Alee, 230
Alces alces, 230
alees, Alees, 230
Alces alces alces, 232
alces, Alees alces, 232
Alces alces americanus, 234
Alces alees bedfordise, 234
Alces alces columbfle, 236
Alces alces gigas, 237
Alees americanus, 234
alees americanus, Alces, 234
Alees antiquorum, 230
Alces bedfordiae, 234
alces bedfordiae, Alces, 234
alces, Cervus, 230
alces, Cervus (Alee), 230
Alces columbae, 236
alees columbae, Alces, 230
Alees europaeus, 230
Alees gigas, 237
alees gigas, Alees, 237
Alees jubata, 230
Alces lobata, 234
Alces lobata coronata, 231
Alces maehlis, 230
Alces maehlis americanus, 234
Alces maehlis bedfordiae, 234
Alces maehlis gigas, 237
Alees maehlis meridionalis, 232
Alces maehlis typieus, 232
Alees maehlis uralensis, 232
Alces maehlis yakutskensis, 234
Alees malchis, 230
Alces muswa, 234
Alees palmatus, 230
alees, Paralees, 231
alfredi, Axis, 62
alfredi, Cervus, 62
alfredi, Cervus (Rusa), 62
alfredi, Melanaxis, 63
alfredi, Eusa, 63
alfurus, Babirusa, 346
alfurus, Babirussa, 345, 346
altaicus, Mosehus, 5
altaieus, Mosehus mosehiferus, 5
amboinensis, Sus, 335
amboinensis, Sus celebensis, 335
amboinensis, Sus verrucosus, 335
ambrosianus, Ussa, 89
amerieana amerieana, Mazama,
200
ainericana borealis, Mazama, 160
amerieana eitus, Mazama, 212
amerieana couesi, Mazama, 164
amerieana gymnotis. INIazama, 173
amerieana jucunda, Mazama, 202
amerieana lichtensteini, Mazama,
165
amerieana macrourus, Mazama,
161
amerieana, Mazama, 156, 199,200,
209
amerieana, Mazama amerieana,
200
amerieana, Mazama (Dorcela-
phus), 156
amerieana mexicana, Mazama,
165
amerieana nelsoni, Mazama, 168
amerieana nemoralis, Mazama,
170
amerieana oseeola, Mazama, 162
amerieana peruviana, Mazama,
175
amerieana savannarum, Mazama,
174
amerieana texana, Mazama, 163
amerieana thomasi, Mazama, 168
amerieana tolteea, Mazama, 167
amerieana truei, Mazama, 169
amerieana typica, Mazama, 159
americanus. Alee, 234
americanus, Alces, 234
americanus, Alees alees, 234
americanus, Alces maehlis, 234
americanus americanus, Odocoil-
eus, 159
americanus borealis, Odocoileus,
160
americanus, Cariaeus, 156
americanus, Cervus, 234
americanus, Cervus dama, 155
americanus couesi, Odontoeoelus,
164
americanus, Dorcelaphus, 156
americanus louisianae, Odocoileus,
162
americanus louisianae, Odontoeoel-
us, 162
americanus macrourus, Odocoil-
eus, 161
americanus macrourus, Odonto-
eoelus, 161
americanus, Mosehus, 199
americanus, Odocoileus, 156
americanus, Odocoileus america-
nus, 159
INDEX
397
americanus, Odontoccelus, 156
americanus osceola, Odocoileus,
163
americanus osceola, Odontoccblus,
163
americanus, Paralces, 234
americanus savannarum, Dorcela-
phus, 174
americanus texensis, Odontoccelus.
163
amcenus, Tragulus, 278
amcenus, Tragulus javanicus, 278
amphibius amphibius, Hippopota-
mus, 889
amphibius australis, Hippopota-
mus, 392
amphibius capensis. Hippopota-
mus, 392
amphibius constrictus, Hippo-
potamus, 391
amphibius. Hippopotamus, 387
amphibius, Hippopotamus am-
phibius, 389
amphibius, Hippopotamus (Te-
traprotodon), 388
amphibius kiboko. Hippopota-
mus, 391
amphibius tschadensis. Hippo-
potamus, 390
andamanensis, Sus, 326
andamanensis, Sus cristatus, 326
andamanensis, Sus vittatus, 326
andersoni, Sus, 328
andersoni, Sus vittatus, 328
andicus, Cervequus, 193
andreanus, Cervus, 107
andreanus, Sika, 107
angulatum crassum, Tagassu, 385
angulatum humerale, Tagassu,
384
angulatum sonoriense, Tagassu,
384
angulatum, Tagassu, 383
angulatum yucatanense, Tagassu,
385
angulatus angulatus, Dicotyles,
383
angulatus angulatus, Pecari, 383
angulatus crassus, Dicotyles, 385
angulatus crassus, Pecari, 385
angulatus crassus, Tayassu, 385
angulatus crusnigrum, Dicotyles,
385
angulatus, Dicotyles, 383
angulatus, Dicotyles angulatus,
383
angulatus, Dicotyles (Pecari), 383
angulatus, Dicotyles tajacu, 383
angulatus humeralis, -Dicotyles,
384
angulatus humeralis, Pecari, 384
angulatus humeralis, Tayassu,
384
angulatus nanus, Dicotyles, 386
angulatus, Pecari, 383
angulatus, Pecari angulatus, 383
angulatus sonoriensis, Dicotyles,
384
angulatus sonoriensis, Pecari, 384
angulatiis sonoriensis, Tavassu,
384
angulatus, Tayassu, 383
angulatus yucatanensis, Dicotyles,
385
angulatus yucatenensis, Pecari,
385
angulatus yucatanensis, Tayassu,
385
ann<B, Tragulus, 279
annte, Tragulus javanicus, 279
annamiticus, Cervus porcinus, 58
annamiticus, Hyelaphus, 58
Anomalocera, 193
Anomalocera huamel, 196
anomalocera, Xenelaphus, 196
Antifer, 186
antiquorum, Alces, 230
antisensis, Cervus, 196
antisensis, Furcifer, 196
antisensis, Hippocamelus, 196
antisiensis, Cariacus, 196
antisiensis, Cervus, 194, 196
antisiensis, Cervus (Elaphus Fur-
cifer), 196
antisiensis, Cervus (Furcifer), 196
antisiensis, Creagoceros, 196
antisiensis, Furcifer, 194
antisiensis, Mazama, 196
antisiensis, Mazama (Xenela-
phus), 196
antisiensis, Odocoileus, 197
Aper, 307
Aper sethiopicus, 366
aper, aethiopicus, Phacochoerus,
366
aper, vars. alpomus et isonotus,
Sus, 318
Aper orientalis, 345
aplodonticus, Sika, 107
apura, Subulo, 199
aquaticum aquaticum, Dorcather-
ium, 296
398
INDEX
aquaticum batesi, Dorcatherium,
297
aquaticiim cottoni, Dorcatherium,
298
aquaticum, Dorcatherium, 295
aquaticum, Dorcatherium aqua-
ticum, 296
aquaticum typicum, Dorcather-
ium, 296
aquaticus, Hyemoschus, 295
aquaticus, Hyoemoschus, 295
aquaticus, Hyomoschus, 295
aquaticus, Moschus, 295
aramensis, Sus, 330
arcticus, Cervus tarandus, 254
arcticus, Rangifer, 254
arcticus, liaugifer, var. sibiricus,
244
arcticus, Rangifer, var. spitz-
bergensis, 243
arcticus, Rangifer tarandus, 254
arcticus, Tarandus, 254
argyropus, Hydropotes, 258
arietinus, Sika, 107
arietinus, Sus, 333
aristotelis, Cervus, 71
aristotelis, Cervus (Hippelaphus),
71
aristotelis, Cervus (Rusa), 71
aristotelis heteroceros, Rusa, 72
aristotelis leschenaulti, Rusa, 72
aristotelis nigra, Rusa, 72
aristotelis, Rusa, 71
aristotelis unicolor, Rusa, 72
aruensis, Sus, 330
asiaticus, Cervus canadensis, 136
asiaticus sibiricus, Cervus, 137
Assami, 357
atheneensis, Ussa, 89
atlanticus, Cervus elaphus, 122
attila, Sus, 316
attila, Sus scrbfa, 316
Auchenia, 301
Auchenia glama, 302
Auchenia guanaco, 302
Auchenia huamel, 193
Auchenia huanaca, 302
Auchenia huanacus, 302, 303
Auchenia lama, 302, 303
Auchenia llama, 302
Auchenia vicugna, 304
Auchenias, 301
Aulacochoerus, 307
AulacochoeruB vittatus, 323
Aulochcierus vittatus, 335
aureus, Cervulus, 21, 24
aureus, Cervus, 24
aureus, Cervus (Stylocerus), 24
aureus, Muntiacus, 24
aureus, Muntiacus muntjak, 24
aureus, Stylocerus, 24
aurita, Mazama, 214
auritus, Cervus, 176
auritus, Cervus (Subulo), 214
auritus, Coassus, 214
auritus, Subulo, 214
australis. Hippopotamus, 392
australis. Hippopotamus amphi-
bius, 392
Axis, 48
Axis alfredi, 62
Axis axis, 49
axis, Axis, 49
Axis (Axis) axis, 49
(Axis) axis. Axis, 49
axis. Axis (Axis), 49
(Axis) axis, Cervus, 49
axis, Cervus, 49
axis, Cervus (Axis), 49
axis, Cervus (Hippelaphus), 49
axis ceylonensis, Cervus, 53
Axis duvaucellii, 93
Axis (Hyelaphus) porcinus, 55
Axis maculata ceylonensis, 53
Axis maculatus, 49
Axis major, 49
axis major, Cervus, 70
Axis mantschuricus, 110
Axis minor, 49
Axis nudipalpebra, 49
Axis oryzus, 55
Axis pennantii, 71
Axis peronii, 64
Axis porcinus, 54
(Axis) porcinus, Cervus, 54
Axis pseudaxis, 116
(Axis) pumilio, Cervus, 54
Axis sika, 107
Axis taivanus, 111
axis unicolor, Cervus, 70
axis zeylanicus, Cervus (Rusa), 53
azarae, Blastoceros, 189
azarse, Cervus, 189
babi, Sus, 328
babi, Sus vittatus, 328
babirousa, Sus, 346
Babiroussa, 344
Babiroussus, 344
Babirusa, 344, 345
Babirusa alfurus, 346
Babirusa babirusa, 345
INDEX
599
babirusa, Babirusa, 345
Babirusa celebensis, 346
Babirusa ovientalis, 345
babirusa, Sus, 346
Babirussa, 344
Babirussa alfurus, 345, 346
Babirussa babyrussa, 345
Babirussa babyrussa babyrussa,
345
Babirussa babyrussa celebensis,
346
babirussa, Sus, 346
Babyrussa, 344
babyrussa, Babirussa, 345
babyrussa, Babirussa babyrussa,
345
babyrussa babyrussa, Babirussa,
345
babyrussa celebensis, Babirussa,
346
babyrussa, Porcus, 346
babyrussa, Sus, 345, 346
bactriauus, Camelus, 300
bactriauus, Cervus, 138
bactrianus, Cervus canadensis, 138
bahrinja, Cervus, 93
baicalensis, Cervus canadensis,
134
bajovaricus, Cervus, 124
balabacensis, Sus barbatus, 342
balticus, Cervus, 124
balticus, Cervus (Capreolus) capre-
olus, 221
bancanus, Muntiacus, 15
bancanus, Muntiacus muntjak, 15
bancanus, Tragulus, 275
barandanus, Cervus unicolor, 85
barandanus, Rusa, 85
barandanus, Ussa, 85
Barasingba, 94
barbarus, Cervus, 120
barbarus, Cervus elajohus, 120
barbarus, Sus scrofa, 315
barbatus abaenobarbus, Sus, 342
barbatus balabacensis, Sus, 342
barbatus barbatus, Sus, 340
barbatus calamianensis, Sus, 343
barbatus, var. calamianensis, Sus,
343
barbatus, Euhys, 339
barbatus gargantua, Sus, 341
barbatus oi, Sus, 341
barbatus palavensis, Sus, 342
barbatus, var. palavensis, Sus, 342
barbatus, Phacochoerus, 366
barbatus, Sus, 338, 341
barbatus, Sus barbatus, 340
Barking Deer, 14
Barren-Ground Caribou, 254
baryceros, Ussa, 89
basilanensis, Cervus unicolor, 85
basilanensis, Melanaxis, 85
basilanensis, Rusa, 85
batesi, Dorcatherium aquaticuni,
297
battyi, Odocoileus, 164
battyi, Odocoileus virginianus, 164
battyi, Odontoccelus, 164
batuanus, Tragulus, 279
batuanus, Tragulus, javanicus,
279
bedfordi bedfordi, Capreolus, 225
bedfordi, Capreolus, 224
bedfordi, Capreolus bedfordi, 225
bedfordi melanotis, Capreolus, 225
bedfordise, Alces, 234
bedfordise, Alces alces, 234
bedfordiae, Alces machlis, 234
bedfordianus, Cervus, 133
bengalensis, Sus, 318
bezoarticus, Mazama, 189
bezoarticus, Mazama (Blasto-
ceros), 189
bezoarticus, Blastocerus, 188, 189
bezoarticus, Cervus, 188
bezoarticus, Odontoccelus, 189
bezoarticus, Ozelapbus, 189
biedermanni, Cervus, 137
biedermanni, Cervus canadensis,
137
billitonus, Tragulus, 277
billitonus, Tragulus javanicus, 277
bira, Mazama, 209
bisulca, Mazama, 194
bisulca, Mazama (Xenelaphus),
194
bisulcus, Equus, 193
bisulcus, Hippocamelus, 193, 194
bisulcus, Xenelaphus, 194
Black-tailed Deer, 182
blakistonius, Sika, 107
Blastoceros, 186
Blastoceros azarse, 189
(Blastoceros) bezoartica, Mazama,
189
(Blastoceros) campestris, Cervus,
189
Blastoceros comosus, 189
(Blastoceros) dichotoma, Mazama,
187
Blastoceros dichotomus, 186, 187
Blastoceros paludosus, 187
400
INDEX
Blastocerus, 186
Blastocerus bezoarticus, 188, 189
Blastocerus campestris, 189
(Blastocerus) paluclosns, Cervus,
187
bceticus, Sus scrofa, 314
bolivari, Cervus elaphu 
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